Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / South Africa is a regional hub for international immigration and the main destination for many African descent, a home of high number of refugees ad asylum seekers across African continent. The refugees and asylum seekers communities in South Africa are settled and melting into the city life with the host communities.

The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of displaced women living in the Osire refugee camp in Namibia about their health care needs, and to develop health care guidelines that will help to address the identified health care needs of displaced women. A descriptive phenomenological study was used, using face-to-face interviews with participants in response to one question. The following question was asked: What are the health care needs of displaced women living in Osire refugee camp and how should they be addressed? Ten women were interviewed. Their ages ranged between 18 and 58 years. The duration of displacement was longer than 6 months. Interviews were conducted in Osire Refugee Camp in Namibia. Displaced women were invited to participate in the study on a voluntary basis. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. During the analysis the essence substantiated by the constituents of their experiences regarding their health care needs were identified. The findings of the health care needs of displaced women living in Osire refugee camp reflect that they have a need for restoration of hope and human dignity. A thorough literature review was done and the constituents were re-phrased to form guidelines on how to address the health care needs of displaced women. The guidelines were refined through a Delphi study. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Nursing Science / PhD / Unrestricted

LLM in Human Rights Law / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa shows a clear and unambiguous undertaking by the state to develop a comprehensive social security system. In terms of Section 27 of the Constitution, it is provided that everyone has the right to have access to social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance. The section also obliges the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of these rights. Parts of the social assistance are, inter alia, child related social grants in terms of the Social Assistance Act. This research considers the question of statutory exclusion of children of asylum seekers from accessing and exercising their social security rights, in particular, social assistance grants relevant to the needs, assistance and protection of children. Such grants are already provided for by the law to the South African citizen, permanent resident and refugee children. The question which this study seeks to address is whether South African government is in compliance with its constitutional and international obligations in respect of the social security rights and social assistance for children of asylum seekers in South Africa. This would be carried out by reviewing and exploring relevant International, regional and national human rights instruments relevant and applicable to the social security rights and assistance to the children of asylum seekers.

The aim of the thesis is an outline of the evolution of European asylum policy of asylum policies towards asylum seekers within seven EU member countries since 1990. The brief description of common trends in asylum policy in European Union and EFTA (European Free Trade Zone) member countries and outline of current policy towards asylum seekers, where current living conditions are part of it. Also the position of asylum seekers in specific spheres such as education, right to work, financial and social security, health service and accommodation is discussed. Another goal is to compare the practices in the asylum policy in the Czech Republic with the policies towards the asylum seekers of other six EU member countries - Denmark, France, Germany, Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. There is also an introduction of governmental steps which deal with the immigration law or asylum law and therefore regulate the living conditions of asylum seekers in their country.

The study's overall objective is to demonstrate the correlation between refugee status and poor oral health outcomes by thoroughly explaining the refugee experience and showing the prevalence of associated oral diseases. All data and information regarding the oral health status of refugees and asylum-seekers are from numerous studies and different institutions. Refugees often experience traumatizing events such as assault, torture, starvation, and extreme dehydration, resulting in the rapid deterioration of health. However, despite the high prevalence of oral diseases such as caries, gum infections, and, oral health continues to be neglected once they arrive at their new destination. In countries like Germany, refugees from Syria and Iraq have a higher incidence of dental caries(Solyman and Schmidt-Westhausen, 2018). In comparison to their German citizen counterparts, who have shown significantly lower caries rates, a possible result from the advancement of a successful caries prevention program for children and adolescents (Splieth et al., 2019). By comparing the oral health status of refugees versus the native population of the country they have entered, the neglect of refugees' oral health becomes evident. This study aims to assess the barriers often experienced by refugee and asylum seekers that lead to poor oral health and examine the role of language, refugee perspective and health literacy education in the promoting dental care in this population. It is clear that a strong association exists between the social and physical barriers refugee experience and oral health. This is especially clear from evaluating the phases of a refugee's migration journey. There is an association between social barriers such as language and health literacy on oral health. It is well documented that when individuals are forced to relocate to new countries where a different language is spoken, healthcare systems can be challenging to navigate. Additionally, language plays a crucial role in shaping refugee perspectives of the oral health community, sometimes negatively; thus, arrival in their new home does not necessarily lead to improved care. Data comparing oral disease in natives versus refugees indicates significantly worse oral health status among recent refugees.

Yes / Background: Many asylum seekers have complex mental health needs which can be exacerbated by the challenging circumstances in which they live and difficulties accessing health services. Regular moderate physical activity can improve mental health and would be a useful strategy to achieve this. Evidence suggests there are barriers to engaging black and minority ethnic groups in physical activity, but there is little research around asylum seekers to address the key barriers and facilitators in this group. Methods: A two stage qualitative study used semi-structured interviews underpinned by the Theoretical Domains Framework. The interviews were conducted in voluntary sector groups in four towns/ cities in Northern England. Purposive sampling recruited 36 asylum seekers from 18 different countries. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and subject to framework analysis. Stage two involved a nominal group technique with five key stakeholders including asylum seekers and those that work with them. They followed a four stage process to rank and reach consensus on the key barrier to undertaking physical activity/ exercise that could be addressed locally through a future intervention. Results: A number of barriers and facilitators were identified including a lack of understanding of the term physical activity and recommended levels but knowledge of the health benefits of physical activity/ exercise and the motivation to increase levels having engaged with activities back home. Living as an asylum seeker was considered a barrier due to the stress, poverty and temporary nature of living in an unfamiliar place. The outcome of the nominal group technique was that a lack of knowledge of facilities in the local area was the prevailing barrier that could be addressed. Conclusions: Public health practitioners could develop interventions which capitalise on the motivation and knowledge of asylum seekers to encourage an increase in physical activity which may in turn reduce the breadth and depth of mental health needs of this group. / Internal funding was received from the University of Bradford

As immigration to Europe continuously increase, so does governments efforts to control and manage these moving populations, and their national borders. Today, returning migrants without a residence permit is often regarded as a natural measure within the immigration control apparatus, but the means to ensure return, the populations targeted and their legal rights have changed over time. This thesis aims to understand the developments of return policies in the case of Norway, from 1988-2010. By combining the analytical approach of governmentality with theorisations about deportations and migration policy development, I seek to understand how the return regime has been established and transformed. The analysis is based on policy documents as the main material, and the qualitative content analysis reveals that the return regime has developed from several measures initiated to achieve control over different challenging and unforeseen situations that arises throughout the period. Short term solutions create problems in the long run, and the solutions add on to create and establish the return regime.

The right to an effective remedy is a fundamental principle of international human rights law, crucial for the protection of individuals, especially for asylum seekers who have faced human rights violations in their countries of origin. Due to the importance of this right, it was included in art. 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), however, this article did not provide a clear definition of what is an effective remedy. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), as the judicial body responsible for the application of the ECHR, discussed the right to an effective remedy in many cases in which the applicants claimed that their right to an effective remedy has been violated. The Court did not provide a specific definition rather it provided requirements for a remedy to be effective which will be discussed in this thesis. As the ECHR is applied to "everyone" as provided in article 1 of the Convention, asylum seekers can claim the violations of their right to an effective remedy before the ECtHR. This can provide a significant guarantee in the protection system for asylum seekers in different ways.   Art. 13 of the ECHR stipulated the national authorities are the main responsible for providing the right to an effective remedy. In case the national authorities failed in providing such remedy, hence the role of the ECtHR comes to provide such remedy which is known as the principle of subsidiarity. Also, as asylum seekers are the more vulnerable groups for forcible refoulement, it became important to discuss if the right to an effective remedy can be protect them against such refoulement.   This thesis aims to investigate the right to an effective remedy as evolved by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It analysis the interpretation of this right by the ECtHR to explain its requirements, type, and scope of application, Also, it focuses on the principle of subsidiarity and how it can be applied in this regard. Finally, it discussed the implementation of the right to an effective remedy in conjunction with the principle of non-refoulement to explain the scope of protection that can be guaranteed for asylum seekers against forcible refoulement.

No

yes / The shocking pictures of a drowned Syrian boy in September 2015 spurred European governments and organisations into taking action to address the growing refugee crisis. The University of Bradford was no different and the senior management team began to look at ways of responding. Consultation was carried out with local organisations at a Bradford City of Sanctuary event and with other UK universities. This suggested that the university should: Recognise how the concept of sanctuary fits with its traditional values and the strategic plan (which includes inclusivity, diversity, internationalisation and sustainability); See this as a long-term issue. ‘Responses need to be long-term. The refugee crisis will be here for years to come.’; Recognise this as an issue that is wider than Syrian refugees. There are substantial numbers of asylum seekers and refugees escaping conflict in other countries such as Eritrea, Afghanistan and Iraq; Align with the civic and community response. The city of Bradford has a proud history of welcoming and including newcomers from all corners of the world and has responded positively to the current crisis. The City of Sanctuary initiative plays a major role in this response. The university response would follow three main principles: To build on and scale up the excellent work previously carried out at faculty level in being awarded Sanctuary in Health to then apply for a University of Sanctuary award; To develop a holistic response across the university, involving faculties, professional services and students. This should be inclusive to generate commitment, ownership and awareness across the whole university; To take a broad, inclusive definition of sanctuary, embracing academics at risk as well as student refugees and asylum seekers.