Afrikaans: Die aard, oorsprong, relevansie en hersiening van literere kanons in 'n snel veranderende wereld is tans, nie net in Suid-Afrika nie, maar internasionaal 'n uiters aktuele saak. Oproepe om kanonhersiening word tans nie net uit die geledere van tradisionele minderheidsgroepe (socs vroue en swartmense) gehoor nie, maar ook vanuit establishment-geledere. In hierdie studie word die kanonisering van die Afrikaanse vroulike prosa-outeur tussen die dertiger- en negentigerjare vanuit 'n feministiese perspektief ondersoek. Orie voorbeelde van vroulike outeurs as verteenwoordigers van verskillende literatuur'soorte" word ondersoek, naamlik Hettie Smit ("ernstige" literatuur), die Klerewerkers (werkersliteratuur) en Eleanor Baker (goeie gewilde literatuur). Daar word gepostuleer dat die vroulike prosa-outeur binne die Afrikaanse literere sisteem steeds 'n mindere kanon- en kanoniseringstatus het, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van patriargale vooroordele. Voorts word gevra na maniere waarop s6 'n toedrag van sake gewysig kan word. Die bevindings kan heel moontlik op Afrikaanse vroulike prosa-outeurs in die algemeen betrekking he. Die volgende stellings word bevestig: i. Vroulike prosa-outeurs geniet steeds mindere kanon- en kanoniseringstatus in die Afrikaanse literatuursisteem. Argumente wat die teendeel wil bewys, streef nie daarna om enige dieperliggende problematiek te ontbloot nie. Die oppervlakkige aard van sulke argumente word alleen duidelik wanneer bepaalde kontradiksies en polemieke random die herskrywing van 'n bepaalde auteur aan die lig gebring word. Die herskrywing van Hettie Smit as "vroulike aanvulling" by die manlike Dertigerdigters lei daartoe dat Sy kom met die sekelmaan selfstandige kanonstatus ontbeer, terwyl die "gehalte" -argument in die geval van die Klerewerkers politieke en ideologiese faktore verberg. Die tipering van Baker se produkte as (goeie) "middelmoot" of "populere" tekste, verberg die marginalisering daarvan. ii. Die bestaan van vroulike outeurs wat nie in die kanon opgeneem is nie, en dus geen kanonstatus het nie, kan aangedui word. Die Klerewerkersliteratuur is 'n sprekende voorbeeld van hierdie soort afwesigheid. iii. Die status quo met betrekking tot die vroulike auteur se posisie ten opsigte van Afrikaanse kanons is onaanvaarbaar vanuit 'n feministiese perspektief. Die historiese posisie van die vrou binne die Afrikaanse literatuur is veral onaanvaarbaar - sy is feitlik afwesig uit die vroee geskiedskrywing van ons literatuur. Die eietydse situasie met betrekking tot kanonisering is binne die feministiese raamwerk van pogings tot verandering, ook nog lank nie aanvaarbaar nie. Aandag behoort geskenk te word aan die daarstelling van 'n vroulike tradisie binne die kader van die Afrikaanse literatuur, waarbinne outentieke "vroulike" norme vir literatuur, eerder as die tradisioneel "manlike" norme sal geld. S6 'n vroulike tradisie behoort volgens die riglyne van oorsese feministiese ondersoekers ge'implementeer te word; ook sal dit 'n heeltemal ander karakter he as die paternalistiese nie-outentieke "vroulike" kategorie. 'n Afsonderlike tradisie sal eerder bevrydend as onderdrukkend wees, en kan modelle daarstel vir verdere teksproduksies deur vroue. iv. Die sogenaamde multifunksionele benadering kan op teoretiese vlak die kanonisering van verskillende literatuur''soorte" beskryf en verklaar, en kan op praktiese vlak dien as riglyn vir kanoniseringsprosesse. Die regstelling van patriargale herskrywings moet as prioriteit beskou word. Slegs op hierdie manier kan ('n) algemeen aanvaarbare en verteenwoordigende, asook teoreties-gefundeerde kanon/s van Afrikaanse literatuur werklikheid word. / English: The nature, origins, relevance and revision of literary canons in a fast-changing world is at present a most topical concern, not only in South Africa, but also internationally. Calls for the revision of canons are heard not only from the ranks of traditional minority groups but also from establishment-ranks. In this study the canonisation of the Afrikaans female prose author in the years between the thirties and the nineties is examined from a feminist perspective. Three examples of female authors representing three "kinds11 of literature are examined, namely Hettie Smit ("serious11 literature), the Garment Workers (workers' literature) and Eleanor Baker (good popular literature). It is postulated that the female prose author within the Afrikaans literary system still has an inferior canon and canonisation status, mainly as a result of patriarchal prejudices. Ways in which such a state of affairs can be remedied are examined. On the strength of the results of the investigations the following premises can be confirmed: i. Female prose authors still have an inferior canon and canonisation status in the Afrikaans literary system. Arguments that attempt to prove the opposite do not strive after revealing any more deep-seated problem. The superficial nature of such arguments only becomes clear when specific contradictions and polemics around the rewriting of a certain author are brought to light. The rewriting of Hettie Smit as female supplement to the male Dertiger poets has resulted in her text being denied independent canon status, while the argument of "quality'' has obscured political and ideological factors in the case of the Garment Workers. The characterisation of Baker's products as (good) "popular" texts obscures the marginalisation thereof. ii. It is possible to point out female authors who have been excluded from the canon, thus lacking any canon status. The Garment Workers' literature is an example of this kind of absence. iii. The status quo regarding the position of the female author with reference to Afrikaans canons is unacceptable from a feminist perspective. Especially unacceptable is the historical position of women - they are virtually absent from the early historiography of Afrikaans literature. The contemporary situation is likewise unacceptable within a feminist framework. Attention should be paid to the establishment of a female tradition within the cadre of Afrikaans literature; within which authentic ''female" norms for literature rather than traditional "masculine" norms will operate. A female tradition should be implemented along guiding lines laid down by overseas feminist researchers, resulting in a character completely different from that of the paternalistic non-authentic "feminine" category. A separate tradition would be liberating rather than oppressing, and could set up models for further text productions by women. iv. At a theoretical level the multifunctional approach could describe and explain the canonisation of various kinds of literature, and at a practical level serve as a guideline for canonisation processes. The rectification of patriarchal rewritings should be regarded as a priority. Only in this way can (a) generally accepted and representative, as well as theoretically founded canon( s) of Afrikaans literature become a reality. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 1997. / Afrikaans / DLitt (Afrikaans) / Unrestricted

It has been suggested that polyploidization affects the ecological niche of a species, possibly ultimately leading to a shift in the distribution of the species, such as in geographical parthenogenesis. The phenomenon describes the wider distribution and shift of asexuals towards higher altitudes, northern latitudes and more extreme habitats when compared with their closely related sexual relatives. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain such patterns with lacking empirical evidence because investigations rather focused on single hypotheses, which were rather tested several times independently on multiple organisms than vice versa. Therefore, the present study aimed to tackle the phenomenon of geographical parthenogenesis from multiple angles, i.e. testing several hypotheses simultaneously using Hieracium alpinum as a model system. In the arcto-alpine Asteraceae H. alpinum sexually reproducing diploid individuals occur in a small isolated area in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, while apomictically reproducing, i.e. asexual reproduction via seeds, triploid plants occupy the remaining and much larger part of the range from the Balkans to the arctic parts of Europe. This implies that asexual triploids have had some fitness / colonization advantage(s), leading to a replacement of sexual diploids...

The role of bison in the prehistoric subsistence in southern Idaho is not fully understood. Bison remains from Baker Cave, a late Holocene archaeological site dating to cal A.D. 1042-1265, however, provide evidence of pre-contact subsistence strategies in the region. This thesis focuses on the paleoecology of bison and their role in prehistoric subsistence on the Snake River Plain (SRP). The ecological study of bison focuses on the hypothesized trans-Holocene diminution in bison body size in southern Idaho, while a second study focuses on how these animals figured into prehistoric responses to seasonal fat scarcity. Although bison diminution and its ecological determinants are well understood on the Great Plains, the history of diminution west of the Rocky Mountains is less clear. Bison morphometrics from Baker Cave present the opportunity to assess bison diminution on the Snake River Plain. Bison morphometrics from Baker Cave are indistinguishable not only from other late Holocene bison on the Snake River Plain but iv also from late Holocene bison from the Great Plains. Further, the Baker Cave bison are smaller than early Holocene bison from the Great Plains and Snake River Plain. These results suggest morphological similarity between Snake River Plain bison and Great Plains bison through the Holocene, pointing to similar bottom up ecological constraints on body size. Although bison are common components of SRP archaeofaunas, their role in prehistoric subsistence is poorly understood. To shed light on this problem, I hypothesize that the Baker Cave bison assemblage resulted from hunters seeking skeletal fat. I test predictions drawn from this hypothesis with assemblage-level patterns in element representation, impact scar distribution, and fragmentation. These assemblage-level patterns track the skeletal fat utility of elements. These patterns, combined with winter procurement evidenced by fetal remains, support the hypothesis that fat-seeking behavior was a response to winter fat scarcity. A comparison with smaller bison assemblages from southern Idaho suggests that this fat-seeking behavior might have persisted as far back as the middle Holocene, although this requires confirmation from future studies.

In 1914, Copperfield, Oregon was militarily occupied by order of the governor, Oswald West. Its town government was deposed, the city officials were arrested, and the town's saloons were closed and all liquor and gambling devices were seized. The town, previous to Governor West's interdiction, had seen a breakdown into violence and arson between two competing saloon cliques. The resulting martial law of Copperfield and subsequent court battles between the governor and Copperfield's saloonkeepers would become known as the Copperfield Affair. The purpose of this study is to explain how and why the Copperfield Affair happened. The event which precipitated the Copperfield Affair was the collapse of the town's economy. Copperfield was a frontier town, which placed it at greater risk of economic failure. The failure of the two construction projects necessary for its economic success led to a violent contest for customers among the town's three saloons, resulting in several arsons, eventually drawing Governor West's attention to the town. The Temperance Movement in Oregon is a second factor influencing why the Copperfield Affair occurred. Governor West cared about the problems of a failed town in the middle of nowhere, because he was a proponent of prohibition and the violence in Copperfield presented an opportunity to make a statement for the Temperance Movement. Finally, Governor West relied on the concurrent evolution of two important definitions relevant to the state executive. One was the increasingly general definition of martial law and how it could be used by the governor. This definition, by 1914, allowed Governor West to legally occupy Copperfield. Second, the development of the Progressive Movement at the beginning of the twentieth century also coincided with greater public desire for a powerful and energetic executive in order to achieve reform. Governor West personified the Progressive executive, as a person who got things done and supported the sort of social reforms the Movement favored, like temperance. By combining the development of a powerful state executive, with great military powers, a governor and public in favor of prohibition, and a weak frontier town suffering violence from the liquor trade, we arrive at a situation which keenly encapsulates a moment in time in Oregon history, one in which a governor would use such extreme measures to crack down on what was a local squabble.

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Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2999-01-01