The concept "development" and its corollary "under- development" gained wide recognition and acceptance in the West in late 1950s and early 1960s, contemporaneous with the decolonisation of much of the Third World. In South Africa in contrast, the concept was largely shunned during the 1960s and early 1970s as the majority of white academics, politicians and state ideologues concentrated on explaining, rationalising and implementing "separate development" (apartheid). In the mid 1970s, confronted with an enduring structural/hegemonic crisis, the state and ruling white elite were forced to restructure the prevailing form of domination and embark on a series of new initiatives to defuse mass struggles and incorporate specific strata of the oppressed black majority. The state's approach, in particular, encapsulated in the notion of a "total strategy", put forward a new constellation of economic, political and ideological policies. It was within the context of this shift in policy that the concept of "development" can be seen to have emerged in South Africa in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This thesis sets out to identify both the factors which gave rise to the concept of "development" in South Africa, and the primary actors responsible for propagating the new ideas. It will also investigate the particular inflection given to "development" by apartheid policies. It will be argued that not only did "development" constitute part of a broad programme of ideological restructuring, but it also had practical content, shaping policies which had a material impact on the lives of millions of South Africans. A case study of the Transkei homeland will trace the rise of "development thinking" in one part of South Africa, and will argue that while the ideological content of socio-economic programmes might have altered, they did not appear to have substantially improved the living conditions of those to whom they were ostensibly directed.

The thesis brings together two important themes within Geography and Development Studies. First, post-colonial analyses of social identity and difference; secondly, the relationship between social identity and the 'new' historiography of South Africa. These themes raise important intellectual and practical questions central to rethinking the relationship between the developed and underdeveloped worlds. During the apartheid era political and cultural relations between core and periphery were (are) integral to the fragmentation of South African society and space. Apartheid discourse constantly manipulated social and cultural differences and divisions. These divisions were epitomised by the enforced racial and ethnic partition associated with the Bantustans. By focusing on one Bantustan, namely Bophuthatswana, the thesis shows that complex identities and interests also emerged within these territories. Under the guise of independence various marginal groups sought power and influence through vigorous efforts to create and promote a new national identity. A range of issues are used to identify and emphasise the intersection of two major discourses, ethno-nationalism and modernisation. These serve to illustrate the complex interplay of local and regional characteristics alongside more general processes associated with the changing nature of apartheid. By reference to the creation of the national capital, Mmabatho, the thesis demonstrates the shortcomings and contradictions of this nation-building exercise and of the modernist discourses on which it was based.

Magister Educationis - MEd / There is a continual reaction to educational systems by other social groupings. To a large extend education is determined by persons other than educationalists. The social context has a definite influence on a system of education. In South Africa the different political groupings are reacting to the present educational system. These political groupings each has different political aspirations and expectations. As political aspirations relate closely to educational aspirations, it follows that these political groupings will have different educational aspirations. The political groupings recently exerting the most influence in the educational field in South Africa have been the National Party (NP), the United Democratic Front (UDF) and the Azanian People's Organization (AZAPO). In this research attention is given to the role and influence of these groupings, their educational aspirations, and the degree to which their aspirations are educationally sound. At the outset an attempt is made to determine certain criteria for an educational justifiable educational system. These criteria are used throughout as the standard in terms of which the different aspirations are evaluated. Thereafter each of the groups, the NP, the UDF and AZAPO, is examined individually. To ascertain the educational aspirations of each in the correct perspective, the role each of these groups plays in the educational the political arena is examined. Subsequently aims resulting from the political aims are examined. An extensive literary study was undertaken to inform the research. As education is very topical at present, newspaper reports, magazine and journal articles, as well as relevant research reports and other primary sources have been used in the study. Finally the conclusion is reached that each of the educational aspirations has its strengths and deficiencies and an attempt is made to set a vision for the future.

The apartheid regime represented the official state ideology in South Africa in the time period from 1948 to 1994. The diploma thesis deals with the issue of South Africa's transition to democracy, in particular, it focuses on the role which was played by the United Nations in this process. Its activities can be sorted out into three main phases. The first phase dated between the years 1948 -- 1966 can be distinguished mainly by the key role played by the General Assembly. The second phase which took place in the period 1967 -- 1989 was primarily focused on the international campaign against apartheid and on the adoption of economic sanctions. The final and the most recent phase occurred in the early 90s (1990 -- 1994) and could be characterized by the role of the UN as a mediator of peace negotiations.

Thesis (M.A.)

Thesis (M.A.)

The thesis is about the relationship between State and Church, taking note of alternative relations which existed over the ages. The government of Bophuthatswana declared their state to be Christian. The main emphasis was that the Batswana were religious people who were deeply Christian and thus the state was to become Christian as well. This was not separated from the issue of land which also was seen as a gift from God for them. Winterveld was used as a case study to show how the state was justifying its own actions to discriminate against non-Batswana from obtaining citizenship and denying them access to land. The transition period showed that the church stood on the other side of the fence when it supported changes that were sweeping South Africa and calling for the end of states such as Bophuthatswana. This saw the new secular state of South Africa coming into existence. / Theology & Religion / D. Th. (Church History)

The thesis is about the relationship between State and Church, taking note of alternative relations which existed over the ages. The government of Bophuthatswana declared their state to be Christian. The main emphasis was that the Batswana were religious people who were deeply Christian and thus the state was to become Christian as well. This was not separated from the issue of land which also was seen as a gift from God for them. Winterveld was used as a case study to show how the state was justifying its own actions to discriminate against non-Batswana from obtaining citizenship and denying them access to land. The transition period showed that the church stood on the other side of the fence when it supported changes that were sweeping South Africa and calling for the end of states such as Bophuthatswana. This saw the new secular state of South Africa coming into existence. / Theology and Religion / D. Th. (Church History)

Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)

A higher infant mortality rate and shorter life expectancy, coupled with a high prevalence of a variety of diseases commonly associated with malnutrition, are usually a reflection of the social conditions of poverty in a society. By arguing that apartheid formed the basis of inequality and therefore the main underlying cause of an unacceptable burden of the diseases of poverty among black South Africans, this thesis, Poverty, Health and Disease in the Era of High Apartheid: South Africa, 1948-1976, locates these health problems within their social, economic and political context. It further argues that if health and disease are measures of the effectiveness with which human beings, using the available biological and cultural resources, adapt to their environment, then this relationship underpins the convergence of medical and cultural interests. Under the impact of modern technology and society's dependence upon it, profound cultural changes have taken place and issues of health and the etiology of disease are among the areas most affected by these changes. This thesis explains why, in a pluralistic medical setting, where only modern (scientific) medicine was recognised as legitimate medicine by the apartheid government, for the majority of black South Africans the advent of modern medicine was viewed not so much as displacing indigenous (African) medicine but as increasing the medical options available to them. It is therefore contended here that for most black South Africans, indigenous medicine has played a critical role; it has mitigated the impact of apartheid medicine. Since differences that people perceive in these two medical systems are crucial to the medical choices that they make at the onset of illness, this thesis argues that knowing and understanding the reasons for making such choices would not only have practical value for health authorities in their efforts to improve local, regional and national health service delivery, but would also contribute to a general understanding of human therapy-seeking behaviour in this age of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. / History / Thesis (D. Litt. et Phil. (History))