This thesis studies advection modeling for heat transfer and fluid flow problems using a new Non--Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme (called NISUS). Variants of the new scheme are formulated and developed with 8-noded hexahedral elements using the Finite Element Method (FEM)and rectangular elements based on a Finite Volume Method (FVM). A new method of mass weighting to predict convective fluxes of each scalar from the nodal point values is developed. Due to an explicit representation in terms of nodal variables, local inversion of the upwind coefficient matrix is not needed. Also, this thesis evaluates two variants of the new scheme (i.e., 3-node / 3-point and 4-node / 8-point formulations) within a 3--D FEM and a third variant within a 2--D FVM. The 3--D FEM variants are applied to a variety of test problems involving the transport of a scalar variable, while the 2--D FVM variant is applied to fluid flow problems including natural convection in an enclosure and micro--channel flow simulations. The promising performance of NISUS, as compared with exact and previous solutions, is demonstrated both in terms of accuracy and stability. Furthermore, a new data storage format called Compressed Banded Data (CBD) is developed for sparse banded matrices generated by the control volume finite element method (CVFEM). The platform of the new CBD structure permits dynamic switching between various solvers, without any procedural change in the implementation of existing simulation software. The performance of different Krylov techniques with an ILU(0) preconditioner is observed and compared in three test problems with a direct solver.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WeronaOBF_DISSERT.pdf: 1240251 bytes, checksum: 813cde782f7585af1038e48b12491444 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-30 / The increasing contact between humans and domestic animals with wild animals has contributed to spread infectious agents, thus increasing the risk of transmission of zoonosis. Therefore, this present study aimed to detect, using different serological techniques, the presence of anti-Leptospira spp., anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Leishmania infantum in six-banded armadillos. For this, was used 33 species of wildlife armadillos Euphractus sexcinctus of both sexes and various ages from the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Of the 33 animals subjected to serological analysis, 2/33 (6.06%) were positive for leptospirosis, where serovars reagents were Canicola and Andamana, and both with titration of 200. For the toxoplasmosis research it was noted that 2/33 (6.06%) had antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, and all of them having the title equal to 400. In relation to leishmaniasis, 3/33 (9.09%) animals were reactive to Leishmania infantum antigen, which had the title of 320. This was the first evidence of Leishmania infantum in six-banded armadillo already described. From the present study, we can confirm the real possibility of these animals act as carriers agent with zoonotic potential / O aumento do contato entre a população humana e doméstica com os animais silvestres tem contribuído para disseminar agentes infeciosos na vida selvagem, aumentando assim, os riscos de transmissão das zoonoses. O número de enfermidades já relatadas nas diferentes espécies de tatus é muito alta. Acredita-se, portanto, que o E. sexcinctus possa atuar como reservatório de uma série de doenças, muitas delas ainda não confirmadas para espécie. Isso ocorre por esta espécie apresentar diversas características compatíveis com a manutenção dos agentes na natureza, tais como, suas características fisiológicas, ampla distribuição, partilhar suas tocas com outras espécies e manter contato direto com o homem e animais domésticos. Com isso, este estudo objetivou detectar, a partir de diferentes técnicas sorológicas, a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp., anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Leishmania infantum nos tatus-peba, de vida livre. Para tanto, foram utilizados 33 tatus da espécie Euphractus sexcinctus, de ambos os sexos e variadas idades provenientes da cidade de Mossoró-RN. Dos 33 animais submetidos as análises sorológicas, 2/33 (6,06%) foram positivos para leptospirose. Um deles reagiu para o sorovar Canicola (200) e outro para o sorovar Andamana (200). Para a pesquisa de toxoplasmose, 2/33 (6,06%) apresentaram anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, todas apresentando título igual a 400. Em relação a leishmaniose, 3/33 (9,09%) animais foram reativos para o antígeno L. infantum, todos apresentando título de 320. Esta foi a primeira evidência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania infantum em Euphractus sexcinctus já descrita. A partir do presente estudo, foi possível confirmar a real possibilidade destes aninais atuarem como portadores de agentes com potencial zoonótico

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-20T12:04:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Usma Cuervo 2016_Dissertação Mestrado Geociências UFPE.pdf: 11366215 bytes, checksum: ea3d3e75aa36f118697420651fd55f20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T12:04:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Usma Cuervo 2016_Dissertação Mestrado Geociências UFPE.pdf: 11366215 bytes, checksum: ea3d3e75aa36f118697420651fd55f20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / FACEPE / Ao nordeste de São Jose de Belmonte, Pernambuco, o Complexo Riacho Gravatá Meso- a Neoproterozoico e o Grupo Cachoeirinha Neoproterozoico afloram. Ambas unidades de origem sedimentar e com intercalações de carbonato (mármore), formações de ferro bandado (BIF) e metavulcânicas são limitadas pela Zona de Cisalhamento Serra do Caboblo com direção NE. Outra importante caraterística da região é a abundante ocorrência de plutons graníticos criogenianosediacaranos que intruem o Grupo Cachoeirinha. O Complexo Riacho Gravatá com maior contribuição de material vulcânico, registra um evento extensional de formação de bacias relacionado com uma zona próxima de magmatismo de arco. O Grupo Cachoeirinha corresponde a uma sequência metaturbidítica, é dividido em Formação Santana dos Garrotes (unidade basal) e Formação Serra Olho d’Água (unidade superior) depositado numa bacia de retro arco. Quimioestratigrafia elemental e isotópica de seções selecionadas foi realizada objetivando estabelecer condições deposicionais de formação de carbonatos e formações ferríferas e estimar sua cronologia. Petrologia de plutons graníticos teve a intenção de elucidar ambiente tectônico e condições de cristalização destes corpos. A seção Barro do Complexo Riacho Gravatá é composto principalmente de mármores dolomíticos. A composição isotópica destes carbonatos com δ13C de -2,8 a -0,7‰ e δ18O de -15.0 a -15.8‰ podem ser correlatos com seções de final do Esteniano a inicio do Toniano. Os padrões de ETRY permitem inferir um ambiente deposicional marinho sob condições anóxicas e contribuição de fluidos hidrotermais. Da Formação Santana dos Garrotes, mármores calcíticos das localidades de Pedreira e Oiti mostram δ13C médios de +4,9‰ e +4,1‰, respectivamente, além de anomalias negativa de Ce e positiva de Y, sugerindo uma idade de deposição Criogeniano médio a tardio num ambiente levemente oxigenado. Os padrões de ETRY normalizados em relação ao PAAS para o BIF da Localidade Oiti são a favor de uma precipitação hidrogenética com influência hidrotermal. Química em rocha total e mineralde plutons granodioriticos com epidoto magmático ao norte do povoado Carmo permitem identifica-los como cálcio-alcalino principalmente, e cálcio-alcalinos de alto K, de origem mista. Estes granodioritos provavelmente forma intruidos durante a fase final de um regime de subdução, cristalizando sob pressões de 6,6 – 9,3 kbar e temperaturas entre 720 e 765°C, a uma profundidade ao redor de 22 Km. / To the northeast of the São Jose de Belmonte, Pernambuco, the Meso- to Neoproterozoic Riacho Gravatá Complex and the Neoproterozoic Cachoeirinha Group outcrops. Both units of sedimentary origin and with carbonate (marble), banded iron formation (BIF) and metavolcanic intercalations are limited by the Serra do Caboclo Shear Zone with a NE direction. Another important characteristic of the area is the abundant occurrence of Cryogenian-Ediacaran granitic plutons that intrude the Cachoeirinha Group. The Riacho Gravatá Complex with great contribution of volcanic material, record an extensional event of basin formation related to a nearby zone of arc magmatism. The Cachoeirinha Group corresponds to a metaturbiditic sequence, it is divided into the Santana dos Garrotes Formation (basal unit) and the Serra Olho d’Água Formation (upper unit) deposited in a back-arc basin. Elemental and isotope chemostratigraphy of selected sections was carried out aiming at precising the depositional conditions of carbonate and iron-bearing sediment formation and estimating their chronology. Petrology of granitic plutons had the intention of elucidate tectonic environment and crystallizing conditions of these bodies. The Barro section of Riacho Gravatá Complex is composed mainly of dolomitic marbles. The isotopic composition of these carbonates with δ13C varying from -2.8 to -0.7‰ and δ18O from -15.0 to -15.8‰ can be correlated with late Stenian – early Tonian sections. The REE+Y patterns led to infer a marine depositional environment under slightly anoxic conditions and hydrothermal fluids contribution. From Santana dos Garrotes Formation, calcitic marbles at the Pedreira and Oiti localities display average δ13C, respectively, of +4.9‰ and +4.1‰, besides negative Ce anomaly and positive Y anomaly, suggesting a middle to late Cryogenian depositional age in a slightly oxygenated environment. The PAAS normalized REE + Y patterns for BIFs at the Oiti locality favor a hydrogenetic precipitation with hydrothermal influence. Bulk and mineral phase chemistry analyses of magmatic epidote-bearing granodioritic plutons to the north of the Carmo village allow identify them as calc-alkalic and high K calc-alkalic, of mixed origin. These granodiorites were likely intruded during final stages of a subduction regime, crystallizing under pressures of 6.6–9.3 kbar and temperatures in the 720–765°C range, at depths around 22 Km.

Estudos experimentais realizados por alguns autores abordaram os mecanismos de deformação nas gipsitas, tais como o fluxo plástico e a dissolução por pressão. Ainda assim, é pequeno o conhecimento do comportamento mecânico das rochas de gipso. Nesta tese foram estudados os mecanismos de deformação lenta em gipsitas bandadas da Formação Santana da Chapada de Araripe com uso da técnica de emissão acústica. Adotou-se este procedimento como técnica indireta de detecção do processo de microfissuramento, para evitar mudanças que ocorrem na microestrutura durante seu descarregamento e preparação de amostras para sua observação por técnicas diretas. Realizaram-se ensaios de fluência de curto e longo prazo numa prensa hidráulica servocontrolada MTS 815 e em conjunto modulares (torres individuais) em um laboratório de fluência especialmente equipado. Encontrou-se que o mecanismo do microfissuramento está fortemente influenciado por processos de cicatrização durante ensaios de fluência de longo prazo. Devido ao processo de cicatrização da microfissura, a fluência terciaria nunca foi alcançada, mesmo em corpos de prova carregados com até 95% da resistência à compressão uniaxial. Nesta tese outros resultados importantes foram alcançados como: identificar que o fenômeno de microfissuramento para a rocha em questão é detectado por fenômenos de emissão acústica de freqüências intermediárias (de 100 a 400 kHz) e constatar que o efeito Kaiser se manifesta neste tipo de rochas de modo inequívoco para solicitações rápidas, enquanto após ensaios de fluência de longa duração, não mais se manifesta, por causa da cicatrização. Ou seja, corpos de prova submetidos mais uma vez à compressão uniaxial após o descarregamento, voltam a apresentar eventos de emissão acústica e, conseqüentemente, a geração de novas microfissuras. Este fato somente pode ser explicado por um processo de cicatrização da microfissura durante a fluência de longo prazo. Esta cicatrização, devido a fenômenos físico-químicos, apresentou outros indícios como um aumento no módulo de elasticidade após ensaios de fluência, quando comparado aos valores antes do ensaio, e mesmo um endurecimento (aumento da resistência à compressão uniaxial) também após a fluência. Esclareceu-se também de modo inequívoco que o descarregamento provoca o progresso do microfissuramento. Além dos sinais característicos do microfissuramento, constatou-se que o módulo de elasticidade, medido nos mesmos níveis de tensão, é mais alto antes que depois do descarregamento. O decréscimo de rigidez é indício do processo de dano por microfissuramento. / Experimental studies by several authors have shown some of the key deformation mechanisms in gypsum, such as plastic flow and pressure dissolution. Even so, there is still sparse knowledge about the mechanical behavior of natural gypsum rocks. Creep mechanisms of the banded gypsum rock of Santana Formation from the Chapada do Araripe (Santana Formation) in creep tests were studied with acoustic emission technique correlating the stress levels related to microcracking to the energy release associated with these mechanisms. This procedure was adopted as an indirect technique of detection of the microcracking process, to prevent changes that occur in the microstructure during unloading and in sample preparation for its observations with direct techniques. Short and long-term creep tests were carried out in an MTS 815 servo-controlled testing system and in modular sets (single towers) in a specially equipped creep laboratory. It was found that the microcrack mechanism is strongly influenced by healing processes during long-term creep. Due to the microcrack healing process, tertiary creep was never reached, even in specimens loaded with up to 95% of the uniaxial compressive strength. In this thesis other important results were reached as: to identify that the microcracking phenomenon for the rock in question is detected by acoustic emission phenomena of intermediate frequencies (from 100 to 400 kHz) and to evidence that the Kaiser effect unequivocally manifests in this type of rock when subjected to quick loads, while after long-term creep tests, it is no longer evidenced on account of healing. In other words, the specimens subjected once again to uniaxial compression after unloading, again show acoustic emission events and therefore the generation of new microcracks. This fact can only be explained by a microcrack healing process during long-term creep. This healing, due to physical-chemical phenomena, presented other indications as an increase in the modulus of elasticity after creep tests, when compared to the values before the test, and even a hardening (increase of the uniaxial compressive strength) also after the creep. It was also clarified in unequivocal way that the unloading provokes microcracking progress. In addition to the microcracking characteristic indications, it was found that the modulus of elasticity, when measured at the same stress levels, is higher before unloading than after the unloading. The stiffness decrease is indication of the microcracking damage process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_tony_da_silveira.pdf: 2236842 bytes, checksum: 944d753a4ecf58121a6ca37c8589d2f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Pontoporia blainvillei is a cetacean popularly know in Brasil as toninha. Its distribution is restrict for estuarine and coastal waters of south-west of Atlantic. Studies of gastrintestinalparasitology of toninhas indicate a component community formed for less species, including nematodes, trematodes and acantocephalans. However, despite knowing that the course of infection is the ingestion of infected prey, intermediate hosts are unknown. The toninhas s diet is composed mainly for fishes, squids and shrimps. Many of these fishes in various areas of distribution of the cetacean have been reported with parasites that attack the species in some stage of development. However, larval forms of the trematode Synthesium pontoporiae and the acantocephalan Bolbosoma turbinella were not identified in any of the food items of P. blainvillei. The present study aimed to evaluate three components of the diet of P. blainvillei as possible sources transmission of parasitiasis. Fifty specimens of Doryteuthis sanpaulensis; forty-three specimens of Paralonchurus brasiliensis and fifty specimens of Trachurus lathami were necropsied. The organs were individually, washed in tamis (150μm) and examined under a stereomicroscope. Helminths were collected, counted, fixed in AFA, stained with Delafield s hematoxylin or Gomori s trichrome, clarified in Amman s lactophenol or Beech creosote and mounted on slides. Parasitological indices were calculated. None of the food items analyzed showed infection by metacercariae of S. pontoporiae. Helminths found in D. sanpaulensis did not have records of infection of P. blainvillei. Cistacanths of C. australe were found in the coelomic cavity and mesentery of P. brasiliensis (P=53,49%; IMI=6,74) and of T. lathami (P=4%; IMI=1,50). Cistacanths of B. turbinella were on same sites of T. lathami (P=14%; IMI=2,14). Paralonchurus brasiliensis and T. lathami are recorded in this study as new paratenics hosts for C. australe, as well as T. lathami is to B. turbinella. In addition to the parasites that infect P. blainvillei, the nematodes Hysterothylacium sp., Dichelyne (D.) spinicaudatus and Procamallanus pereirai, and trematodes Diphterostomum brusinae, Opecoeloides catarinensis, O. stenosomae, Pachycreadium gastrocotylum, Aponurus laguncula, A. pyriformis and Lecithochirum sp. are registered as members of the component community of P. brasiliensis and five new records of parasitism on fish and a new record of parasite species to brazilian waters. The use of nematodes as biomarkers for distinguishing the populations of P. brasiliensis is discussed. Through the present study more about the ecology and parasitology of final and paratenic hosts were revealed, as well as aspects of the biology of parasites, contributing to the knowledge about the marine biology of the south Atlantic. / Pontoporia blainvillei é um cetáceo conhecido popularmente no Brasil como toninha, cuja distribuição é restrita às águas estuarinas e costeiras do sudoeste do Atlântico. Estudos sobre parasitologia gastrintestinalde toninhas indicam uma comunidade componente formada por poucas espécies, incluindo nematódeos, trematódeos e acantocéfalos. Entretanto, apesar de se saber que a forma de infecção é a ingestão de presas infectadas, os hospedeiros intermediários são pouco conhecidos. A dieta da toninha é composta principalmente por peixes, lulas e camarões. Muitos desses peixes em várias áreas da distribuição do cetáceo já foram reportados com parasitos que acometem a espécie em algum estágio de desenvolvimento. Contudo, formas larvais do trematódeo Synthesium pontoporiae e do acantocéfalo Bolbosoma turbinella não foram identificadas em nenhum dos itens alimentares de P. blainvillei. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar três espécies componentes da dieta de P. blainvillei como possíveis fontes transmissoras de parasitíases. Cinquenta espécimes de Doryteuthis sanpaulensis; quarenta e três espécimes de Paralonchurus brasiliensis e cinquenta espécimes de Trachurus lathami foram necropsiados. Os órgãos foram individualizados, lavados em tamis (150μm) e examinados sob estereomicroscópio. Os helmintos coletados foram contados, fixados em AFA, corados com hematoxilina de Delafield ou tricrômico de Gomori, clarificados em lactofenol de Amman ou creosoto de Faia e montados em lâminas. Índices parasitológicos foram calculados. Nenhum dos itens alimentares analisados apresentou infecção por metacercárias de S. pontoporiae. Helmintos encontrados em D. sanpaulensis não têm registros de infecção em P. blainvillei. Acantocistos de C. australe foram encontrados na cavidade celômica e mesentério de P. brasiliensis (P=53,49%; IMI=6,74) e de T. lathami (P=4%; IMI=1,50). Acantocistos de B. turbinella estiveram nos mesmos sítios de T. lathami (P=14%; IMI=2,14). Paralonchurus brasiliensis e T. lathami são registrados no presente estudo como novos hospedeiros paratênicos para C. australe, assim como T. lathami é para B. turbinella. Além dos parasitos que infectam P. blainvillei, os nematódeos Hysterothylacium sp., Dichelyne (D.) spinicaudatus e Procamallanus (S.) pereirai, e os trematódeos Diphterostomum brusinae, Opecoeloides catarinensis, O. stenosomae, Pachycreadium gastrocotylum, Aponurus laguncula, A. pyriformis e Lecithochirum sp. são registrados como membros da comunidade componente de P. brasiliensis sendo cinco novos registros de parasitismo para o peixe e um novo registro de espécie parasita para águas brasileiras. A utilização de nematódeos como biomarcadores para a distinção de populações de P. brasiliensis é abordada. Através do presente estudo mais informações sobre a ecologia e parasitologia dos hospedeiros definitivo e paratênicos foram reveladas, assim como aspectos da biologia dos parasitos, contribuindo para o conhecimento sobre a biologia marinha do Atlântico sul.

L’Archéen, de 4 à 2,5 Ga, est la période qui a connu les plus grands bouleversements géologiques et biologiques de l’histoire de la Terre : formation des continents, transition d’une tectonique à composante verticale vers une tectonique des plaques horizontale, apparition de la vie, … Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier les conditions environnementales de la Terre à l’Archéen, par l’analyse des compositions isotopiques de métaux de transition (Fe, Zn) de roches provenant principalement de la province d’Isua au Groenland (3,8 Ga). Après avoir adapté le protocole de séparation du Fe, Cu, Zn à des échantillons riches en Fe, nous avons acquis les données par spectrométrie de masse à source plasma et à multicollection MC-ICPMS. Nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés au processus de serpentinisation de la croûte océanique, réaction produisant à la fois des nutriments pour la vie (CH 4 , H 2 ) et des minéraux catalyseurs (mackinawite) de la formation abiotique d’acides aminés, molécules du vivant. L’affleurement d’Isua comporte une unité ophiolitique présentant les serpentinites les plus anciennes (3.81-3.70 Ga) : leur analyse permet d’appréhender la réaction de serpentinisation à l’Archéen. Les résultats obtenus pour la composition isotopique du zinc dans ces roches et dans des serpentinites modernes ont permis d’établir une correspondance entre le processus de serpentinisation à Isua et la mise en place de volcans de boues de serpentinites à l’aplomb de la fosse des Mariannes. Nous avons ainsi pu identifier Isua comme une zone d’arrière-arc de subduction océanique, lieu d’une serpentinisation produisant des fluides de température variable (100-300°C) et de pH alcalin (9-12). Nous montrons que cette configuration atypique réunissant serpentinisation, fluides alcalins et édifices volcaniques est favorable à l’émergence du vivant. Nous avons ensuite analysé de nombreux échantillons de formations de fer rubané (BIFs), sédiments propres à l’Archéen et au début du Protérozoïque. L’évolution de la composition isotopique du zinc de ces échantillons au cours du temps a permis d’établir une chronologie de l'émersion des continents.Nos résultats sont en faveur d’une émersion débutant il y a 2,9 Ga. Enfin, nos données nous informent sur la colonisation des continents émergés par la vie à 2,6 Ga et sur la pédogenèse de sols archéens comportant un horizon organique. / During the Archean (4 to 2.5 Ga ago), the Earth experienced the biggest changes in terms of geological and biological settings – continental growth, transition from sagduction towards purely horizontal plate tectonics, emergence of life, … The purpose of the present study is to better understand the archean earth environment by measuring the isotopic composition of transition metals – Zn, Fe – of archean rocks. Most of the samples belong to the Isua supracrustal belt, in Greenland, dated 3.8 Ga. The chemical extraction protocol of Fe, Cu, Zn was adapted to our Fe-rich samples and isotopic analyses were conducted by multicollection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The serpentinization of the oceanic crust produces fuels for life (CH 4 , H 2 ) and mackinawite, which catalyses formation of complex organic compounds. Serpentinization may thus provide a suitable environment for the emergence of the first biomolecules. We analysed the oldest known serpentinites from Isua (3.81-3.70 Ga) to comprehend the archean serpentinization process. The isotopic compositions of zinc reported in this samples and in modern serpentinites attest to a strong similarity between Isua and the Mariana serpentinite mud volcanoes. We identified Isua as an oceanic forearc environment permeated by high-pH (9-12) hydrothermal solutions at medium temperature (100-300°C). We show that such an environment could have fostered the emergence of early life. We also analyzed several banded iron formations (BIF), which are sediments limited to the Archean and Proterozoic. The temporal evolution of these samples' isotopic composition shows a close relationship with the continental freeboard. Our results support the continental emersion starting 2.9 Ga ago. Besides, we identified the life colonization of continents at 2.6 Ga together with pedogenesis of archean soils with an organic horizon.

Orientador: Alessandra Melchert / Resumo: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a preferência alimentar e as dietas oferecidas a tatus de nove bandas mantidos sob cuidados humanos, enfatizando a ação das dietas sobre o desempenho, avaliação clínica e metabolismo animal, assim como o aproveitamento dos nutrientes de cada dieta. Foram utilizados para a avaliação da preferência alimentar 10 tatus de nove bandas (D. novemcinctus) adultos, sendo oito machos e duas fêmeas; seis tatus de nove bandas (D. novemcinctus) adultos, sendo cinco machos e uma fêmea, para o ensaio de digestibilidade; e oito tatus de nove bandas (D. novemcinctus) adultos machos para a avaliação clínica e metabólica. Para o teste de preferência alimentar foram testadas quatro dietas que diferiram quanto ao seu teor de proteínas e inclusão de frutos em sua composição. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade e avaliação clínica e metabólica foram testadas duas dietas com ou sem inclusão de frutos em sua composição. O teste de preferência alimentar foi conduzido utilizando a observação em três pontos: frequência de consumo, ingestão alimentar e razão da ingestão. O ensaio de digestibilidade foi realizado após 70 dias de tratamento. A avaliação clínica e metabólica ocorreu antes e ao final de 90 dias de fornecimento de cada uma das dietas, sendo que 60 dias antes do fornecimento de cada dieta foi realizado um período preparatório. Durante o período preparatório os animais receberam uma dieta constituída por ração canina e carne, para que ao início dos tratamentos ap... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aims of the study was to evaluate the dietary preference and the diets offered to the nine-banded armadillos kept under human care, emphasizing the action of the diets on the animal performance, as well as the use of the nutrients of each diet. Ten adult nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) were used for the evaluation of the food preference, being eight males and two females; and six adults nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus), being five males and one female, for digestibility assay. and eight males adults nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) for clinical and metabolic evaluation. Food preference test, tested four diets that differed in their protein content and fruit inclusion in their composition. For the digestibility assay and clinical and metabolic evaluation were tested two diets with or without fruit inclusion in its composition. The food preference test was conducted using three-point observation: consumption frequency, food intake and intake ratio. The digestibility assay was performed after 70 days of treatment. Clinical and metabolic evaluation occurred before and the end of 90 days of supply of each diet, and 60 days before the supply of each diet a preparatory period was performed. During the preparatory period, the animals received a diet consisting of dog food and meat, so that at the beginning of the treatments presented similar body and metabolic conditions. The diet with the highest protein inclusion, obtained the highest preference in all ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Cette thèse présente des résultats nouveaux dans deux sujets de la physique statistique du désordre: les modèles aux energies aléatoires logarithmiquement corrélées (logREMs), et la transition de localisation dans les matrices aléatoires à longues portées.Dans la première partie consacrée aux logREMs, nous montrons comment décrire leurs points communs et les données spécifiques aux modèles particuliers. Ensuite nous appliquons la méthode de la brisure de symétrie des répliques pour les étudier en general, et en déduirons la transition vitreuse et le processus des minima, en termes de processus de Poisson décorés. Nous présentons également une série d'application des polynômes de Jack à la prédiction exactes des observables dans le modèle circulaire et ses variants. Finalement, nous décrivons les progrès récents sur la connexion exacte entre les logREMs et la théorie conforme de Liouville.La seconde partie a pour but d'introduire une nouvelle classe de matrices aléatoires à bandes, dite la classe des distributions larges; elle ressemble essentiellement aux matrices creuses. Nous étudions d'abord un modèle particulier de la classe, les matrices aléatoires Bêta, qui sont inspirées par une correspondence exacte à un modèle statistique récemment étudié, celui de la dynamique épidémique. A l'aide des arguments analytiques appuyés sur la correspondence et des simulations numériques, nous montrons l'existence des transitions de localisation avec des valeurs propres critiques dans le régime des paramètres dit d'exponentielle étirée. Ensuite, en utilisant une approche de renormalisation et de diagonalisation par blocs, nous soutenons que les transitions de localisation sont en général présentes dans la class des distributions larges. / This thesis presents original results in two domains of disordered statistical physics: logarithmic correlated Random Energy Models (logREMs), and localization transition in long-range random matrices.In the first part devoted to logREMs, we show how to characterise their common properties and model--specific data. Then we develop their replica symmetry breaking treatment, which leads to the freezing scenario of their free energy distribution and the general description of their minima process, in terms of decorated Poisson point process. We also report a series of new applications of the Jack polynomials in the exact predictions of some observables in the circular model and its variants. Finally, we present the recent progress on the exact connection between logREMs and the Liouville conformal field theory.The goal of the second part is to introduce and study a new class of banded random matrices, the broadly distributed class, which is characterid an effective sparseness. We will first study a specific model of the class, the Beta Banded random matrices, inspired by an exact mapping to a recently studied statistical model of long--range first--passage percolation/epidemics dynamics. Using analytical arguments based on the mapping and numerics, we show the existence of localisation transitions with mobility edges in the ``stretch--exponential'' parameter--regime of the statistical models. Then, using a block--diagonalization renormalization approach, we argue that such localization transitions occur generically in the broadly distributed class.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DSc)--University of Pretoria, 1966. / Geology / unrestricted

L’étude des formations de fer rubané (BIF) permet de comprendre les conditions des océans de et de l’atmosphère terrestres au cours de l’Archéen et du début du Protérozoïque. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir une analyse minéralogique et géochimique détaillée de BIFs de deux localités distinctes, séparées par la frontière Archéen-Protérozoïque. Une attention particulière est portée à la minéralogie de leurs carbonates et oxydes de fer. Les BIFs de 2,7 Ga de la formation Manjeri, Zimbabwe et de 2,4 Ga du Groupe Itabira, Brésil, ont dans les deux cas été précipités par mélange de fluides hydrothermaux marins oxygénés. Ceci est démontré par la présence d’inclusions de nano-hématite dans les lames de chert (Itabira et Manjeri) et de dolomite (Itabira seulement), qui sont interprétées comme la phase minérale la plus ancienne dans les échantillons. En outre, la microscopie électronique à transmission à faisceau d’ions focalisé (FIB-TEM) révèle la présence de plaquettes de nano ferrihydrite dans les BIF dolomitiques (carbonate d’itabirite). La dolomite est interprétée comme étant une phase primaire précipitée à des températures plus élevées (~100°C) de fluides hydrothermaux riches en CO2. Des anomalies positives en Eu dans les deux formations indiquent une composante hydrothermale, susceptible d’être la source du fer réduit. Les changements de faciès dans les deux unités sont le résultat de transgression/régression; et des évènements hydrothermaux post dépôt masquent les conditions primaires. Les carbonates riches en fer dans les deux faciès ont différentes origines: diagénétiques (Itabira) et hydrothermales post dépôt (Manjeri). Toutefois, les carbonates riches en fer des deux formations ont des valeurs négatives de ∂13C, ce qui indique qu’au moins une partie du carbone dans les carbonates est d’origine organique.Des analyses en balance de Curie dans le carbonate d’itabirite révèlent que la maghémite est le produit de transformation de la ferrihydrite lorsque de la dolomite se décompose à ~790°C. La maghémite a une température de Curie comprise entre 320 et 350°C et est stable jusqu’à une température de 925°C. Les analyses en FIB-TEM sur le processus de martitisation ont révélé deux mécanismes possibles à partir de deux échantillons de martite provenant respectivement du Brésil et d’Inde. En fonction de la cause de la martitisation, que nous avons déterminé être soit la déformation soit l’hydrothermalisme, la martitisation se produit respectivement par l’intermédiaire de:1. La réorganisation de défauts ponctuels, pour former des jumeaux. Ces défauts sont causés par les vacances dans la structure spinelle de la maghémite, dues à la suppression des ions Fe3+ en excès au cours de l’oxydation de la magnétite. C’est dans ce jumelage que le mécanisme de martitisation se produit.2. La migration des joints de grains par l’hématite au détriment de la magnétite, qui est due à la présence de fluide le long des interfaces du cristal. La maghémite se forme en raison de l’excès de Fe3+ produit pendant la martitisation de la magnétite, qui se déplace vers la surface des cristaux de magnétite. / It is the study of banded iron formations (BIFs) that provides understanding into the conditions of the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere during the Archean and Early Proterozoic. The aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed mineralogical and geochemical understand of BIFs from two separate localities separated by the Archean Proterozoic boundary. Close attention is paid to their carbonate and iron oxide mineralogy.The BIFs of the 2.7 Ga Manjeri Formation, Zimbabwe and 2.4 Ga Itabira Group, Brazil were both precipitated from oxygenated mixed marine-hydrothermal fluids. This is demonstrated by the presence of nano-hematite inclusions in the chert (Itabira and Manjeri) and dolomite (Itabira only) laminae, which is interpreted as the oldest mineral phase within the samples. Additionally, focused ion beam transmission electron microscopy (FIB-TEM) reveals the presence of nano ferrihydrite platelets within the dolomitic BIFs (carbonate itabirite). The dolomite is interpreted to be a primary phase precipitated at higher temperatures (~100°C) from CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids. Positive Eu anomalies in both formations indicate a hydrothermal component, likely to be the source of the reduced iron. Facies changes in both units are the result of transgression/regression and post depositional hydrothermal events mask primary conditions. Iron-rich carbonates in both facies have different origins; diagenetic (Itabira) and post depositional hydrothermal (Manjeri). However, the iron-rich carbonates of both formations have negative ∂13C values, indicating that at least part of the carbon in the carbonates is of organic origin. Curie Balance analyses into the carbonate itabirite reveals that maghemite is the transformation product of the ferrihydrite when dolomite decomposes at ~790°C. The maghemite has a Curie temperature between 320 and 350°C and is stable up to temperatures of 925°C.FIB-TEM investigations into the martitisation process revealed two possible mechanisms from two martite samples, from Brazil and India. Depending of the cause of the martitisation, here found to be deformation and hydrothermalism, the martitisation occurs respectively via either: 1. Ordering of point defects caused by vacancies in the spinel structure of maghemite, due to the removal of excess Fe3+ ions during the oxidation of magnetite, to form twins. It is in this twinning that the martitisation mechanism occurs.2. Grain boundary migration by hematite at the expense of magnetite is due to the presence of fluid along the crystal interfaces, where maghemite forms due to excess Fe3+ produced during martitisation of the magnetite, moving towards the surface of the magnetite crystals.