Credit risk models widely used in the financial market nowadays assume that losses are normally distributed and have linear dependence. Nevertheless it is well known that asset returns (loans included) are not normally distributed and present tail dependence. Therefore the traditional approaches are not able to capture possible stronger association among higher losses and tend to underestimate the probability of joint extreme losses. Copula functions are an alternative to overcome this drawback since they yield accurate dependence measures regardless of the distribution of the variables analysed. This technique was first applied to credit risk in 2000 but the studies in this field have been concentrated on corporate debt and derivatives. We filled this gap in the literature by employing copulas to estimate the dependence among consumer loans. In an empirical study based on a credit card portfolio of a large UK bank, we found evidence that standard models are misspecified as the dependence across default rates in the dataset is seldom expressed by the (Gaussian) copula implicit in those models. The comparison between estimations of joint high default rates from the conventional approach and from the best-fit copulas confirmed the superiority of the latter method. The initial investigation concerning pairs of credit segments was extended to groups of three segments with the purpose of accounting for potential heterogeneous dependence within the portfolio. To do so, we introduced vine copulas (combinations of bivariate copulas to form high-dimension copulas) to credit risk and the empirical estimations of simultaneous excessive defaults based on this technique were better than both the estimations from the pairwise copulas and from the conventional models. Another contribution of this work concerns the application of copulas to a method derived from the limited credit models: the calculation of the capital required to cover unexpected losses in financial institutions. Two models were proposed and, according to simulations, outperformed the current method (Basel) in most of the scenarios considered.

This thesis deals with the regulatory rules issued by the so-called. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It is an informal organization without legal personality, which operates at the Bank for International Settlements, and her published documents lack legally binding. This work has focused on two areas of activity of the Basel Committee - capital adequacy and corporate governance in the banking sector. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is a leading authority in the field of banking regulation, which dates back to the mid-70s of the 20th century. The Basel Committee is composed of the governors of the central banks of the member states and organizations and currently represents a major authority in the banking, because the content of the documents of the Basel Committee incorporated into their legal systems for more than 100 countries worldwide. Basel Committee began issuing complex documents capital adequacy in July 1988, when the first document was posted under the abbreviated name of Basel I. Although it was a very imperfect adjustment and largely based on compromises rather than deeper analysis, Basel I meant the first major step towards supranational control of the capital adequacy of banks in order to eliminate the risks arising from their activities. Although, as with other...

Diplomová práce se zabývá přínosy a dopady nové směrnice pro výpočet kapitálového požadavku Basel II do procesů českých bank. Práce popisuje jednotlivé přístupy k měření kreditního, operačního a stručně i tržního rizika. Stěžejní část diplomové práce tvoří metodický popis vývoje scoringového modelu, splňující požadavky Basel II, pro výpočet pravděpodobnosti defaultu a jeho samotná konstrukce nad reálnými daty poskytnutými společností ČSOB Leasing a.s. Praktické využití diplomové práce je v oblasti řízení rizika a v procesu schvalování zákaznických smluv v leasingových společnostech.

The aim of this paper which is called "Competition in Regulation: Implementation of BASEL II in Canada" is to analyze the introduction of Basel Rules in the banking sector in Canada. The goal is to prove that the economical stability, high concentration of the banking sector and a simple system of regulation and supervision can be a competitive advantage for a banking market. The analysis is based on the comparison of the implementation of BASEL II in Canada, the USA and the European Union.

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The New Basel Capital Accord implementation, is similar to announced the bank management manages approaching of the new century. The money market globalization tendency, the bank surface risk management focal point changed the globalization risk management, covers the different physiographic region and the different product category, the risk management just like becomes the core ability and the strategy superiority is at. Modern finance risk management, some several tendencies: 1.The financial risk management by board of directors direct supervising and managing, and formulates a set of risk management strategy by it. 2.The risk management overhead construction and the organization, have highly the independence, does not subordinate any administrative department, but is directly operates by the board of directors. 3.The present risk management of, performs the different department the conformity, by quota processing, needs massive technology of aspect the and so on uses measurement, statistics. 4.When in 2006 The New Basel Capital Accord execution, the financial overseeing unit proposed the risk management overseeing mechanism, and request financial organ itself also must have overhead construction of the overseeing. 5.Weeding through the old to bring forth the new of the growing commodity, the risk controls the tube to be allowed to borrow by the growing commodity design or the reform, is dispersible the risk. 6.The risk management and the IT technology unify, also for inevitable trend.

Frågeställning: Vilken betydelse har faktorerna: reporänta, regelverk, kreditrisk och konkurrens för bankernas räntesättningsprocess? Hur kommer den nuvarande negativa reporäntan påverka bankernas utlåningsränta till företag? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för bankernas räntesättningsprocess, detta för att förstå samt förklara vilken betydelse de ovan nämnda faktorerna har i denna process. Vidare vill vi undersöka hur stor påverkan den negativa reporäntan har gentemot utlåningsräntor. Metod: Uppsatsen baseras på en kvalitativ metod, där insamling av primärdata grundar sig på intervjuer med banker. Studentlitteratur samt vetenskapliga artiklar används för att stödja referensramen. Slutsats: Kreditrisken har en avgörande roll för bankernas primära inkomstkälla. Konkurrens har även den en betydelse för räntesättningsprocessen. Reporäntan och regelverk har i sin tur en mer indirekt påverkan vid räntesättningen av utlåningsräntor.Den negativa reporäntan har en stor betydelse för STIBOR som i sin tur påverkar bankernas räntesättning. Bankerna kan i dagsläget hantera de kostnader som uppkommit av reporäntan utan att påverka sina kunder negativt. / <p>VG</p>

The financial crisis of 2007 until today affected the banking industry to a large extent. Many banks failed or got bailed out by governments. To protect against banking failures and new financial crises the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) has reviewed, renewed and extended the banking regulations. The result is a framework for banking regulations called Basel III. This study examines the Basel III framework and its potential effect on protecting the banks. The study answers the question: if Basel III may protect against new banking failures. The study has used a qualitative approach. The theoretical framework has been built up by the use of the literature review. Literature has mainly been found by use of the university library’s online databases. For the empirical results interviews were made with banks and supervisors from Sweden and from Finland to see their view on the emerging framework. The views of supervisors and banks are that Basel III should have tougher requirements than it now has. The capital requirements are seen as too low and the risk-weights are criticized not to reflect the reality. Supervisors are still positive and believe that Basel III will give a better protection, but it will not fully protect against failures. Banks have a similar view, some are positive and believe that it will give a better protection while others do not think it will protect against failures any better.

Research issue: The transition from Basel II to Basel III becomes consuming for banks, financially. But Basel III should be profitably for financial market economy. Risks in the financial world is very complex. Is Basel III is sufficient to manage risk and future crises Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the application of Basel II and the transition to Basel III in Sweden with the banking system in focus. Method: The study has a qualitative research methodology for the collection of empirical data. The study is based on interviews with four large banks of Sweden (Swedbank, SEB, Nordea, Handelsbanken) and with Finansinspektionen. We also used previous studies, books and rapports. Conclusions: Basel has no direct connection to the profitability of the banks. The translation to Basel III was an obvious step for a more stable financial market. With Basel III it became more expensive for the banks; the more cost the less returns and hence led dividends for shareholders. But the banks will not bear the costs themselves, the costumers will get affected. Banks have begun to adapt to Basel III. There are requirements to save equity immediately not only in crisis. Which leads to the return is not likely to be lowered at bad times.