The purpose of this study was to analyse and describe the factors that influence the choice of site of delivery by pregnant women in Mukono district. By employing quantitative, non experimental research methods, 431 women were interviewed by using structured questionnaires. These women had either delivered at; home, TBA, private or public clinic and 72% had been delivered by skilled attendants. Choice of delivery site was influenced by the attitudes of health workers which were rather poor in public sites, proximity of site, attendance of antenatal clinic at a site, availability of supplies and drugs, plus level of care including emergency obstetric care. / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)

When the Irish writer Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) wrote Waiting for Godot in 1948-1949 he was in a state of artistic depression and confusion. He had already turned to French instead of English and with a manuscript for the stage he made an effort to get away from what he called ”the awful prose” he was working on at that time. Waiting for Godot had its first opening night in Paris in 1953, and during the years since then many different interpretations have been made of this challenging work of art. In this essay, with the meta textual elements in Waiting for Godot as a foundation, I’m reading the drama as a writer’s struggle with his material – not strictly biographical, but with Beckett as an artistic example. Vladimir and Estragon, as well as Pozzo and Lucky, then become personalizations of the voices in the mind of the author, where intellect/reason/analysis on one hand and intuition/feeling/fantasy on the other are working side by side, or as a pair of opposites, to try to get along through conflict and cooperation; conferring, clashing, and complementing one another. Godot will then function as the mystical and driving force, the necessary lack of purpose or fundamental meaning that keeps the artist in touch with art. In this aspect Godot has not to come; his absence is an absolute condition to get the play going, to keep the writer writing, to make all artists continue their lonely, tiresome, difficult work. Waiting for Godot tells us something about the struggle every writer has to face when writing a play, or a novel, or a poem, where he, or she, has to speak with and listen to the inner voices of intuition and intellect and try to get by in spite of the overall sense of hopelessness of it all. Art is at the same time without meaning and of infinite value and I believe that this paradox is alive and working in Waiting for Godot.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’évolution de la profession de puéricultrice au Québec entre 1925 et 1985. Il cherche plus spécifiquement à éclairer les raisons de la disparition de cette profession. Celle-ci prend racine dans le contexte de la lutte contre la mortalité infantile et de la médicalisation croissante de la maternité, ce dernier phénomène connaissant de profondes modifications au cours du XXe siècle. En parallèle, les systèmes de santé et d’éducation québécois connaissent d’importants bouleversements. Comment la profession de puéricultrice évolue-t-elle devant ces changements ? Comment tentera-t-elle de faire sa place dans le monde des spécialistes des soins et de l’enfance ? Par ailleurs, quelle place la société, plus spécifiquement le monde médical et l’État, lui réservera-t-elle au fil du temps et pour quelles raisons ? Qu’est-ce qui explique sa disparition ? Voilà les questions auxquelles ce mémoire cherche à répondre. Afin de bien ancrer les origines de la profession, notre analyse s’est d’abord penchée sur les raisons de la création des premières formations en puériculture et des stratégies de professionnalisation des puéricultrices. Notre recherche s’est ensuite intéressée aux discours des acteurs s’étant prononcés sur le sort des puéricultrices à la suite des grandes réformes des années 1960-1970 ainsi qu’au discours des puéricultrices qui cherchent à s’inscrire dans ce nouveau système de santé étatisé. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que la profession de puéricultrice a été victime de plusieurs facteurs dont les multiples réorganisations du système de santé ainsi que de la compétition entre les professions de la santé, mais plus profondément d’une conception de la maternité qui se modifie considérablement au cours de la période étudiée. / This memoir examines the evolution of the occupation called “baby nurse” (puéricultrice in French), in Québec, between 1925 and 1985. It aims more specifically at shedding light on the reasons why this occupation disappeared. This occupation builds on the fight against child mortality and the growing medicalization of maternity, the latter phenomenon undergoing considerable modifications throughout the XXth century. Simultaneously, the health care and education systems in Québec experience significant upheavals. How does the baby nurse occupation evolve in light of these changes? How will it try to establish itself in this world of child care specialists? Furthermore, what place will society, more specifically the medical community and the government, leave for it throughout time, and for what reasons? How can we explain it disappearance? Those are the questions this memoir will try to answer. To ensure that the origins of this occupation are well anchored, our analysis examined the reasons why the first baby nurse programmes were created and strategies were developed for this occupation’s professionalization. Then, our research focused on the messages being conveyed by the actors involved following the major reforms that occurred in 1960-1970, and that of the baby nurse trying to get included this new government-owned health care system. We make the assumption that the baby nurse occupation was a victim of several factors, including the multiple reorganisations of the health care system, and the competition between health care occupations, but more deeply of a conception of maternity that will be greatly modified during the studied period.

Univ., Diss.--Frankfurt am Main, 2006.

O foco dessa dissertação é analisar o papel, as características, e a presença dos bobos ao longo da história, focando em sua constante aparição no teatro. Os personagens principais da minha análise serão o Bobo, na peça Rei Lear de William Shakespeare, e Vladimir e Estragon, na peça Esperando Godot de Samuel Beckett. Na análise desses personagens, discuto semelhanças entre os autores, que já foram notadas por críticos como Martin Esslin, Jan Kott, e Northrop Frye, e mostro como os personagens de Beckett são similares aos bobos de Shakespeare. Bobos, no teatro, frequentemente agem como mediadores entre o palco e a plateia, guiando os espectadores e falando verdades. O Bobo de Lear diz verdades criticando seu mestre e o lembrando das decisões erradas que ele tomou; os personagens em Esperando Godot dizem verdades sobre a falta de sentido de nossas vidas e, mais importante, nos mostram essa falta de sentido no decorrer da peça. Em relação à linguagem, o uso dela pelos bobos é diferente do uso dos outros personagens porque eles a manipulam para criar desentendimentos e jogos de palavras. No teatro de Shakespeare, a principal razão para esse uso peculiar da linguagem é que os bobos querem mostrar sua sagacidade; no teatro de Beckett, eles usam uma linguagem sem sentido para mostrar que ela está quebrada e que tentativas de comunicação são inúteis. Através das ações e diálogos dos bobos de Beckett em Esperando Godot, podemos ver que a vida é absurda e que vivemos em um mundo cheio de incertezas. Apesar de personagens bobos geralmente serem vistos como superficiais e insignificantes, especialmente nas peças de Shakespeare, eles são extremamente importantes no teatro e têm uma maneira única de interagir com os outros personagens e com o público. / The focus of this thesis is to analyze the role, characteristics, and presence of fools throughout history, focusing on their recurrence in the theater. The characters I will focus on are Lear's Fool in William Shakespeare's King Lear, and Vladimir and Estragon in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, discussing similarities between the two authors, which have been mentioned by critics such as Martin Esslin, Jan Kott and Northrop Frye, and showing how Beckett's characters are similar to Shakespearean fools. Fools in the theater often act as mediators between the stage and the audience, guiding spectators and telling truths. Lear's Fool tells truths by criticizing his master and reminding him of the wrong decisions he has made; the characters in Waiting for Godot tell truths about the meaninglessness of life and, most importantly, show us this meaninglessness throughout the play. The use of language by fools is different from that of other characters because they manipulate it to create misunderstandings and word games. In Shakespeare's theater, the main reason for this peculiar use of language is that fools want to show their wit; in Beckett's theater, the characters use nonsensical language to show that language has broken down and that attempts at communication are pointless. Through the actions and dialogues of Beckett's fools in Waiting for Godot, we can see that life is absurd and that we live in a world full of uncertainties. In spite of the fact that fool characters are often seen as shallow and insignificant, especially in Shakespeare's theater, they are of extreme importance in the theater and have a unique manner of interacting with other characters and with the audience.

O foco dessa dissertação é analisar o papel, as características, e a presença dos bobos ao longo da história, focando em sua constante aparição no teatro. Os personagens principais da minha análise serão o Bobo, na peça Rei Lear de William Shakespeare, e Vladimir e Estragon, na peça Esperando Godot de Samuel Beckett. Na análise desses personagens, discuto semelhanças entre os autores, que já foram notadas por críticos como Martin Esslin, Jan Kott, e Northrop Frye, e mostro como os personagens de Beckett são similares aos bobos de Shakespeare. Bobos, no teatro, frequentemente agem como mediadores entre o palco e a plateia, guiando os espectadores e falando verdades. O Bobo de Lear diz verdades criticando seu mestre e o lembrando das decisões erradas que ele tomou; os personagens em Esperando Godot dizem verdades sobre a falta de sentido de nossas vidas e, mais importante, nos mostram essa falta de sentido no decorrer da peça. Em relação à linguagem, o uso dela pelos bobos é diferente do uso dos outros personagens porque eles a manipulam para criar desentendimentos e jogos de palavras. No teatro de Shakespeare, a principal razão para esse uso peculiar da linguagem é que os bobos querem mostrar sua sagacidade; no teatro de Beckett, eles usam uma linguagem sem sentido para mostrar que ela está quebrada e que tentativas de comunicação são inúteis. Através das ações e diálogos dos bobos de Beckett em Esperando Godot, podemos ver que a vida é absurda e que vivemos em um mundo cheio de incertezas. Apesar de personagens bobos geralmente serem vistos como superficiais e insignificantes, especialmente nas peças de Shakespeare, eles são extremamente importantes no teatro e têm uma maneira única de interagir com os outros personagens e com o público. / The focus of this thesis is to analyze the role, characteristics, and presence of fools throughout history, focusing on their recurrence in the theater. The characters I will focus on are Lear's Fool in William Shakespeare's King Lear, and Vladimir and Estragon in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, discussing similarities between the two authors, which have been mentioned by critics such as Martin Esslin, Jan Kott and Northrop Frye, and showing how Beckett's characters are similar to Shakespearean fools. Fools in the theater often act as mediators between the stage and the audience, guiding spectators and telling truths. Lear's Fool tells truths by criticizing his master and reminding him of the wrong decisions he has made; the characters in Waiting for Godot tell truths about the meaninglessness of life and, most importantly, show us this meaninglessness throughout the play. The use of language by fools is different from that of other characters because they manipulate it to create misunderstandings and word games. In Shakespeare's theater, the main reason for this peculiar use of language is that fools want to show their wit; in Beckett's theater, the characters use nonsensical language to show that language has broken down and that attempts at communication are pointless. Through the actions and dialogues of Beckett's fools in Waiting for Godot, we can see that life is absurd and that we live in a world full of uncertainties. In spite of the fact that fool characters are often seen as shallow and insignificant, especially in Shakespeare's theater, they are of extreme importance in the theater and have a unique manner of interacting with other characters and with the audience.

O foco dessa dissertação é analisar o papel, as características, e a presença dos bobos ao longo da história, focando em sua constante aparição no teatro. Os personagens principais da minha análise serão o Bobo, na peça Rei Lear de William Shakespeare, e Vladimir e Estragon, na peça Esperando Godot de Samuel Beckett. Na análise desses personagens, discuto semelhanças entre os autores, que já foram notadas por críticos como Martin Esslin, Jan Kott, e Northrop Frye, e mostro como os personagens de Beckett são similares aos bobos de Shakespeare. Bobos, no teatro, frequentemente agem como mediadores entre o palco e a plateia, guiando os espectadores e falando verdades. O Bobo de Lear diz verdades criticando seu mestre e o lembrando das decisões erradas que ele tomou; os personagens em Esperando Godot dizem verdades sobre a falta de sentido de nossas vidas e, mais importante, nos mostram essa falta de sentido no decorrer da peça. Em relação à linguagem, o uso dela pelos bobos é diferente do uso dos outros personagens porque eles a manipulam para criar desentendimentos e jogos de palavras. No teatro de Shakespeare, a principal razão para esse uso peculiar da linguagem é que os bobos querem mostrar sua sagacidade; no teatro de Beckett, eles usam uma linguagem sem sentido para mostrar que ela está quebrada e que tentativas de comunicação são inúteis. Através das ações e diálogos dos bobos de Beckett em Esperando Godot, podemos ver que a vida é absurda e que vivemos em um mundo cheio de incertezas. Apesar de personagens bobos geralmente serem vistos como superficiais e insignificantes, especialmente nas peças de Shakespeare, eles são extremamente importantes no teatro e têm uma maneira única de interagir com os outros personagens e com o público. / The focus of this thesis is to analyze the role, characteristics, and presence of fools throughout history, focusing on their recurrence in the theater. The characters I will focus on are Lear's Fool in William Shakespeare's King Lear, and Vladimir and Estragon in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, discussing similarities between the two authors, which have been mentioned by critics such as Martin Esslin, Jan Kott and Northrop Frye, and showing how Beckett's characters are similar to Shakespearean fools. Fools in the theater often act as mediators between the stage and the audience, guiding spectators and telling truths. Lear's Fool tells truths by criticizing his master and reminding him of the wrong decisions he has made; the characters in Waiting for Godot tell truths about the meaninglessness of life and, most importantly, show us this meaninglessness throughout the play. The use of language by fools is different from that of other characters because they manipulate it to create misunderstandings and word games. In Shakespeare's theater, the main reason for this peculiar use of language is that fools want to show their wit; in Beckett's theater, the characters use nonsensical language to show that language has broken down and that attempts at communication are pointless. Through the actions and dialogues of Beckett's fools in Waiting for Godot, we can see that life is absurd and that we live in a world full of uncertainties. In spite of the fact that fool characters are often seen as shallow and insignificant, especially in Shakespeare's theater, they are of extreme importance in the theater and have a unique manner of interacting with other characters and with the audience.

航空業空勤組員適用勞基法第八十四條之一過去至今爭議不斷，而2016年華航空服員罷工行動的七大訴求中空勤組員回歸勞基法的議題再次被提出討論，時至今日這項訴求尚未獲得航空公司與政府的正面回應，抗爭凸顯台灣空勤組員可能存在工作時間過長且休息不足的問題。因此本研究首先探討國際勞動公約、台灣與日本的工時適用例外法理，而後透過深度訪談了解空勤組員的工時狀況與勞基法第八十四條之一的實施現況而提出立法政策的建議，最後，再參考日本的航空公司的營運經驗，分析本文所提出的立法政策是否具有可行性。 本文經由工作時間法理的探討，認為我國的空勤組員並不完全符合工時適用例外法理的要件，簡言之，不該將全數組員納入勞基法第八十四條之一的適用對象，既使政府基於企業的需求，允許單一航段工作時間超過十二小時的越洋航線可以適用勞基法第八十四條之一，那對於適用對象與執行的勤務應有明確的限制，只有經營國內線與區域航線的公司既該排除於適用對象之外，而非將所有空勤組員納入勞基法第八十四條之一，此外，必須嚴格落實同法第二項的但書規定，不得讓勞資雙方訂定有損勞工健康與福祉的勞動條件，或者透過立法進一步要求雇主應主動提供維護健康的措施，以確保勞工在長工時的情況下，仍然可以維持健全的身心狀態。 關於立法政策建議的可行性，從日本的經驗可得而知，既使空勤組員回歸勞基法，飛航勤務仍然可以順利運作，且有機會減少因將所有組員納入勞基法第八十四條之一而徒增的人事成本，對於公司而言可以獲得較佳的勞務成效進而提升飛航安全，同時又可以消除空勤組員過勞所產生的壓力與改善勞資關係。 / There is a huge controversy over the flight crew applying to Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. In the seven demands of China Airlines flight attendant strike in 2016, the issue of flight crew applied to Labor Standards Law was again discussed. Now this appeal has not yet received a positive response from the airlines and the government. The protests highlight that Taiwan's flight crew may have problems with long working hours and lack of rest. Therefore, the first part of this study is to understand the working hours of flight crew and implementation status of Article 84-1 of Labor Standards Law. According to the International Labor Convention, Taiwan and Japan's theories of working hours, then propose legislative policy. Finally, reference to the Japanese airline's operating experience, whether the legislative policy proposed in this article is feasible. According to theories of working hours, think the flight crew do not meet the requirements of Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. It should not be included in the application of Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. Even if the government is based on the needs of the business, let a single section of the working hours of more than 12 hours of cross-ocean routes applying to Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. There should be a clear limitation on the applicable object and the service to be performed. Exclude companies that operate only domestic and regional routes. In addition, the provisions of Article 84-1.(2) of the Labor Standards Law must be strictly implemented. It is forbidden for employers and employees to set conditions for working that impair the health and well-being of workers. Or through legislation further require employers should take the initiative to provide health maintenance measures. To ensure that workers can still maintain a healthy physical and psychological condition when they are long working hours. On feasibility of legislative proposals, even if flight crew apply the Labor Standards Law, flight service can still operate smoothly, it is known from Japan's experience. And have the opportunity to reduce personnel costs, because all of the flight crew applying to Article 84-1 of the Labor Standards Law. For the company can get better service performance and thus enhance flight safety. At the same time, it can eliminate the pressure caused by overwork of flight crew and improve the labor-capital relations.

The registered midwives are engaged in continuous health education lessons In antenatal visits, discouraging antenatal clients from using hannful traditional and cultural practices in an attempt to preserve pregnancy to tenn. Despite the registered midwives' efforts, the clients continue to use hannful cultural methods, which are life-threatening to both the mother and the foetus In utero. The prenatal clients perceive the registered midwives as not being sensitive to their culture. The results of this study revealed that health education in antenatal clinics should be collaborative: that is, the people who have influence over the clients' pregnancy, like me mother-in-law, the traditional practitioners, cUents and their family members, should be involved by the midwives during the preparation of pregnancy lessons and health education lessons on how to preserve pregnancy to term according to· scientifically proven methods. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of nursing auxiliaries towards health care services against their scope of practice. Nursing auxiliaries practising within the Elim, Letaba, Malamulele, Nkhensani, Shiluvana and Tintswalo hospitals in the Gazankulu Health Administration, in the Northern Transvaal Province, constituted the target population. The findings revealed that nursing auxiliaries are not functioning strictly according to their scope of practice. They are an essential component of nursing services in Gazankulu by rendering a major contribution towards health care services in fulfilling their scope of practice-role. Apart from their prescribed practice-role, they are also engaged in activities that should be performed by enrolled and professional nurses as well as doctors and general assistants. There appears to be a need for education for all categories of nursing staff regarding the scope of practice of nursing auxiliaries for improving the effective utilisation of this category of nursing personnel / M.A. (Nursing Science) / Health Studies