Syfte: Kundlojalitet är viktigt för företags framgång då det medför återkommande kunder. Negativ word-of-mouth (NWOM) är något som kan påverka kundlojaliteten och därför är det intressant att studera förhållandet mellan dessa. Därav är syftet med denna studie att bidra med kunskap om negativ word-of-mouths påverkan på kundlojaliteten gentemot snabbmatskedjor. Denna studies forskningsfrågor är “Hur och i vilken utsträckning påverkar negativ word-of-mouth kundlojaliteten gentemot snabbmatskedjor?” samt “Hur påverkar negativ word-of-mouth attitydbaserad- respektive beteendebaserad lojalitet gentemot snabbmatskedjor?”. Metod: Vi har i denna studie haft ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt och genomfört en kvantitativ undersökning. Dataunderlaget till studien har samlats in genom enkäter som skickats ut via sociala plattformar. Totalt har 318 enkätsvar inkommit vilka har kodats och analyserats. Analysen har genomförts med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie tyder på att NWOM har effekt på kundlojaliteten, dock i liten utsträckning. Vidare framkommer det att både den attitydbaserade- och den beteendebaserade lojaliteten har förändrats. Men att den attitydbaserade lojaliteten har minskat mer än den beteendebaserade lojaliteten till följd av NWOM. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar med kunskap om NWOM och dess påverkan på kundlojalitet inom snabbmatsbranschen. Denna studies resultat visar att kundlojalitet påverkas negativt av NWOM, dock i lite utsträckning. Detta stämmer överens med tidigare studier som har gjorts inom området. Resultatet indikerar vidare att både den attitydbaserade- och beteendebaserade lojaliteten påverkas av NWOM, samt att det finns ett samband mellan den attitydbaserade- och beteendebaserade lojaliteten. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till fortsatt forskning är att genomföra en liknande studie som denna studie men att den studien istället handlar om en annan form av snabbmatskedjor. Ett annat förslag till fortsatt forskning är att fokusera på attitydbaserad- och beteendebaserad lojalitet samt hur dessa påverkas av NWOM. / Aim: Customer loyalty is important for companies because it results in returning customers. Negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) can affect customer loyalty and therefore it is interesting to examine the relationship between the two. Therefore, the aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about word-of-mouths effect on customer loyalty towards fast-food chains. This study's research questions are “How and to what extent does negative word-of-mouth affect customer loyalty towards fast-food chains?” and “How does negative word-of-mouth affect attitudinal and behavioral loyalty towards fast-food chains?”.  Method: In this study we had a deductive approach and have done a quantitative analysis. The data for the study has been collected through surveys that have been distributed via social platforms. A total of 318 survey answers have been received which have been coded and analyzed. The statistical program SPSS was used to analyze the data.  Result and Conclusions: The result of this study shows that NWOM influences customer loyalty, but to a small extent. Furthermore, the results show that both attitudinal and behavioral loyalty has changed. But the attitudinal loyalty has decreased more than the behavioral loyalty because of NWOM. Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes with knowledge about NWOM and its effect on customer loyalty in the fast-food industry. The result of this study shows that customer loyalty is negatively affected by NWOM, but to a small extent. This result corresponds with previous studies that have been done within this field. The result also shows that both the attitudinal and behavioral loyalty is affected by NWOM, and that there is a relationship between attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. Suggestions for future research: A proposal for future research is to do a similar study but to examine another form of fast-food chain. Another proposal for future research is to focus on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty and how they are affected by NWOM.

La presente investigación se basó en analizar el impacto de las asociaciones de marca de los clubes de fútbol, tanto peruanos como extranjeros, en la lealtad de marca de los hinchas de Lima Metropolitana durante el año 2018. Se comprende la lealtad como la consecuencia de la interacción secuencial de dos tipos de lealtades: lealtades actitudinales y comportamentales. Asimismo, se pudo observar que el actual problema es que en el Perú son pocos los clubes que aprovechan los atributos y beneficios que estos otorgan al hincha para lograr ser más rentables en la industria futbolística. Por ello, el problema de la investigación fue resuelto mediante el uso de una entrevista en profundidad, Focus Group y la aplicación de cuestionarios al público objetivo correspondiente de la investigación con el fin de recoger la mayor información fiable y lograr un adecuado análisis que permita resolver el problema. Finalmente, los resultados que dejó la investigación sugieren que las asociaciones de marca presentes en los hinchas de clubes de fútbol nacionales y extranjeros no comprenden demasiadas diferencias en cuanto a la lógica en cómo influencian los atributos y beneficios de marca de cada uno de ellos sobre sus distintos niveles de lealtades, sino más bien, sí las comprenden en cuanto a su grado de explicación. Adicionalmente, se brindaron conclusiones respecto al fenómeno y recomendaciones pertinentes para la industria del fútbol peruano y también dirigidos a las empresas que tengan como target de sus estrategias de marketing al público objetivo de los hinchas de fútbol de Lima Metropolitana. / The present investigation was based on analyzing the impact of brand associations of soccer clubs, both Peruvian and foreign, on the brand loyalty of the fans of Lima Metropolitana during the year 2018. Loyalty is understood as the consequence of the sequential interaction of two types of loyalties: attitudinal and behavioral loyalties. Likewise, it could be observed that the current problem is that in Peru there are few clubs that take advantage of the attributes and benefits they give the fan to be more profitable in the football industry. Therefore, the research problem was solved through the use of an in-depth interview, a Focus Group and the application of questionnaires to the corresponding target audience of the research in order to collect the most reliable information and achieve an adequate analysis to resolve the problem. Finally, the results left by the research suggest that brand associations present in fans of national and foreign football clubs do not have too many differences in how they influence the attributes and brand benefits of each of them on their different levels of loyalties, but, rather, they do in terms of their degree of explanation. Additionally, conclusions were provided regarding the phenomenon and recommendations pertinent to the Peruvian soccer industry and also aimed at the companies that have as target of their marketing strategies the target audience of football fans in Lima Metropolitana. / Tesis

This study assesses the loyalty behaviour of consumers in fast-food restaurants in Saudi Arabia by studying the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. The sample consisted of 231 Saudis and non-Saudis living in Saudi Arabia. They were approached using the “snowball” technique. Participants were all over the age of eighteen, and they were customers of Al-Baik restaurants. Data was collected through a face-to-face questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS software. Specifically, Cronbach’s Alpha test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were used. Results show that significant relationships exist between the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. It is also indicated that participants’ personalities and values were significantly related to the loyalty behaviour of consumers in Saudi Arabia. The major limitation of this study is that it was conducted in only one city, Jeddah. Therefore, additional research should be carried out in other cities with larger samples. The research results offer compelling evidence that Saudi loyalty behaviour differs from Western behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that international fast-food operators in Saudi Arabia should take local factors into account when formulating marketing strategies, such as the role of women and youth in Saudi society. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the literature, as it is the first to model the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour of consumers in a single study. It is also the first to study contributed to the literature to examine the relation between the Six Dimensional Achievement Motivation Scale (Jackson, Ahmed, and Heapy, 1976), Rokeach Value System (1973), and loyalty behaviour of consumers.