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Koncepce regulace a dohledu ovlivňuje nejen profil účastníků finančního trhu, ale zejména charakter jejich jednání. Variant, jak ji institucionálně uchopit, potom existuje celá řada. Ať už je dané uspořádání jakékoli, musí reflektovat jednak výchozí parametry finančního systému, jednak aktuální tržní dění. V podmínkách České republiky usiluje o zdraví, stabilitu, účinnost, transparentnost a bezpečnost finančního prostředí Česká národní banka, v jejímž rámci byl výkon veškerých regulatorně-dohledových aktivit soustředěn k 1. dubnu 2006.

Au cours des siècles passés, la plupart des pays émergents, ont connu de graves crises bancaires. Depuis lors, ces pays nécessitent pour tant une attention particulière étant donné qu’ils sont caractérises par des marches financiers sous développes, une opacité accrue au sein de systèmes bancaires fragiles, un volume important de créances douteuses et litigieuses et parfois un environnement légal, institutionnel et réglementaire inadéquat. De là s'est posée la question sur le rôle de la réglementation bancaire comme un mécanisme indispensable pour prévenir le risque systémique, pour éviter les conséquences négatives de paniques et au maintien de la stabilité financière. Ce qui nous amène dans un premier temps, à étudier les causes et les facteurs explicatifs de la fragilité du système bancaire dans les pays émergents. Ensuite, nous citons une revue de la littérature théorique sur les fondements de la crise bancaire. Dans un second temps, nous présentons les fondements théoriques de la réglementation bancaire et son évolution. Suit à l’étude des aspects théoriques sur les fondements de la réglementation bancaire, nous allons étudier les effets de cadre réglementaire et du supervisons sur la probabilité d’occurrence des crises bancaires dans les pays émergents. Ensuite, nous effectuons une analyse descriptive des spécificités réglementaires et de supervision des secteurs bancaires dans les pays émergents, sur 21 pays d’Asie de l’Est, d’Europe et Asie centrale, et de Moyen orient et Afrique de Nord. Afin de compléter cette étude, nous réalisons un modèle Logit pour déterminer les variables explicatives de supervision et de réglementation qui expliquent le plus les crises bancaires. / Most of the emerging countries have experienced severe banking crises over the centuries which require them now to pay more attention. These countries are characterized by underdeveloped financial markets, increased opacity in fragile banking systems, a huge amount of bad and doubtful debts, and sometimes an inadequate legal, institutional and regulatory environment. This rises up the question of the role of banking regulation as an essential mechanism needed to prevent systemic risk, and to avoid the negative consequences of maintaining a financial stability. Seeking the answer for the latter question, we study here the causes and factors that explain well the fragility of the banking system in emerging countries, including a literature study on the theoretical foundations of the banking crisis, and the evolution of banking regulation. Moreover, a study on the effects of regulatory framework, and oversee of the banking crises probability in emerging markets is presented. Later, we perform a descriptive analysis of the specific regulatory and supervision of banking systems in emerging countries. This includes 21 countries from Europe East and Central, South Asia, and North Africa. Finally, we introduce a new logit model to determine the predictions of supervision and regulation that explain most of the banking crises in the presented countries.

This work concentrates on the issue of capital adequacy of banks. Inadequate capital base of the banking sector is often referred to as one of the causes of the latest financial crisis. Such topic is currently very actual. Even banking regulators pay high attention to this topic. In my thesis I focus on legal and economic aspects of this topic. It is typical for the banking sector that banks operate with much more leverage effect than enterprises belonging to other sectors. Therefore, I focus on the root cause of this phenomenon in the third chapter. I assess the bank indebtedness using the theory of optimal capital structure and I also address the relations between economic and regulatory capital. In the fourth chapter I focus on the concept of capital adequacy and its comparison with leverage indicator. The next chapter concentrates on the development of regulatory minimum capital adequacy standards developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, known as Basel I and Basel II. The last but one chapter focuses on the latest regulatory rules Basel III governing the capital adequacy of banks and their legal implementation. Final chapter analyzes the impact of Basel III rules on the capital structure of banks in the European Union and the Czech Republic. A separate part of the chapter is...

This thesis focuses on consequences of the full implementation of Basel III regulations and what impact it will have on the banking sector. The purpose of Basel III is to replace Basel II as a global regulatory standard, because of its predecessor's flaws, such as the amplifying of banks' procyclicality, overreliance on credit rating agencies or the incentive to securitize its assets. The examination of Basel III regulations has shown that the most difficult task for banks would be to raise the capital for increased requirements and implementation of liquidity ratios. This will undoubtedly change the behaviour of banks. Using the panel data model, we will analyze the relationship between the changes in regulatory capital and our dependent variables, which consist of change in interest rates, change in the amount of loans granted and the change of stability of a bank, in countries from the Visegrad Four, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. Using estimated coefficients from our regression, we examine whether there will be unintended negative effects of Basel III implementation and whether there will be an increase in a stability of banks.

<p>This study examines the effects of credit risk and information disclosure in the new bank regulating system Basel II on bank and bank customer. The effects are then discussed in a perspective of the economic man and information asymmetric theories. Furthermore is the Basel II effects on the capital adequacy of Andelsbanken för Åland examined.</p><p>The approach of the study is qualitative and several interviews with individuals on different levels of the examined bank, Andelsbanken för Åland, have been carried out during the collecting of empirical facts about the effects of the regulating change from the Basel I system to Basel II.</p><p>The research findings are as follows:</p><ul><li>Andelsbanken för Åland have increased its capital adequacy ratio from 12,7 percent to 14,4 percent, mostly due to lower risk weights on housing mortgages compared to Basel I. </li><li>Andelsbanken för Åland have started to use a completely new credit risk and customer assessment system which classifies every customer and gives them a credit rating. The system cause a much heavier information gathering of the customers profile as well as a much better assessment of risk than the previous system, which the bank finds positive. The new system also cause differentiated pricing on loans. Additionally it has contributed to a renovation of the bank. The bank has also started to publish more information about its risk-taking and management. </li><li>Bank customers have to release much more information about themselves and their life, economically as well as personally during a more extensive interview in the credit process. The differentiated pricing cause interest rates to differ based on the customers rating. As an effect of the higher disclosure of bank information, customers can better compare banks. This effect is of greater importance for the bank customers that have depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance. </li><li>The new credit risk and customer assessment system is a rational development due to the new Basel II-rules. Without these rules the development wouldn’t have been rational due to high costs and the traditional pricing of loans. The higher disclosure on risk taking and management cause incentives for the bank to handle these better. </li><li>Bank customers today have higher incentives to better mange the aspects that are included in their rating due to the differentiated pricing on loans. Furthermore they, especially them with depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance, have greater incentives to compare banks due to the higher disclosure of bank information. </li><li>The more extensive information gathering of the customers profile as well as the higher disclosure of bank information have lowered the level of asymmetric information in the banks process of credit granting and the customers choice of bank, making these two more effective. </li></ul>

This study examines the effects of credit risk and information disclosure in the new bank regulating system Basel II on bank and bank customer. The effects are then discussed in a perspective of the economic man and information asymmetric theories. Furthermore is the Basel II effects on the capital adequacy of Andelsbanken för Åland examined. The approach of the study is qualitative and several interviews with individuals on different levels of the examined bank, Andelsbanken för Åland, have been carried out during the collecting of empirical facts about the effects of the regulating change from the Basel I system to Basel II. The research findings are as follows: Andelsbanken för Åland have increased its capital adequacy ratio from 12,7 percent to 14,4 percent, mostly due to lower risk weights on housing mortgages compared to Basel I. Andelsbanken för Åland have started to use a completely new credit risk and customer assessment system which classifies every customer and gives them a credit rating. The system cause a much heavier information gathering of the customers profile as well as a much better assessment of risk than the previous system, which the bank finds positive. The new system also cause differentiated pricing on loans. Additionally it has contributed to a renovation of the bank. The bank has also started to publish more information about its risk-taking and management. Bank customers have to release much more information about themselves and their life, economically as well as personally during a more extensive interview in the credit process. The differentiated pricing cause interest rates to differ based on the customers rating. As an effect of the higher disclosure of bank information, customers can better compare banks. This effect is of greater importance for the bank customers that have depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance. The new credit risk and customer assessment system is a rational development due to the new Basel II-rules. Without these rules the development wouldn’t have been rational due to high costs and the traditional pricing of loans. The higher disclosure on risk taking and management cause incentives for the bank to handle these better. Bank customers today have higher incentives to better mange the aspects that are included in their rating due to the differentiated pricing on loans. Furthermore they, especially them with depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance, have greater incentives to compare banks due to the higher disclosure of bank information. The more extensive information gathering of the customers profile as well as the higher disclosure of bank information have lowered the level of asymmetric information in the banks process of credit granting and the customers choice of bank, making these two more effective.

Baselregelverket är en samling rekommendationer och riktlinjer som syftar till att skapa global finansiell stabilitet. Det gällande regelverket, Basel II, riktar sig till kreditinstitut och andra värdepappersbolag i de länder som har valt att införliva regelverket i nationell lag. Basel II införlivades i svensk rätt i början av 2007 och därmed har regelverket blivit bindande för svenska banker.   Basel II stipulerar att banker ska använda internt utvecklade modeller för att utvärdera risk och kapitaltäckning samt fastställer att denna utvärdering ska användas för beslutsfattande i den dagliga verksamheten. Regelverkets krav har bland annat resulterat i ökad bolagsstyrning då utvecklandet av strategier och kontrollsystem för sådana typer av riskmodeller är något som sker på hög organisatorisk nivå, vid bankens huvudkontor. Problematiken i detta är att implementeringen av ett regelverk som influerar bankens organisationsstruktur blir en svårhanterlig fråga och får stor inverkan på arbetet för anställda med operativa befattningar.    Denna studie syftar till att genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda på operativ nivå vid fyra svenska banker skapa insikt i vilket inflytande regleringar, som Basel II, har på motivation i arbetet. Fynden indikerar att regleringar som medför förändring i arbete på operativ nivå kan influera motivationen om de anställda inte förstår syftet. Utifrån de anställdas uppfattningar kan vi påvisa att kommunikation och ledarskap spelar en avgörande roll för hur anställdas kommer uppleva sådana regleringars inverkan. Med avseende på detta resultat görs tolkningen att kommunikation och ledarskap bör anpassas utifrån de anställdas tidigare erfarenheter och kunskaper för att inte förändring i arbetet ska ge upphov till otillfredsställelse på grund av bristande förståelse. / The Basel Accords are a collection of recommendations and regulations aimed to establish a global financial stability. Basel II is directed towards credit institution and investment firms in those countries that have chosen to incorporate the regulations in national law. In Sweden the Basel II was incorporated in the Swedish law at the beginning of 2007, and since then the Basel II has became binding for the Swedish banks.   Basel II stipulates that banks must use in-house developed models to evaluate risks and capital requirement, and defines that the evaluations must be used in decision making in the daily work. The requirements defined by the regulations increase the corporate governance since the development of strategies and control systems for such risk models is done on a high organizational level, at the bank’s head office. The dilemma in this is that the implementation of the regulation, which influences the organizational structure of the bank, becomes a difficult question to manage, and it delivers a huge impact on the employees with operative tasks.   Through eight semi-structured interviews with employees with operative tasks at four Swedish banks, it is the purpose of this study to create an insight into what influence regulations, such as Basel II, have on the motivation at work. The findings indicate that regulations, which bring changes to work on operative level, can affect the motivation if the employees do not understand the purpose. Based on the views of the employees we can show that communication and leadership play a decisive role for how the employees will experience the influence of such regulations. Regarding this result the interpretation is that communication and leadership should be based on the employees’ previously experiences and knowledge, to prevent that change in work will cause dissatisfaction because of defective understanding.

Problem and purpose: The authors were interested in studying how large Swedish banks managed liquidity risks when facing the financial crisis of 2008 and whether the implementation of Basel II framework had an impact on the major Swedish banks' capital adequacy. Furthermore, the authors intend to examine how, based on the analysis of the implementation of Basel II, the introduction of Basel III will affect major Swedish banks' liquidity in the future. Method: The essay is written from a quantitative approach and has a deductive perspective. Data was collected from the annual reports of the selected banks to later use relevant theories to analyze the work. Theory: This part of the essay presents relevant theories, a detailed description of the Basel regulatory framework and its requirements, rules for capital adequacy and to relevant key to achieve the Basel regulatory requirements are considered. Furthermore the authors present criticism of the Basel framework and a summary of the key theoretical points to be used for analyzing empirical data. Empirical: In this chapter the data collected from selected banks is presented and processed. Conclusion: The essay authors present the deficiencies and weaknesses that make the Basel II regulatory framework inadequate for the Swedish financial market. Essay authors also present their opinions regarding how the latest form of the Basel regulations could have a more significant influence on the long-term stability of Swedish banks and how this may increase protection against potential liquidity risks.