In master thesis called Negativity in Television News we dealt with the structure of television news from good news vs. bad news angle of view and in context both public service and commercial based media. We focused on two main TV news programmes Události (Czech television) and Televizní noviny (TV Nova). Bad news category was analysed in depth then. The text starts with a chapter about relationship between media contents and reality so we were describing social constructivism theory in media context. Then we dealt with mechanisms and influences, which affect form of media outputs; we focused on concept of news values and processes of tabloidization and commercialization. Next chapter was dedicated to definition of negativity in news. In this context we described presence of bad news in coverage during the history; we dealt with media violence and its effects on audience; we defined media negativity and set up the typology of bad news. The analysis showed us percentage of bad news in two main news programmes of Czech television and TV Nova. We found out, which negative topics were predominating and they were analysed in depth then. In this part of analysis we were researching through what particular factors of negativity the negative impression of news is being increased.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad evaluar el impacto financiero en las perdidas crediticias esperadas de las cuentas por cobrar comerciales a partir de la aplicación de la NIIF 9 en el sector de Telecomunicaciones. Esta nueva norma entrará en vigencia a partir del año 2018, y proporciona lineamientos específicos para el registro de la provisión por incobrables. Es por ello que las empresas deben considerar los cambios que surgirán en el registro de la provisión, así como el modelo a seleccionar, y esto se desarrollará a partir de nuestra investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Como parte de la metodología de investigación, se obtuvo las opiniones de expertos y colaboradores de las mismas empresas del sector, a través de entrevistas a profundidad y encuestas. Del mismo modo, se desarrolló un caso práctico con el fin de dar mayor énfasis en el efecto de la aplicación de la NIIF 9 en el ámbito contable. Después de analizar los datos recolectados y haber identificado las diferencias entre la NIC 39 y la NIIF 9, se exponen las conclusiones y recomendaciones a las empresas de Telecomunicaciones. / The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the financial impact on the expected credit losses of trade accounts receivable from the application of IFRS 9 in the Telecommunications sector. This new standard will become effective from the year 2018, and provides specific guidelines for the registration of bad debt provision. That is why companies must consider the changes that will arise in the record of the provision as well as the model to be selected, and this will be developed from our qualitative and quantitative research. As part of the research methodology, expert opinions were obtained and collaborators of the same companies in the sector, through in-depth interviews and surveys in the same way, a case study was developed in order to give more emphasis in the effect of the application of IFRS 9 in the accounting field. After analyzing the data collected and having identified the differences between the NIC 39 and IFRS 9, the conclusions and recommendations are presented to the Telecommunications companies. / Tesis

L'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle en cancérologie constitue un exercice anxiogène pour les médecins. La théorie de la régulation émotionnelle laisse à penser que les médecins vont avoir recours à des stratégies afin de réguler leurs émotions au moment de l'annonce. Nous nous sommes interrogés sur l'impact des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle des médecins confrontés à l'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle, sur l'ajustement psychologique de leurs patients. Pour y répondre, quatre études ont été menées. La première visait à analyser l'anxiété des médecins et deux stratégies de régulation émotionnelles ( la réévaluation cognitive et la suppression expressive), à l'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle. Dans la seconde étude, les résultats de l'analyse quantitative d'entretiens menés auprès de médecins nous ont permis d'élargir l'éventail des émotions (négatives et positives) et des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle des médecins à l'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle. Dans la troisième étude, l'analyse IPA du discours des médecins a fait émerger deux éléments clés de compréhension de l'expérience subjective des médecins face à l'annonce : le sens que les médecins donnent à l'annonce et à leur rôle, et le lien établi avec leurs patients. La dernière étude s'est focalisée sur l'analyse des liens entre l'anxiété, les stratégies de régulation émotionnelle et les compétences relationnelles des médecins au moment de l'annonce, et l'ajustement psychologique de leurs patients quinze jours après l'annonce. Les résultats de ces quatre études apportent de nouveaux éléments de réflexion concernant les formations à l'annonce de mauvaises nouvelles proposées aux médecins. / Breaking bad news in oncology is a difficult task for physicians, generating anxiety. The theory of emotion regulation suggests that physicians are using emotion regulation strategies to influence their emotions when breaking bad news to patients. The literature has led us to question the impact of the emotion regulation strategies of physicians facing giving bad news in oncology, on their patient's psychological adjustment. To address this topic, four studies were carried out. The first one enables us to analyse physicians' anxiety and two emotions regulation strategies (expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal) at three different stages of the announcement : just before, just after and a week later. In the second study, the results of qualitative analysis from semi-structured interviews with physicians allow us to expand the range of emotions (negative and positive) and physicians' emotion regulation strategies when announcing a bad news. In the third study, the interpretative phenomenological analysis of the physicians' interviews enables us to understand two key elements of the subjective experience of physicians facing the announcement : the importance that physicians give to the announcement and their role, and the relationship established with their patients. Tha last study focusses on the analysis of the link between anxiety, emotion regulation strategies and the physicians' interpersonal skills when breaking bad news in oncology, and the patient's psychological adjustment fifteen days after the announcement. The results of these four studies allow to provide new lines of approach regarding the training in breaking bad news currently available for physicians.

Verificada a existência de diversos entendimentos conflitantes a respeito da relevância que a boa ou a má-fé desempenham para a configuração da fraude de execução e dos riscos decorrentes da indefinição quanto à matéria, propõe-se, nesta tese, a apresentação de nova hipótese interpretativa que, à luz da história e do regramento atual do instituto, identifique qual é e em que casos se faz relevante o elemento subjetivo na fraude de execução. Para atingir esse objetivo, parte-se da análise das hipóteses de fraude de execução previstas na legislação em vigor e do estabelecimento de algumas premissas conceituais necessárias ao desenvolvimento do trabalho. Também no início da tese, é exposto o entendimento atualmente dominante na doutrina e na jurisprudência em relação à matéria, apresentando-se críticas em relação ao mesmo, com base em pesquisa de casos concretos julgados pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Em seguida, são identificadas a feição e a relevância do elemento subjetivo tal como originalmente apresentadas na história do instituto, confrontando-as com as que lhe estabelece entendimento dominante e demonstrando a sua prevalência tanto à luz da legislação em vigor, quanto em relação à moderna concepção da responsabilidade patrimonial. A tese prossegue com a apresentação de sugestão de metodologia para análise dos casos de fraude de execução. Finalmente, conclui-se o trabalho com a verificação das propostas legislativas para a disciplina futura da fraude de execução, apresentando-se sugestão alternativa, baseada na análise dos problemas verificados e na solução oferecida pela hipótese apresentada nesta tese. / Once verified the existence of many conflicting positions about the relevance that the good or bad faith may have on the configuration of the fraude de execução (literally: fraud of execution) and the risks deriving from the lack of definition about this subject, we propose, on this thesis, to present a new interpretative hypothesis which, on the light of the history and recent ruling of the institute, identifies what is the subjective element in the fraude de execução and in which cases it becomes relevant. In order to achieve such aim, we start from the analysis of the hypothesis of fraude de execução foreseen in the current law and by establishing some conceptual premises that are necessary to the development of the work. Also, in the beginning of the thesis, we expose the prevailing position on the current jurisprudence and doctrine and criticize it based on the research of precedents of our Superior Court (Superior Tribunal de Justiça). Afterwards, we identify the features and relevance of the subjective element such as originally presented on the history of the institute, comparing them with those established by the dominant position and demonstrating its prevalence, even on the light of the effective rules, than in relation to the modern concept of patrimonial responsibility. The thesis continues with the suggestion of a methodology to analyze the cases of fraude de execução. Finally, the work is concluded with the study of the bills regarding the future ruling of the fraude de execução and an alternative suggestion is presented, based on the analysis of the problems verified and on the solution offered by the hypothesis presented on this thesis.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-08-28T13:35:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) dissertacao Yara Magalhães dos Santos.pdf: 1877817 bytes, checksum: 4c4f6b175ff90553cc6349a9272f0ad8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-28T13:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) dissertacao Yara Magalhães dos Santos.pdf: 1877817 bytes, checksum: 4c4f6b175ff90553cc6349a9272f0ad8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This study proposes a research about teacher malaise, including it as part of a larger social and cultural phenomenon present in all contemporary western society, but that wins peculiar characteristics in the practice of teaching. Specifically, the study has as its object of investigation the malaise of high school teachers of Uberlândia-MG, seeking to answer to the research problem, and thus understand the reasons of the malaise of this group of teachers. Therefore, it was held, in addition to bibliographical research about the topic, empirical research with a qualitative approach, which relied on data from oral sources. From the interviews, we seek to give voice to the anguish that reaches teachers in professional practice, trying to understand what is found behind the typical symptoms of malaise teaching, such as apathy, discouragement, frustration, physical and psychological diseases, and other issues discussed on the script. We also seek to shed light the context of career choice, the practice of teaching and historically constructed representations of teaching. In this study, we worked with two theoretical approaches to understand the reasons of the malaise: the psychoanalysis, of Freud, and the philosophy, of Nietzsche. Besides the classic texts of the authors, we based ourselves on texts by contemporary authors, descendants of these theoretical perspectives. The referential of Freud gives us a historical and structural analysis of the malaise in humanity; while Nietzsche enables us a culturalist view of some phenomena that are shown associated with that anguish that affects many teachers. We verified that some reasons of the malaise in high school are associated to failures of the educational process as operator of interdiction of students; the degenerescence and depreciation of some values in the educational field, more specifically the values of social recognition, teacher authority, and social ascension values attributed for education, and the "place mater" of knowledge attributed to the school. These failures characterize a nihilistic experience in the Nietzschean vision of sense of orphanhood, arising from the debacle of values that guided the magisterium, besides a complex movement of self-harm and inverted valuations , interpreted as action of bad conscience. All these factors are shown up as result of impasses constituted in community living and in the regulations that seek to regulate it, being these norms conceived as a state of civilization, morality, or simply as social ethics. The research results indicate the state of passivity and hopelessness of some teachers front of these issues. Having analyzed the reasons for the malaise, the research concludes that a overrun of this state of passivity requires the decoupling of the discourse that puts the teacher as a hostage and victim of these dilemmas. The study shows, for these teachers, the need for the exercise of their desire to potency, human power affirmative. It also postulates the importance of reinventing a new ethic school that reconciles the cultural and social changes of contemporaneity to the requirements for maintenance of community life with fewer conflicts / O presente estudo propõe uma investigação sobre o mal-estar docente, compreendendo-o como parte de um fenômeno social e cultural maior presente em toda sociedade ocidental contemporânea, mas que ganha características peculiares no exercício do magistério. De forma específica, o estudo tem como objeto de investigação o mal-estar dos professores do ensino médio de Uberlândia- MG, buscando responder ao problema de pesquisa, e, assim, compreender as razões do mal-estar desse grupo de professores. Para tanto, foi realizada, além de pesquisas bibliográficas sobre o tema, pesquisa empírica com abordagem qualitativa, a qual se apoiou em dados de fontes orais. A partir das entrevistas, procuramos dar voz à angústia que atinge os professores em exercício profissional, buscando entender o que se encontra por traz de sintomas típicos do mal-estar docente, como apatia, desânimo, frustração, adoecimento físico e psíquico, além de outras questões abordadas no roteiro. Buscamos também trazer à cena o contexto da escolha profissional, do exercício do magistério e as representações da docência construídas historicamente. Neste estudo, trabalhamos com duas correntes teóricas para a compreensão das razões do mal-estar: a psicanálise, de Freud, e a filosofia, de Nietzsche. Além dos textos clássicos dos autores, apoiamo-nos em textos de autores contemporâneos, descendentes dessas correntes teóricas. O referencial de Freud nos fornece uma análise histórica e estrutural sobre o mal-estar na humanidade; enquanto o de Nietzsche nos possibilita uma visão culturalista de alguns fenômenos que se mostraram associados a essa angústia que atinge muitos docentes. Verificamos que algumas razões do mal-estar no ensino médio estão associadas às falhas do processo educacional enquanto operador de interdição dos alunos; a degenerescência e depreciação de alguns valores no campo educacional, mais especificamente dos valores de reconhecimento social, autoridade docente; e os valores de ascensão social atribuídos à educação, e de “lugar mater” do conhecimento atribuído à escola. Essas falhas caracterizam uma experiência niilista, na visão nietzschiana de sentimento de orfandade, oriundo da derrocada de valores que orientavam o magistério; além de um complexo movimento de autoagressão e valorizações invertidas, interpretados como ação da má consciência. Todos esses fatores mostram-se como sendo resultado de impasses constituídos na convivência comunitária e nas normatizações que procuram regulá-la, sejam essas normas concebidas como estado de civilização, de moral, ou simplesmente como ética social. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam o estado de passividade e desesperança de alguns professores diante dessas questões. Tendo analisado as razões do malestar, a pesquisa conclui que uma superação desse estado de passividade exige a desvinculação do discurso que coloca o docente como refém e vítima desses dilemas. O estudo aponta, para esses professores, a necessidade do exercício de sua vontade de potência, força humana afirmativa. Postula, ainda, a importância de se reinventar uma nova ética escolar, que concilie as mudanças culturais e sociais da contemporaneidade às exigências para manutenção da vida comunitária com menos conflitos.

Le projet ANR ACORFORMed, dans lequel s’inscrit cette thèse, a pour objectif la création (par des informaticiens) d’un agent conversationnel animé « patient » comme outil de formation à l’annonce, par la simulation et à l’aide d’un environnement virtuel. A l’aide de la méthodologie issue des études de la gestuelle et des apports de la littérature sur l’organisation des interactions, nous tentons de répondre à la question suivante : quelle est l’organisation structurelle globale de l’interaction patient-médecin, lorsque ce dernier se forme à l’annonce d’un dommage associé aux soins ? Les analyses menées dans cette thèse nous permettent de décrire l’interaction patient/médecin lors de formations à l’annonce en proposant différentes phases composants l’interaction, ainsi que des précisions quant à leur découpage et leurs articulations. Elles constituent une base indispensable et utilisable par les informaticiens pour concevoir et implémenter un agent conversationnel « patient » crédible qui pourra être utilisé dans la formation des médecins. Située au coeur d’un projet interdisciplinaire, cette thèse en linguistique permet donc de transposer les pratiques interactionnelles des médecins en vue de l’implémentation d’un agent virtuel par des informaticiens. / The ACORFORMed ANR project, in which this PhD project is integrated, aims at the creation (by computer scientists) of a "patient" animated conversational agent as a training tool for announcing, simulating and using a virtual environment. Using the methodology resulting from gestures studies and contributions of the literature on the organisation of interactions, we try to answer the following question: what is the overall structural organisation of the doctor/patient interaction, when this last is training to break the news of a damage associated with care? The analyses carried out in this thesis allow us to describe the doctor/patient interaction during training to break the news by proposing different phases that make up the interaction, as well as details about their division and their articulations. They are an indispensable and usable base for computer scientists to design and implement a credible "patient" conversational agent that can be used in physician training. Located at the heart of an interdisciplinary project, this thesis in linguistics makes it possible to transpose the interactional practices of physicians with a view to the implementation of a virtual agent by computer scientists.

本論文的目的，在探討我國自願性財物預測公告與公告與證券信用交易之間的關係。信用交易的增減代表使用信用交易的投資者對某特定資訊的瞭解與使用，因此實證檢視財務預測的修正行為與信用交易增減的關係，可以敏銳地瞭解，是種特定投資者在哪個時點對財務預測修正進行理性預期，並予使用且做了較實際的交易行為。因此，本研究的測試可以瞭解使用信用交易的投資者如何使用財務預測等相關資訊。據此，本研究的結果有助於了解使用信用交易的投資者如何運用自願性財務預測資訊來做投資決策。 研究期間是以民國八十四年至八十六年的資料為分析的對象，研究的結果顯示： 一、在季報（半年報、年報）公告前公佈的財務預測，好消息會引起融資顯著增加，融券增加幅度雖不如融資大，但結果亦為顯著；壞消息會使融資及融券同樣顯著增加，但融資增加幅度亦較融券顯著。 二、在季報（半年報、年報）公告後公佈的財務預測，好消息會引起融資顯著增加，融券增加幅度雖不如融資大，但結果亦為顯著；壞消息會使融資及融券同樣顯著增加，但融資增加幅度亦較融券顯著。 / This study aims to examine the relationship between an announcement of voluntary forecasts and credit transactions, including margin and short transactions. In general, an announcement of good news would attract investor to employ margin for a long position, and vice versa. Since only noisy trader can employ credit transaction in Taiwan, this study hypothesizes that investors would follow the announcement for making rational expectation. The results of this study could help understand how noisy traders use a financial forecast. This study selects the samples occurred between 1995 and 1997 to test the established hypotheses. The empirical results can be summarized as follows. ● If the announcement of voluntary forecast occurred prior to the release of quarterly, semiannual, and annual reports, both good and bad news simultaneously cause an increase of margin and short transactions during this period. However, the magnitude of margin transactions is significantly higher than that of short transactions. ● If the announcement of voluntary forecast occurred subsequent to the release of quarterly, semiannual, and annual reports, both good and bad news simultaneously cause an increase of margin and short transactions during this period; however, the magnitude of margin transaction is significantly higher than that of short transaction. Since noisy traders are essentially information follower, their judgement significantly relates to functional efficiency of informational intermediaries. These empirical results imply the function of informational intermediaries requires further improvement.

<p>Syfte: Vi upplever att människor i vår omgivning har en negativ bild av fastighetsmäklare. Undersökningar som Expressen har gjort bekräftar även detta. Vårt syfte med den här studien är därför att:</p><p>• Ge vår bild av fastighetsmäklare.</p><p>• Skriva en debattartikel och få denna publicerad.</p><p>Genom att uppfylla ovanstående syfte vill vi besvara frågorna:</p><p>• Varför har fastighetsmäklare ett dåligt rykte?</p><p>• Vad kan göras för att förbättra ryktet?</p><p>Metod: Vi har utifrån ett hermeneutiskt synsätt skapat denna uppsats och därför låtit vår förförståelse och subjektivitet spegla innehållet. Data har samlats in genom att söka i litteratur, intervjuer och en mindre egen undersökning. Uppsatsen är uppdelad i olika kapitel, men följer medvetet inte den traditionella dispositionen för uppsatser.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Vi har funnit fyra parter som har stor inverkan på fastighetsmäklarens rykte; allmänheten, media, fastighetsmäklarna och organisationerna; Mäklarsamfundet, Fastighetsmäklarförbundet och Fastighetsmäklarnämnden. Alla dessa parter kan påverka individens uppfattning om verkligheten. Vi vill med vår uppsats uppmana alla till att tänka efter två gånger då de nås av information, eftersom alla händelser har flera sidor.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi har inte behandlat fastighetsmäklarföretagen och hur de arbetar med ryktet, men vid fortsatt forskning kan det vara intressant att även ta med den aspekten. Det vore även intressant att undersöka om ryktet förbättras något i och med det nya lagförslaget och parternas arbete kring ryktet.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Vi har gett ett bidrag till debatten och där givit vår bild av fastighetsmäklare till allmänheten. Vi har även poängterat och uppmärksammat läsaren på att vara källkritisk och tänka två gånger.</p> / <p>Aim: We find that people in our surroundings have a negative opinion about Real Estate Agents. Surveys made by the evening paper Expressen confirm this. The aim with this study is therefore to:</p><p>• Give our opinion of Real Estate Agents.</p><p>• Write an article and get it published.</p><p>By accomplish our aim we intend to answer these questions:</p><p>• Why do Real Estate Agents have a bad reputation?</p><p>• What can be done to increase the reputation?</p><p>Method: We have written this essay from a hermeneutic point of view and have therefore been subjective throughout the entire essay. Data has been collected in literature, interviews and one own survey. This essay is divided into different chapters, but it doesn’t follow the traditional outline for essays.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: We have found four parties that have big influence on the reputation of Real Estate Agents; the public, media, Real Estate Agents and the organizations; Mäklarsamfundet, Fastighetsmäklarförbundet and Fastighetsmäklarnämnden. These four parties all have a great impact on the apprehension of individuals and their view of reality. With our essay we would like to encourage individuals to think twice.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: We haven’t put any focus on the Real Estate companies and how they can affect the reputation. It could also be of interest to investigate how the new law affects the reputation and apprehension.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: We have given a contribution to the debate by giving our opinion about Real Estate Agents to the public. We have also emphasized the reader about being critical against information. Thinking twice is important and can therefore not be said enough.</p>

<p>The thesis presents annual price series for rye and barley in Östergötland during the period 1592-1735. Prices of wheat, oats, animal products, building materials, iron, nails, horse shoes and horse shoe nails from about the mid-17th century up to 1735 are also presented and analysed. New data has been excerpted from four hospitals and about fifty parishes in Östergötland. Prices from other provinces have also been excerpted for the study. This nes data is compared to already published prices from Sweden´s capital and from several provinces in central parts of the western national region of Sweden of that time. This area constituted Sweden´s core region. By linking the studies results to previous research, a description is made of the price developments for rye, butter and tallow up to 1775, that is, during Sweden´s period of great power and age of freedom. A principal result for the roughly 150 years primarily covered by the thesis is that it was chiefly the prices of rye and barley, the most important food at the time, that fluctuated in twelve cycles. Periodically there were large fluctuatons. The price cycles for corn (half rye, half barley) had an average amplitude of somewhat more than 100 % and a duration of 11 years on average. The prices were on average higher further north in the country. The causes of the price fluctuations are complex. During the major part of the period studied, Sweden was at war or in armistice period, which occupied a large part of the male population. Politically, increasingly great power was gradually concentrated to the king and autocracy was introduced, culminating at the end of Charles XII´s regency. The peasantry was burdened by high taxes and other onuses. After the middle of the 17th century the country was no longer self-subsistent but largely dependent on corn import. The production of foddstuffs decreased, partly through a smaller part of the country´s resources beeing used for production, and partly due to bad harvests. Recurrent epidemics reduced the population even up to the early 18th century.</p>

<p>Apoptosis is a type of cell death with a specific morphology and molecular program, which is essential for the development of the nervous system. However, inappropriate cell death has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. The Bcl-2 protein family is a class of proteins, which can regulate the cell death program in either a positive (pro-apoptotic family members) or a negative (anti-apoptotic family members) way. </p><p> This thesis further elucidates the role of Bcl-2 family members in the nervous system. Special focus has been put on the anti-apoptotic family member Bcl-w, whose function in the nervous system was previously unknown, and the pro-apoptotic family member Bad which serves as a link between growth factor signalling and apoptosis.</p><p> Bcl-w mRNA was found to be upregulated during rat brain development suggesting increasing importance of Bcl-w with age in the nervous system. In contrast, mRNA levels encoding the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x were downregulated during development. Bcl-w was also found to have an anti-apoptotic function in neurons, rescuing sympathetic neurons from cell death after nerve growth factor deprivation.</p><p> To further elucidate the mechanism by which Bcl-w exerts its function, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library for proteins interacting with Bcl-w. Two of the isolated positive clones encoded the pro-apoptotic protein Bad and a novel splice variant of Bad with a different carboxyterminal sequence. Both isoforms of Bad induced cell death in sympathetic neurons, which could be counteracted by Bcl-w, indicating that Bcl-w and Bad can interact both physically and functionally.</p><p> Further studies on the genomic structure of the Bad gene suggested the presence of an additional splice variant, not expressing the first exon. Immunohistochemical analysis indicates that the isoform(s) not expressing the first exon is more widely expressed in adult rat brain than the known forms.</p><p> Finally, we show that high cell density can enhance survival of cerebellar granule neurons and that bcl-2 and bcl-x mRNA levels are upregulated in high density cultures.</p>