The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Despite all measures taken by the South African government since 1994, there is a contiuous increase of maternal mortality in the country and the Northwest Province is amongst the highest. Studies to date combining the review of maternal deaths and severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) have been conducted primarily in urban areas. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of death and avoidable factors for maternal mortality and severe acute maternal morbidity in a rural regional hospital from 01/01/2005 to 30/04/2006. / South Africa

The aim of this master„s thesis is detailed study of multipilot airliner?s crew in sence of optimalization of its actions, which is known as Crew Resource Management (CRM). This paper shows what is the main purpose of CRM through the air crash investigations and human factor analysis. According to this findings, the last chapter presents problems of flight crew planning and personnel selection.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors och skötares upplevelser av möten med patienter i psykiatrisk öppenvård.   Bakgrund – I psykiatrisk öppenvård möter sjuksköterskor och skötare många olika människor med individuella behov. Sedan tidigare forskning har det framkommit att patienters känsla av trygghet uppkommer genom faktorer som personalens inställning och empati. Relationen mellan personal och patient är viktig för patientens känsla av att bli tagen på allvar samt att bli bekräftad. För personer som lever med psykisk sjukdom är det viktigt med en långsiktig relation som grundar sig i förtroende och öppenhet. En god relation kan byggas om personalen kan befinna sig på patientens nivå och få patienten att känna sig viktig och betydelsefull. En fungerande allians tar tid att utveckla, men den utgör sedan en god grund för ett gott samarbete och har goda effekter på psykisk ohälsa.   Design – Kvalitativ design med fenomenologiskt förhållningssätt användes.   Metod – 8 intervjuer genomfördes med sjuksköterskor och skötare i psykiatrisk öppenvård på tre öppenvårdsmottagningar i norra Sverige under december 2015 – februari 2016 och analys gjordes med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.   Resultat – I psykiatrisk öppenvård ansågs relationen mellan vårdare och patient utgöra en stor grund, och fram för allt att det var en trygg relation. Denna trygghet kunde bland annat skapas genom vårdarnas tillgänglighet till patienterna. Fyra kategorier identifierades; Bemöta patienter, Upplevelser av att göra bedömningar, Upplevelser av att vara i patientens hemmiljö och Upplevelser av att arbeta i öppenvård.   Slutsats – Det arbete som sjuksköterskor och skötare utför genom möten med patienter i psykiatrisk öppenvård är betydelsefullt för så många människor med psykisk ohälsa. Genom att få ta del av vårdarnas upplevelser kan det bidra med ökad förståelse om deras betydelse för patienternas psykiska mående. Men samtidigt deras utsatthet då de kan försättas i problematiska situationer. Resultatet kan på så sätt bidra till att relevanta utbildningar och insatser kan identifieras och förhoppningsvis implementeras i verksamheterna. / The aim of this study was to investigate the nurses and assisted nurse mentals experiences of encounters with patients in psychiatric outpatient care.   Background – In psychiatric outpatient care nurses and assisted nurse mentals meets many different people with individual needs. Since previous research has shown that patients' sense of security generated by factors such as staff attitude and empathy. The relationship between staff and patients is important for the patient's feeling of being taken seriously and to be confirmed. For people living with mental illness, it is important to have a long-term relationship based on trust and transparency. A good relationship can be built if the staff can be at the patient level and make the patient feel important and significant. A working alliance takes time to develop, but it then forms a good basis for a good working relationship and has good effects on mental health.   Design – A qualitative design with a phenomenological approach was used.   Method – 8 interviews were conducted with nurses and assisted nurse mentals in psychiatric outpatient care in three outpatient clinics in northern Sweden during December 2015 - February 2016 and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.   Results – In psychiatric outpatient care the relationship between caregiver and patient was considered as a significant basis, and above all that it was a secure relationship. This security could, among other things be created by carers’ availability to patients. Four categories were identified; Meet patients, Make the right assessments, Be in the patient's home environment and Work in outpatient care.   Conclusion – The work that nurses and assisted nurse mentals carrying through in their meetings with patients in psychiatric outpatient care is important for so many people with mental illness. By getting the benefit of carers’ experiences it may contribute to a better understanding of their importance to the patients’ psychological being. But at the same time their vulnerability as they can be placed in problematic situations. The results can therefore contribute to relevant educations and initiatives can be identified and hopefully implemented in the clinics.

While worldwide the flight industry was increasing in the last decade, little is known about the working environment of pilots and flight attendants. This paper aims to develop a deeper understanding based on the theories of loyalty, self-loyalty, commitment, and motivation for pilots and flight attendants in the low-cost segment and the carrier segment in the flight industry. A qualitative study with a semi-structured interview is provided. In total, three pilots and three flight attendants who work for a low-cost airline and carrier airlines from all over the world were interviewed. The findings show that a differentiation between before the COVID 19 pandemic and during COVID 19 has to be made. Before COVID 19, pilots were almost satisfied with their working conditions whereas flight attendants felt their working conditions could have been improved in terms of better wages. However, during the COVID 19 time, both the flight attendants and pilots are afraid of losing their job. Due to COVID 19, many flights were cancelled which might have an impact on the flight industry in the future. My studies open up possibilities for new research in the future about the transformation of the flight industry after COVID 19.

A descriptive quantitative study was undertaken in the Leribe and Butha-buthe northern districts of Lesotho. Thirty-six trained, twenty-four untrained TBAs and nine nurses involved in training TBAs were recruited. In line with research by Clarke and Lephoto (1989:3) the TBAs were elderly females who had children of their own. In contrast with the MOH (1993: 10) where TBAs were found to be illiterate, most (93%) of the TBAs in this study had at least a primary education. The art of primary midwifery was learned through assisting with a delivery and being taught by mothers or mothers-in-law. The public health nurses conduct formal training ofTBAs in Lesotho over a period of two weeks, where subjects like ante-natal care, delivery of the baby and post- natal care are addressed. The majority (78.8%) provide antenatal care at their homes or the home of the mother. This includes palpation, history taking, and abdominal massage and health education. An important role is identifying women at risk. During labour the progress of labour is monitored and care is given to the mother and baby post-natally. Trained TBAs could identify women at risk more readily than untrained TBAs. Cases referred most frequently were prolonged labour and retained placenta. Trained TBAs practiced hygiene more often and gave less herbs than untrained TBAs. The health care system is providing support to the TBAs through training and supervision, but was found to be inadequate. Community leaders are involved in the selection of TBAs for training. Regular meetings are held with the TB As to discuss problems. Communication is one of the problems the TB As have to face, because of the long distances from health care centres. A lack of infrastructure and supplies is also of concern. It can be concluded that TBAs play an important role in maternal health care in Lesotho and are supported to a lesser degree by the health care system, which causes problems for the TBAs in their practices. It is recommended that the ministry of health becomes more aware of the need for training TBAs and that a programme for training should be more appropriate, taking cultural practices into account. / Advanced Nursing Science / D.Lit. et Phil.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) considera que os transtornos mentais menores, que incluem depressão e ansiedade, afetam aproximadamente 30% dos trabalhadores. Objetivo: Verificar a freqüência, e a taxa de prevalência de transtornos mentais entre Comissários de Bordo afastados das atividades profissionais. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários de 648 comissários de bordo, 105 homens e 543 mulheres, que realizaram perícia durante um período de cinco anos e receberam como parecer de afastamento pelo menos um diagnóstico do agrupamento F00-F99 da CID- 10, associado ou não a doença ou transtorno orgânico. Resultados: Comissários de Bordo ingressam cedo no mercado de trabalho (50,5 por cento dos homens e 70,5 por cento das mulheres recebem sua certificação profissional entre os 18 e os 22 anos), e também adoecem cedo (81,9 por cento dos homens até os 41 anos; 84,3 por cento das mulheres até os 35 anos), em média após 10 anos de trabalho (11,9 anos para homens, 9,4 anos para mulheres). Os diagnósticos mais freqüentes como causa de afastamento foram, pela ordem, F32 episódios depressivos (44,5 por cento homens; 35,49 por cento mulheres), e F41 outros transtornos ansiosos (20,1 por cento dos homens; 22,9 por cento das mulheres). Discussão e Conclusão: As mulheres adoecem mais ced por cento o do que os homens, e são afastadas do trabalho principalmente por episódios depressivos. Os homens são afastados principalmente devido a transtornos ansiosos. Os dados concordam com a literatura, que aponta menor número de homens diagnosticados com transtornos mentais menores. A maior freqüência desses transtornos entre Comissários de Bordo, em comparação com as demais categorias profissionais, pode se dever a fatores associados à organização do trabalho e a fatores psicossociais do trabalho, mas os dados coletados neste estudo não permitiram verificar essa hipótese. / According to the World Health Organization (WHO), minor mental disorders, which include depression and anxiety, affect about 30 per cent of workers. Objective: To verify the frequency and the prevalence index of mental disorders among Flight Attendants withdrawn from their work. Methods: The electronic files of 648 flight attendants 105 male and 543 female were analyzed. They were evaluated during a 5-year delay, and were withdrawn from work due to at least on diagnostic of group F00-F99 of IDC-10, associated or not to organic disease(s) or condition(s). Results Flight Attendants begin to work early: 50.5 per cent of males and 70.5 per cent of females get their professional certification between 18 and 22 years old, and also get sick early: 81.9 per cent of males up to 41 years old; 84.3 per cent of females up to 35 years old, and after 10 years of work, approximately: 11.9 years for males, 9.4 years for females. The most frequent diagnostics registered as cause of withdrawn from work were F32 Depressive episode (44.5 per cent of males; 35.5 per cent of females), and F41 Other anxiety disorders (20.1 per cent of males; 22.9 per cent of females). Discussion and Conclusion: Women get sick sooner than men, and are withdrawn from work mostly due to depressive episodes. Men are withdrawn from work mostly due to anxiety disorders. The data agrees with the literature, which points out a smaller number of males diagnosed with minor mental disorders. The larger frequency of these disorders among Flight Attendants, in comparison with other professional groups, might be due to factors linked to the work organization and psychosocial factors of the job, but the data collected in this study did not allow to verify this hypothesis.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) considera que os transtornos mentais menores, que incluem depressão e ansiedade, afetam aproximadamente 30% dos trabalhadores. Objetivo: Verificar a freqüência, e a taxa de prevalência de transtornos mentais entre Comissários de Bordo afastados das atividades profissionais. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários de 648 comissários de bordo, 105 homens e 543 mulheres, que realizaram perícia durante um período de cinco anos e receberam como parecer de afastamento pelo menos um diagnóstico do agrupamento F00-F99 da CID- 10, associado ou não a doença ou transtorno orgânico. Resultados: Comissários de Bordo ingressam cedo no mercado de trabalho (50,5 por cento dos homens e 70,5 por cento das mulheres recebem sua certificação profissional entre os 18 e os 22 anos), e também adoecem cedo (81,9 por cento dos homens até os 41 anos; 84,3 por cento das mulheres até os 35 anos), em média após 10 anos de trabalho (11,9 anos para homens, 9,4 anos para mulheres). Os diagnósticos mais freqüentes como causa de afastamento foram, pela ordem, F32 episódios depressivos (44,5 por cento homens; 35,49 por cento mulheres), e F41 outros transtornos ansiosos (20,1 por cento dos homens; 22,9 por cento das mulheres). Discussão e Conclusão: As mulheres adoecem mais ced por cento o do que os homens, e são afastadas do trabalho principalmente por episódios depressivos. Os homens são afastados principalmente devido a transtornos ansiosos. Os dados concordam com a literatura, que aponta menor número de homens diagnosticados com transtornos mentais menores. A maior freqüência desses transtornos entre Comissários de Bordo, em comparação com as demais categorias profissionais, pode se dever a fatores associados à organização do trabalho e a fatores psicossociais do trabalho, mas os dados coletados neste estudo não permitiram verificar essa hipótese. / According to the World Health Organization (WHO), minor mental disorders, which include depression and anxiety, affect about 30 per cent of workers. Objective: To verify the frequency and the prevalence index of mental disorders among Flight Attendants withdrawn from their work. Methods: The electronic files of 648 flight attendants 105 male and 543 female were analyzed. They were evaluated during a 5-year delay, and were withdrawn from work due to at least on diagnostic of group F00-F99 of IDC-10, associated or not to organic disease(s) or condition(s). Results Flight Attendants begin to work early: 50.5 per cent of males and 70.5 per cent of females get their professional certification between 18 and 22 years old, and also get sick early: 81.9 per cent of males up to 41 years old; 84.3 per cent of females up to 35 years old, and after 10 years of work, approximately: 11.9 years for males, 9.4 years for females. The most frequent diagnostics registered as cause of withdrawn from work were F32 Depressive episode (44.5 per cent of males; 35.5 per cent of females), and F41 Other anxiety disorders (20.1 per cent of males; 22.9 per cent of females). Discussion and Conclusion: Women get sick sooner than men, and are withdrawn from work mostly due to depressive episodes. Men are withdrawn from work mostly due to anxiety disorders. The data agrees with the literature, which points out a smaller number of males diagnosed with minor mental disorders. The larger frequency of these disorders among Flight Attendants, in comparison with other professional groups, might be due to factors linked to the work organization and psychosocial factors of the job, but the data collected in this study did not allow to verify this hypothesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:19:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osmar Visibelli.pdf: 800625 bytes, checksum: afd04eca0abea419a8a790f490417e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-10 / This study intends to evaluate the development in the professional qualification of workers acting in the wine and derivatives specialized retail trade, who maintain a direct contact with the consumer and who are generically called in the market as retail attendants. The rise in the number of wine and derivatives retail outlets makes necessary the development of the worker with the specific knowledge required for his professional proceedings, and both the retail trade and the worker itself are called to develop the specific competences and skills, for which we find the theoretical justification in the skills model developed in Philippe Zarifian s work. The analysis of the obtained data allowed the confirmation of the built of professional qualification in work relations, requiring from the workers effort and personal dedication to the obtainment of the necessary attributes for the maintenance and expansion of his professional trajectory in the area / Esse estudo se propõe a avaliar o desenvolvimento da qualificação profissional dos trabalhadores que atuam no comércio varejista especializado em vinhos e derivados, que mantém contato direto com o consumidor, denominados genericamente no mercado como atendentes de varejo. A ampliação do número de pontos de venda do varejo especializado na comercialização de vinhos e derivados torna necessário o trabalhador com conhecimento específico exigido para sua atuação profissional e, tanto o comércio varejista como o próprio trabalhador, são chamados a desenvolver competências e habilidades específicas, para as quais encontramos a justificativa teórica no modelo de competências elaborado por Philippe Zarifian. A análise dos dados obtidos permitiu confirmar a construção da qualificação profissional nas relações de trabalho, exigindo dos trabalhadores esforço e dedicação pessoal para a obtenção de atributos necessários a manutenção e ampliação de sua trajetória profissional no segmento

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:52:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osmar Visibelli.pdf: 800625 bytes, checksum: afd04eca0abea419a8a790f490417e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-10 / This study intends to evaluate the development in the professional qualification of workers acting in the wine and derivatives specialized retail trade, who maintain a direct contact with the consumer and who are generically called in the market as retail attendants. The rise in the number of wine and derivatives retail outlets makes necessary the development of the worker with the specific knowledge required for his professional proceedings, and both the retail trade and the worker itself are called to develop the specific competences and skills, for which we find the theoretical justification in the skills model developed in Philippe Zarifian s work. The analysis of the obtained data allowed the confirmation of the built of professional qualification in work relations, requiring from the workers effort and personal dedication to the obtainment of the necessary attributes for the maintenance and expansion of his professional trajectory in the area / Esse estudo se propõe a avaliar o desenvolvimento da qualificação profissional dos trabalhadores que atuam no comércio varejista especializado em vinhos e derivados, que mantém contato direto com o consumidor, denominados genericamente no mercado como atendentes de varejo. A ampliação do número de pontos de venda do varejo especializado na comercialização de vinhos e derivados torna necessário o trabalhador com conhecimento específico exigido para sua atuação profissional e, tanto o comércio varejista como o próprio trabalhador, são chamados a desenvolver competências e habilidades específicas, para as quais encontramos a justificativa teórica no modelo de competências elaborado por Philippe Zarifian. A análise dos dados obtidos permitiu confirmar a construção da qualificação profissional nas relações de trabalho, exigindo dos trabalhadores esforço e dedicação pessoal para a obtenção de atributos necessários a manutenção e ampliação de sua trajetória profissional no segmento