Le travail de thèse présenté dans ce manuscrit est consacré au développement d’une nouvelle méthode de contrôle de la qualité d’un assemblage boulonné. Cette méthode utilise les courbes couple de serrage/angle de rotation de l’écrou obtenues lors d’un serrage et, plus précisément, les différents changements de pentes qui l’affectent. L’idée principale est d’utiliser ces changements de pentes pour découper la courbe en différents segments, correspondant chacun à un événement qu’il est alors possible d’identifier. Ces événements sont tout d’abord constitués d’une phase de freinage de l’écrou, suivie d’un « plateau », d’une éventuelle phase de réduction des jeux et enfin, d’un dernier segment linéaire traduisant le serrage. Afin de valider cette méthode, deux modèles, l’un analytique et l’autre de calcul par la méthode des éléments finis, ont été développés afin de créer une base de référence. Le modèle analytique est issu de la littérature tandis que le modèle éléments finis apporte une originalité car il simule la rotation de l’écrou mais également son freinage à travers une déformation préliminaire. Ces modèles sont ensuite validés lors d’une première campagne d’essais qui débute par le serrage d’échantillons de référence sans défaut. Puis des défauts sont introduits (jeux, bavures, copeaux…) afin d’évaluer les capacités de détection de la méthode. Des limitations sont alors découvertes, entraînant une modification des moyens de mesure. Un premier prototype est donc réalisé en instrumentant une visseuse pour pouvoir mesurer le couple de réaction (celui qui maintient la vis) en plus du couple de serrage. Cet ajout permet alors d’identifier des défauts qui restaient masqués. Finalement, un second prototype est conçu et réalisé, permettant de contrôler directement le serrage et ainsi de mettre en place de nouvelles stratégies pour le serrage prenant en compte les résultats obtenus lors des différentes campagnes d’essais. / The subject of the thesis presented in this manuscript is the development of a new method to control the quality of a bolted assembly. This method uses the tightening torque-turn angle of the nut curves, gathered during the tightening and, more precisely, the changes of slope that affects it. The main idea is to use these changes to divide the curve into segments, each corresponding to an event that it is then possible to identify. These events are: a nut locking phase, followed by a constant torque area, a possible gap reduction phase and finally, a last linear part corresponding to the actual tightening. To validate this method two models, one analytical and the other using the finite element method, have been developed to create a baseline. The analytical model is derived from the literature as the finite element model provides originality because it simulates the rotation of the nut but also the locking through a preliminary deformation. These models are then validated in a first test campaign, which begins with the tightening of reference sample without defects. Then, defects are introduced (gaps, burrs, chips...) in order to evaluate the method detection capabilities. Limitations are discovered leading to a modification of the measures means. A first prototype is designed by instrumenting a screwdriver to be able to measure the reaction torque (the one that holds the screw) in addition to the tightening torque. This addition improves the method by detecting hidden defects. Finally a second prototype was designed and built, with full control of the tightening and thus develop new strategies for tightening, taking into account the results obtained during the various test campaigns.

Whereas transformative pedagogy is a well researched subject, intersectional feminist pedagogy and specifically Transversal dialogue has not been used to ease conflict in Catalonia. This research examines the potential for intersectional feminist pedagogy to change oppressive behaviours in both students and teachers in a classroom conflict in a Catalan secondary school. Using ethnography, the thesis describes and analyses a five month research process, which involved participant observation, participatory action research and anti-oppressive sessions using Transversal dialogue. By concluding that changes in oppressive behaviours in both teacher and students can be empowering, the research challenges the idea put forward by Kevin Kumashiro about changes occurring through crisis. Rather, I argue that Edyta Just’s adaptation of Deleuzian philosophy to pedagogy offers a more flexible framework to understand these changes. This thesis aims to contribute to intersectional feminist pedagogy by first demonstrating that changes in oppressive behaviours can occur in empowering ways and second that theories of how to bring about those changes need to be flexible.

Orientador: Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad / Banca: Cynthia Peralta de Almeida Prado / Banca: Cinthia Aguirre Brasileiro / Banca: Luis Felipe de Toledo Ramos Pereira / Banca: Marianna Botelho de Oliveira Dixo / Resumo: Estudamos a riqueza, composição taxonômica e os padrões de distribuição espaciais e temporais de taxocenoses de anuros do Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo (PEMD), o maior remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Registramos 28 espécies de anuros (Apêndice I) de setembro de 2005 a março de 2007, que compreenderam um misto de espécies de Mata Atlântica, do Cerrado e de formas amplamente distribuídas na América do Sul, geralmente consideradas tolerantes a modificações antropogênicas. A baixa riqueza de espécies e de modos reprodutivos, a predominância de espécies habitatgeneralistas e a alta similaridade de espécies de anuros com áreas de Cerrado podem ser explicadas pela sazonalidade climática da área estudada (estação seca pronunciada), além da grande distância em relação a centros de diversificação de anuros, como as montanhas costeiras da Floresta Atlântica úmida. Chuva e fotoperíodo explicaram aproximadamente 77% da atividade de vocalização de toda a taxocenose, enquanto somente a chuva e o fotoperíodo explicaram a temporada de vocalização em ambientes temporários e permanentes, respectivamente. Registramos alta sobreposição na temporada de vocalização dos machos, mas segregação na fase larval. A distribuição das espécies de anuros entre sítios de reprodução (Apêndice II) diferiu da esperada pelo acaso e compreendeu três taxocenoses distintas de anuros que foram explicadas pelo conjunto de variáveis ambientais de riachos permanentes, represas permanentes e poças temporárias. Registramos que 19 espécies de anuros (aproximadamente 83% da riqueza total de espécies registradas nos corpos d'água monitorados) foram indicadoras da heterogeneidade ambiental: três espécies indicaram riachos permanentes, quatro indicaram represas permanentes e 12 espécies indicaram poças temporárias... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: We studied richness, composition, and patterns of temporal and spatial distributions of anuran assemblages of Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP), the major remnant of Mesophytic Semideciduous Forest (MSF) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. From September 2005 to March 2007 we recorded 28 anuran species (Appendix I), comprising a mix of Atlantic, Cerrado, and South American widespread species, usually considered tolerant to anthropic modifications. The low richness of species and reproductive modes, the predominance of habitat generalist species, and the high similarity with Cerrado areas can be explained by climatic seasonality of the studied area (pronounced dry season), besides its large distance in relation to centers of anuran diversification, such as coastal mountains of the wet Atlantic Forest. Rainfall and photoperiod explained about 77% of calling activity of the whole assemblage, while rainfall alone in temporary habitats and photoperiod in permanent ones explained the calling season. We recorded high temporal overlap for calling males, but segregation for tadpoles. Spatial distribution of anuran species among breeding sites of the MDSP (Appendix II) differed of expected by chance and comprised three distinct anuran assemblages that were explained by the suite environmental variables of permanent streams, permanent dams, and temporary ponds. We recorded that 19 species (about 83% of total anuran species recorded in monitored sites) were indicators of environmental heterogeneity: three anuran species indicated permanent streams, four indicated permanents dams, and 12 anuran species indicated temporary ponds. Regarding to micro-spatial distribution of anuran species at two temporary ponds of MDSP, we recorded that males of most pairs of species (96%) used distinct sites for calling activities. The best combination of variables discriminating anuran species regarding male... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Eduardo Oliveira Estilino.pdf: 1971115 bytes, checksum: d74b7f8933183575eb6582e98673509a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Species-environment relationships are important to assess the biological patterns, mainly those related to spatial distribution, since species undergo seletive pressure along their evolutive history, which determine the success in colonizing habitats. In fluvial ecosystems the geomorphology can acts as a constraint for fish species distribution, by determining kinds and levels of habitats structuring to which species are associated. This work aims to address the relationship between fluvial geomorphology and fish assemblages from Paraiba do Sul watershed, in an attempt to explaining the underlying spatial assemblages distribution patterns. Additionally, we assess the use of two river classification systems, developed for temperate regions, to this case study. Thirty-seven sites along the watershed were sampled during the dry season (May-October) between 2003 and 2005. The rivers were classified in three size categories: small (1?. to 3?. Order), medium (4?. to 6?. order) , and larger (> 6?. order), based in fluvial hierarchical classification scale. Fishes and geomorphological variables were sampled in a stretch of approximately 20 times the width for small and medium rivers, and in approximately 1 km for large rivers. Four fish assemblages were detected by cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scales MDS; one dominated by Tricomycterus immaculatum and Neoplecostomus microps, corresponding to small and medium rivers from hillslopes, straigths, with high slopes and channel showing bedrock, step-pool, and cascade. The second, dominated by Rhamdia quelen, Astyanax parahybae and Harttia loricariformis and the third, by Phalloceros caudimaculatus and Geophagus brasiliensis, corresponding to meandering rivers, with low and moderated slopes, channels showing pool-riffles, non-entrenchment, with channels associated to floodpains areas. The fourth assemblages is dominated by A. bimaculatus and Oligosarcus hepsetus, which are widely distributed along all watershed; in the lower reaches Loricariichthys spixii occurs in high frequency as well as eurihalines marine species, corresponding to low and medium sinuosity rivers with low slopes, channels showing pool-riffle, dune-ripple and braided, large cross-section, flooplains well developed and bed formed by gravel and sand. Slope, entrenchetment and width-depth ratio were the main constraints controlling the habitat. Our results match the main predictions of the Process Domain Concept (PDC) which postulate that fish assemblages vary in response to local habitat characteristics and the richness is directly associtated to cross-section area, contrasting with the prediction of the River Continuum Concept which postulate that assemblages vary previsible along the longitudinal gradient. / As rela??es esp?cie-ambiente s?o fundamentais para a compreens?o dos padr?es biol?gicos, principalmente aqueles relacionados ? distribui??o espacial, uma vez que as esp?cies sofrem press?es seletivas ao longo da hist?ria evolutiva que determinam seu sucesso na coloniza??o dos habitats. Em ecossistemas fluviais a geomorfologia pode atuar como uma condicionante da distribui??o das assembl?ias de peixes, por determinar os tipos e os n?veis de estrutura??o de habitat aos quais as esp?cies est?o associadas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as rela??es entre a geomorfologia fluvial e as assembl?ias de peixes da bacia do rio Para?ba do Sul, na tentativa de explicar os padr?es de distribui??o. Foram amostrados 37 s?tios ao longo da bacia, no per?odo seco (maio-outubro) entre 2003 e 2005. Os rios foram estratificados em tr?s categorias de tamanho: pequeno (1?. a 3?. Ordem), m?dio (4?. a 6?. ordem) , e grande (> 6?. ordem), baseado na hierarquia fluvial. Os peixes e as vari?veis geomorfol?gicas foram amostrados num trecho cerca de 20 vezes a largura nos rios pequenos e m?dios, e num trecho de aproximadamente 1 km nos grandes rios. Quatro assembl?ias de peixes foram detectadas pelas an?lises de agrupamento e escalonamento multidimensional n?o m?trico MDS, uma dominada por Tricomycterus immaculatum, Neoplecostomus microps, e Harttia loricariformis, correspondendo a rios pequenos e m?dios das escarpas dos planaltos, retil?neos, com elevados gradientes de inclina??o do leito (slope), canais tipo bedrock, step-pool, e cascade. A segunda e a terceira assembl?ias s?o dominadas tanto por Astyanax scabripinnis e, Astyanax intermedium, quanto por esp?cies de ampla distribui??o como Rhamdia quelem, Geophagus brasiliensis, Oligosarcus hepsetus, correspondendo a rios sinuosos, com baixos a moderados gradientes, canais do tipo pool-riffles, n?o entalhados, com forma??o de plan?cies de inunda??o. A quarta assembl?ia ? dominada por A. bimaculatus, A. paraybae, G. brasiliensis, O. hepsetus, Pimelodus maculatus, Hypostomus affinis, Hoplosternum littorale, as quais s?o amplamente distribu?das ao longo da bacia, por?m, nas por??es inferiores da bacia as assembl?ias tamb?m apresenta Loricariichthys spixii e esp?cies marinhas eurialinas, correspondendo a rios com m?dia a baixa sinuosidade, baixos a moderados gradientes, canais tipo me?ndrico (pool-riffle), dunas e ondula??es (dune-ripple) e Anastomosado (braided), grande ?rea da se??o transversal, plan?cies de inunda??o bem desenvolvidas e leito formado basicamente por areia e cascalho. O gradiente e as raz?es de Entalhamento e Largura-Profundidade mostraram-se fatores dominantes controlando o habitat. Nossos resultados corroboram as principais predi??es do Conceito dos Dom?nios de Processos (PDC) que postula que as assembl?ias de peixes variam em fun??o das caracter?sticas de h?bitat locais e que a riqueza ? diretamente proporcional ? ?rea da se??o transversal, contrastando com as predi??es do Conceito do Rio Cont?nuo (RCC) que postula que as assembl?ias variam previsivelmente ao longo de um gradiente longitudinal.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-09-19T13:26:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Leonardo Mitrano Neves.pdf: 932793 bytes, checksum: 1e42ee61916afbed6020d0c2430fa7a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T13:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Leonardo Mitrano Neves.pdf: 932793 bytes, checksum: 1e42ee61916afbed6020d0c2430fa7a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPQ / The estuarine systems influence fish assemblages, throughout their longitudinal gradients and remarkable salinity changes. Such assemblages adapt to different habitat constraints and change in spatial and temporal scales. The aim of this study was to assess the ichthyofauna composition and structure in three zones of the Mambucaba estuary (CZ ? coastal zone; MZ ? mixture zone and RZ ? river zone) and their relationship with environmental variables and habitat characteristics. Systematic fish collections (2 months in each seasons) were performed between October 2007 and August 2008, by using otter trawl at two sites in CZ (C1 e C2), beach seine at three sites in MZ (M1, M2, M3) and mesh trays at two sites in RZ (R1 e R2). At each fish sampling occasion, both surface and depth environmental variables of temperature, salinity, conductivity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen were taken and depth was measured. A total of 14,320 individuals, in 111 species (RZ ? 18; MZ ? 50, and CZ - 66) were collected. Distinct fish assemblages were found for each zone, as indicated by low number of common species (14 - MZ and CZ; 8 - MZ and RZ; and 2 - CZ and RZ), and only one abundant species (> 1% of the total number of fish within the zone) being common in more than one zone (Eucinostomus argenteus in CZ and MZ). Such pattern can be related to high salinity variation in MZ and narrow (20 m) channel width connecting the estuary with the sea, which can limit fish movement (into/out of the estuary). In CZ, the three more abundant species were Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Ctenosciaena gracillicirrhus, Anchoa lyolepis, Larimus breviceps and Stellifer brasiliensis, with large contribution of fish from the Scieanidae family in this zone (18 species). Spatial changes inf fish species were not consistent in CZ, probably due to lack of spatio-temporal estuarine plume influence on depth environmental variables (ANOVA, p>0.05). Depth was the main factor to influence spatial changes for Diapterus rhombeus (negative association) more abundant in C1 (average depth = 10 m; ANOVA, p<0.05) and Micropogonias furnieri, P. brasiliensis and Pellona harroweri (positive association) more abundant in C2 (average depth = 17 m; ANOVA, p<0.00). Diapterus rhombeus and Etropus crossotus occured mainly in Spring and Summer, and Eucinosomus gula in Spring. The most abundant species in CZ, typical of high salinty influence, is a indication that this zone have characteristics to inner continental shelf. In MZ, most abundant species (Eugerres brasilianus, Eucinostomus melanopterus, Trinectes paulistanus, Gobionellus shufeldti, G. oceanicus, Geophagus brasiliensis, Centropomus parallelus and Citharichthys arenaceus) have higher number and weight of individuals in M1 (ANOVA, p<0.01), an adjacent lagoon connected to the main channel. In spite of the significant negative correlation between this species and salinity (r-Spearman>0.32, p<0.01), the more sheltered areas in M1 seem to be more important to determine this pattern than salinity itself. The site M1 also have more number of individuals and species (ANOVA, p<0.01), and larger number of fish of smaller size (CT median = 58mm) compared to M2 and M3, located in the main channel (median = 106mm) according to Median and Kruskall-Wallis tests (p<0.01; 2 = 1167.5), indicating the importance of this area for species recruitment. Low average similarity (SIMPER) for sites M2 (38.7%) and M3 (17.8%) indicate larger variability of assemblage in these sites, probably due to lesser habitat structure e higher dynamism. In RZ, the fish assemblage have few species (5) with abundance higher than 1% of the total number of fishes, being dominated by Dormitator maculatus, Astyanax sp and ix Microphis brachyurus lineatus, species typical of upper estuaries and lower river reaches. Spatial variation was detected for D. maculatus only, more abundant at R2, a site with abundant riparian vegetation, mainly grass. Dormitator maculatus was more abundant in Summer and Autumn, M. brachyurus lineatus, in Spring, Autumn and Winter and Astyanax sp was absent in Spring only. Patterns in fish assemblage structure were at large scale, primarily species-specific responses to dominant environmental gradient, while at small scale, results of association with the habitat. / Os sistemas estuarinos influenciam as assembl?ias de peixes, ao longo de seus gradientes longitudinais e das marcadas varia??es da salinidade. Estas assembl?ias se adaptam ?s diferentes condicionantes do habitat e variam em escalas espaciais e temporais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a composi??o e estrutura da ictiofauna em tr?s zonas do estu?rio do rio Mambucaba (ZC ? zona costeira; ZM ? zona de mistura e ZR ? zona de rio) e suas rela??es com as vari?veis ambientais e caracter?sticas do habitat destas zonas. Coletas sistem?ticas de peixes (2 meses por esta??o do ano) foram realizadas entre outubro de 2007 e agosto de 2008, com arrastos de fundo em dois locais da ZC (C1 e C2), arrasto de praia em 3 locais da ZM (M1, M2, M3) e peneira em 2 locais da ZR (R1 e R2). Em cada amostragem de peixes, foram tomadas, para a superf?cie e fundo, as vari?veis ambientais de temperatura, salinidade, condutividade, turbidez e oxig?nio dissolvido, bem como medida a profundidade. Um total de 14320 indiv?duos, constitu?dos por 111 esp?cies (ZR ? 18; ZM ? 50 e ZC - 66) foram coletados. Assembl?ias de peixes distintas foram identificadas para cada zona, indicadas pelo baixo n?mero de esp?cies comuns (14 - ZM e ZC; 8 - ZM e ZR; e 2 - ZC e ZR), e com apenas uma esp?cie abundante (> 1% do numero total de peixes na zona) comum em mais de uma zona (Eucinostomus argenteus na ZC e ZM). Tal padr?o pode estar relacionado ? maior variabilidade da salinidade existente na ZM e a estreita (20 m) largura do canal de conex?o com o mar, fatores que podem ser limitantes aos movimentos (entrada/sa?da) de peixes. Na ZC, as tr?s esp?cies mais abundantes foram Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Ctenosciaena gracillicirrhus, Anchoa lyolepis, Larimus breviceps e Stellifer brasiliensis, com a maior participa??o de peixes da fam?lia Sciaenidae nesta zona (18 esp?cies). As varia??es espaciais das esp?cies foram pouco consistentes na ZC, provavelmente relacionado a influencia da pluma estuarina n?o ter provocado mudan?as espa?o-temporais nas vari?veis ambientais de fundo (ANOVA, p>0,05). A profundidade foi o principal fator respons?vel pela separa??o espacial encontrada para Diapterus rhombeus (associa??es negativas) mais abundante em C1 (profundidade m?dia = 10 m; ANOVA, p<0,05) e Micropogonias furnieri, P. brasiliensis e Pellona harroweri (associa??es positivas) mais abundantes em C2 (profundidade m?dia = 17 m; ANOVA, p<0,00). Diapterus rhombeus e Etropus crossotus ocorreram principalmente na primavera e ver?o, e Eucinosomus gula na primavera. As esp?cies mais abundantes da ZC, t?picas de ?guas com maior influencia salina, ? um indicativo de que esta zona tem caracter?sticas mais associadas ? plataforma continental interna. Na ZM, a maioria das esp?cies mais abundantes (Eugerres brasilianus, Eucinostomus melanopterus, Trinectes paulistanus, Gobionellus shufeldti, G. oceanicus, Geophagus brasiliensis, Centropomus parallelus e Citharichthys arenaceus) apresentou maior n?mero e peso de indiv?duos em M1 (ANOVA, p<0,01), uma lagoa adjacente conectada ao canal principal. Apesar das correla??es negativas significativas observadas entre estas esp?cies e a salinidade (r-Spearman>0.32, p<0,01), as ?reas mais abrigadas em M1 parecem ser mais determinantes neste padr?o do que a salinidade em si. O local M1 tamb?m apresentou o maior n?mero de indiv?duos e de esp?cies (ANOVA, p<0,01), com maior n?mero de peixes de menor tamanho (CT mediana = 58mm) do que dos locais M2 e M3, situados no canal principal (mediana = 106mm) de acordo com o Teste das Medianas e Teste de Kruskallvii Wallis (p<0,01; 2 = 1167,5), indicando a import?ncia desta ?rea para o recrutamento das esp?cies. A baixa similaridade m?dia (SIMPER) para os locais M2 (38,7%) e M3 (17,8%) indicam uma maior variabilidade na assembl?ia destes locais, possivelmente devido a menor estrutura??o do habitat e maior dinamismo. Na ZR, a assembl?ia de peixes apresentou poucas esp?cies (5) com abund?ncia maior que 1% do n?mero total de peixes, sendo dominada por Dormitator maculatus, Astyanax sp e Microphis brachyurus lineatus, esp?cies t?picas de ?reas lim?trofes entre a zona superior do estu?rio e a zona baixa de rio. Varia??es espaciais foram detectadas apenas para D. maculatus, mais abundantes em R2, um local com abundante vegeta??o marginal composta principalmente por gram?neas. D. maculatus foi mais abundante no ver?o e outono, M. brachyurus lineatus, na primavera, outono e inverno e Astyanax sp foi ausente somente na primavera. Os padr?es na estrutura da assembl?ia de peixes s?o, em maior escala, primariamente resultado das respostas individuais das esp?cies ao gradiente ambiental dominante, enquanto em menor escala, resultado das associa??es com o habitat.

Ce travail de thèse vise à apporter des connaissances structurales et fonctionnelles sur les protéines du gluten. Pour cela, nous utilisons les concepts et méthodes de la physique des polymères et de la matière molle. Plus précisément, nous optimisons un protocole d’extraction basé sur la séparation de phases liquide-liquide. Ce dernier permet d’obtenir des isolats de protéines à différents rapports massiques gluténines/gliadines que nous étudions ensuite dans un solvant eau/éthanol 50/50 (v/v). Les résultats, montrent que les protéines se comportent comme des chaînes de polymères en solvant θ, en régime dilué et semi-dilué avec des tailles caractéristiques définis par diffusion de rayons X et de neutrons aux petits angles. De plus, 2 tailles d’objets sont distinguées en régime dilué par diffusion dynamique de la lumière: d’une part des protéines monomériques de l’ordre d’une dizaine de nanomètres associées aux  et -gliadines et à des polymères de gluténines de faibles masses molaires et d’autre part des assemblages polymériques de l’ordre de 100 nm, principalement composés de ω-gliadines et polymères de gluténines de haute masse molaire. Ces assemblages sont mis en avant par une combinaison de mesures réalisées par chromatographie d’exclusion de taille et par fractionnement par flux de forces asymétrique et permettent de rationaliser les diagrammes de phases de ces mélanges protéiques, en fonction de la température. L’étude de la dynamique de séparation de phases de ces mélanges protéiques, par diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles, montre que celle-ci est pilotée par un phénomène de décomposition spinodale. Cette décomposition peut être arrêtée lors de trempes en température profondes mais également observée à toutes les températures de trempe, pour les échantillons les plus riches en gluténines, formant un gel dès le régime monophasique, d’après leur étude par rhéologie / The aim of this thesis is to provide structural and functional knowledge on wheat gluten proteins. For that, we use the physical methods and the concept of soft matter. We optimize an extraction protocol based on a liquid-liquid phase separation. With this protocol, we obtain protein batches with different glutenin/gliadin mass ratios, which we then study in a 50/50 water/ethanol solvent (v/v). We show that proteins behave like polymer chains in θ solvent in dilute and semi-dilute regime, whose characteristic size are extracted by small angle X-ray and neutron scattering. Moreover, two sizes of objects are evidenced in dilute regime by dynamic light scattering: monomeric proteins with a size around 10 nm which can be associated to α/β, and γ-gliadins and polymeric glutenins with low molecular weight and polymeric assemblies with a size around 100 nm composed of ω-gliadins and glutenins polymers with high molecular weight. These assemblies are revealed by a combination of size exclusion chromatography and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation and allow one to rationalize the phase diagrams of the protein mixtures with temperature. The study of the dynamics of the phase separation of these protein mixtures by small angle X-ray scattering shows that the phase separation proceeds through a spinodal decomposition phenomenon. An arrested phase separation is observed for deep quenches but also at all temperature quenches for the most glutenin rich samples, which are gels in the monophasic regime, as confirmed by rheology.

A região da Península Antártica (PA) é importante para a circulação oceânica e o equilíbrio da temperatura global, além de ser detentora de grandes reservatórios de água doce e reservas de hidrocarbonetos e de hidrato de gás. Organismos bentônicos desses locais, como os foraminíferos, respondem de forma rápida a variações ambientais e são bastante utilizados em estudos de monitoramento mais precisos. Neste trabalho foram analisadas associações de foraminíferos em relação a parâmetros granulométricos e geoquímicos (elementos maiores e traço) de regiões ricas em hidrato de gás, situadas na PA. Para tal objetivo foram analisados sedimentos superficiais e subsuperficiais de: 1) região costeira (profundidade < 11 m) da Ilha de Marambio (IM), Mar de Weddell e 2) Passagem de Drake (PD). Na PD foram coletados 5 testemunhos (8 cm de comprimento) a 480 m de profundidade (D1) e 2 testemunhos (20 cm de comprimento) de 3800 m de profundidade (D2). Os valores de densidade e diversidade de foraminíferos encontrados aqui raramente são descritos na literatura para a região antártica. Contatou-se que as associações de foraminíferos da região da PA são constituídas por diversas espécies monotalâmicas e aglutinantes. A análise de agrupamento evidenciou associações com diferentes atributos ecológicos. Nas biocenoses da IM observou-se predominância de foraminíferos monotalâmicos de carapaça orgânica ou predominantemente orgânica (Psammosphaga magnetica e allogromiídeos), que apresentaram alta densidade e diversidade em sedimentos lamosos, ricos em nutrientes e valores elevados de oxigênio dissolvido. Já as biocenoses da região D1 apresentaram dominância de foraminíferos calcários, em particular de Epistominella exigua, indicadora de ambiente rico em fitodetritos. Nas tanatocenoses foram observadas predomínio de espécies aglutinantes como Deuterammina grisea e Cribrostomoides jeffreysii, com valores de densidade e riqueza aumentando da base ao topo em todos os testemunhos. Nos testemunhos da área D2, tanto na bio quanto a tanatocenose houve dominância de espécies típicas de ambiente hipóxico e rico em matéria orgânica (e.g., Adercotryma glomeratum e Spiroplectammina biformis) e baixos valores de densidade e riqueza. A morfometria das carapaças da Passagem de Drake (D1 e D2) apontou aumento significativo de A. glomeratum com a profundidade, provavelmente relacionado a adaptações a regiões profundas e a estabilidade ambiental. A Análise de Componentes Principais revelou que oxigênio dissolvido do sedimento, granulometria, porcentagem de CaCO3, concentração de potássio (D1), bem como concentrações de elementos maiores e traços (D2) foram as principais variáveis que influenciaram a distribuição das espécies. Não foi possível identificar alterações nas associações e em relação aos padrões ecológicos, devido às emanações de hidrato de gás. Assim, ressalta-se a necessidade da realização de mais estudos, como análises morfológicas e químicas das carapaças dos foraminíferos, principalmente em espécies aglutinantes, ainda mais em regiões como a PA, reconhecidamente mais sensível as mudanças climáticas e de enorme importância para o equilíbrio do clima da Terra / The Antarctic Peninsula (PA) region is essential for ocean circulation and global temperature equilibrium, as well as having large freshwater reservoirs, hydrocarbon and gas hydrate reserves. Benthic organisms from these locations, such as foraminifera, respond rapidly to environmental variations and are widely used in more accurate monitoring studies. In this work, foraminifera associations were analyzed concerning granulometric and geochemical parameters (major and trace elements) of regions rich in gas hydrate, located at AP. For this purpose, surface and subsurface sediments were analyzed from 1) coastal region (depth <11 m) of Marambio Island (IM), Weddell Sea and 2) Drake Passage (PD). In PD five cores (8 cm long) were collected at 480 m depth (D1) and two cores (20 cm long) at 3800 m depth (D2). Foraminifera density and diversity values found here are rarely described in the literature for the Antarctic region. The results of foraminifera associations in the PA region are composed of several monothalamic and agglutinant species. Cluster analysis showed associations with different ecological attributes. In MI biocenosis there was a predominance of monothalamic foraminifera of organic or predominantly organic tests (Psammosphaga magnetica and allogromiidae), with high density and diversity in muddy sediments, rich in nutrients and high values of dissolved oxygen. On the other hand, the biocenosis of the D1 region was dominated with calcareous foraminifera, in particular, Epistominella exigua, indicating an environment rich in organic matter. In the thanatocoenosis, agglutinating species such as Deuterammina. grisea, and Cribrostomoides jeffreysii predominated, with density and richness increasing from bottom to top in all cores. In the D2 area, both in bio as well as in thanatocoenosis, there was a dominance of typical species of hypoxic environments and rich in organic matter (e.g., Adercotryma glomeratum and Spiroplectammina biformis), and low density and richness values. The morphometry from DP (D1 and D2) showed a significant increase in size of A. glomeratum with depth, probably related to deepsea adaptations and environmental stability. Principal Component Analysis revealed that dissolved oxygen in sediment, granulometry, CaCO3 percentage, potassium concentration (D1) as well as major and trace elements concentrations (D2) were the main variables that influenced species distribution. It was not possible to identify changes in organisms and the relation to ecological standards due to gas hydrate. Thus, further studies are necessary, such as morphological and chemical analysis of foraminifera tests, especially in agglutinating species, even more so in regions such as PA, which are known to be more sensitive to climate change and of great importance to the Earth\'s climate balance

Previous research has shown that a range of physical and biological drivers can influence the composition of faunal assemblages occupying localities within streams. There is much debate in the literature about which of these is more important. Descriptive and experimental field studies were conducted in two relatively undisturbed, second order rainforest streams in southeast Queensland, Australia. The principal objectives were to describe spatial and temporal patterns in pool fauna and explore relationships between these patterns and physical attributes of habitat, disturbance and biotic interactions. The macroinvertebrate and vertebrate fauna of 12 small stream pools were sampled approximately monthly over a period of 15 months. Samples were collected from all major within-pool habitat types and concurrent measurements of potentially important environmental parameters were made at landscape scales of stream, pool and habitat patch. Faunal assemblages were consistently different between the two streams and between the various within-pool habitat types, although the latter may partially be explained by differences in sampling protocols applied in the different habitat types. However, spatial and temporal variation in faunal assemblages within habitat types was large at the scales of whole pools and within-pool habitats, and this variation occurred apparently independently of variation in physical habitat attributes. These results indicated that very little of the local scale faunal variation could be explained by abiotic drivers and that some other factors must be responsible for the observed faunal patterns. Previous research had indicated that atyid shrimps can play a significant ecological role in rainforest streams, where they act as 'ecosystem engineers' by removing fine sediment from hard surfaces. This subsequently alters algal dynamics and faunal composition in streams. A pool-scale manipulative experiment was conducted to investigate the role of the atyid Paratya australiensis, which is an abundant and conspicuous component of the fauna. Removal of shrimp from pools had no effect on sediment accrual on hard surfaces and consequently did not affect algal biomass or faunal assemblages. The lack of effect on sediment accumulation was attributed to the low rate of deposition in these streams, which was an order of magnitude lower than in streams where atyids have been demonstrated to play a keystone role. The fish Mogurnda adspersa was found to be the primary predator of pool fauna in the study streams, where it preyed on a wide variety of taxa. Dietary analyses revealed that an ontogenetic shift occurred in both diet and the within-pool habitat where fish fed. Within this general framework, individual fish had strong individual prey preferences. Significant correlations were found between the natural abundance of Mogurnda in pools and faunal assemblage patterns in both gravel habitat and pools in general, indicating that predation had an effect on pool fauna. The nature of this effect varied between habitats. A direct density dependent response was observed in gravel habitat. In contrast, the response in pools varied considerably between individual pools, perhaps reflecting the differing prey preferences of individual fish. Despite these correlations, an experimental manipulation of the density of Mogurnda at a whole-pool scale did not conclusively identify a predation effect. This may have been due to problems with fish moving between treatments, despite attempts to constrain them, and low experimental power due to the inherent high variability of pool fauna. Overall, the results of the study indicated that there was considerable spatial and temporal variation in pool fauna despite similarities in the physical attributes of pools and their close proximity. This variation appeared to occur at random and could not be explained by abiotic or biotic factors. Predation had a small effect, but could not explain the overall patterns, whereas disturbance by spates had very little effect at all. Stochastic processes associated with low level random recruitment were identified as a possible and plausible explanation for observed patterns. These conclusions are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of the ecology and management of streams.

Parmi les trois chapitres de cette thèse, le premier est consacré à une étude bibliographique sur la durabilité des assemblages collés. Il décrit notamment les principaux modèles d'endommagement et les méthodes d'optimisation permettant d'identifier les paramètres du modèle. Le second chapitre présente la théorie prévisionnelle retenue ainsi qu'une étude paramétrique pour mieux cerner la signification physique des coefficients du modèle. Le dernier chapitre confronte les simulations théoriques avec différentes campagnes expérimentales. Une approche inverse est d'abord mise en oeuvre pour identifier les paramètres théoriques dans le cas d'assemblages collés sollicités en traction ou en cisaillement. La même approche est ensuite utilisée pour identifier le comportement en fluage d'assemblages soumis à un vieillissement accéléré. Les valeurs des paramètres correspondants aux états initiaux et vieillis sont enfin analysées à la lumière des évolutions microstructurales du joint adhésif.

Wetlands contain both aquatic and terrestrial environments which generates high biodiversity. However, they are commonly associated with mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), and mosquitoes are usually regarded as negative by humans because they can cause nuisance and transmit diseases. This thesis aimed to clarify the association between mosquitoes and wetlands and to achieve a more balanced view of biodiversity in wetlands by including mosquito diversity. Studies on adult mosquito diversity and assemblages were performed in 18 wetlands spread over Sweden. The Swedish mosquito species were organized in ten functional groups based on four life-history characteristics. This classification was used as an additional diversity measurement and as a tool for presentation of mosquito data. Mosquito diversity showed several of the well-established diversity patterns such as a latitudinal gradient, a species-area relationship and a distribution-abundance relationship. In a landscape perspective, diversity of both mosquitoes and dytiscids (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) were positively influenced by a high proportion of permanent water and a high amount of open areas, indicating co-varying diversity patterns. Mosquito assemblages in the Nedre Dalälven region were mainly structured by the extent of flooded areas and wetland type (wet meadow, swamp and bog). In addition to the influence of the proportion of temporary wetlands at a local scale, the proportion of forest gained importance at larger spatial scales and in relation to dispersal distances of species. In southern Sweden, mosquito faunas differed between natural and constructed wetlands, partly reflecting differences in wetland size. In an experiment, different responses of two co-occurring mosquito species to rapid larval habitat desiccation indicate that weather conditions after a flood could influence mosquito assemblages. The conclusions of this thesis provide suggestions on how to construct and position wetlands for increased insect diversity, and indicate that low abundance of major nuisance species might be crucial for acceptance of wetlands near human settlements.