The aim of this dissertation is to provide a global perspective of language contact in the Basque region of Rioja Alavesa. In this largely Spanish-speaking monolingual community, an incipient process of language change is occurring. The Basque language is being reintroduced in the area, mainly through the education system. This research seeks to analyze the effects of such language revitalization efforts implemented by the regional government of the Basque Autonomous Community in a traditionally non-Basque speaking area. For that purpose, aspects such as language competence and use, attitudes towards bilingualism and Basque, perceptions of language vitality and identity issues are examined. Chapter One introduces definitions and distinctions related to bilingualism and multilingualism. Terms and concepts relevant to this study are explained and discussed. Chapter Two and Three describe the bilingual situations in the Basque Country and Wales respectively. In chapter Two the geographical, linguistic and historical background is provided, and the situation of the Basque language is examined in detail. This supplies a contextμalization for the research. The description of bilingualism in Wales serves as a comparison with the Basque situation, with the aim of providing a wider perspective to the issues examined in this thesis. Chapter Four presents the methodology and procedures employed in the research investigation. The research tools include quantitative and qualitative methods. Individuals' perceptions of the situation of language contact in Rioja Alavesa were analyzed through interviews and observation work. Questionnaires were used to assess secondary and upper-secondary school students from the region. The results of the research investigation are examined in chapters Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine and Ten. Chapter Five introduces the interviews and the observation work carried out in the winter of 2001 in Rioja Alavesa. Chapter Six presents the overall results of the questionnaires, and sets the foundation for further research. In chapters Seven, Eight and Nine, comparisons between students are made, according to their bilingual teaching model, gender, age, and ability to speak Basque. Chapter Ten introduces a model of language contact in Rioja Alavesa. Chapter Eleven provides a summary of this thesis. It reviews the main aims of the thesis, and determines the originality of the research. Moreover, it discusses the major finding of the research and makes suggestions for further research. The limitations of the research are described next. Finally, the chapter examines implications of the research for language change in Rioja Alavesa.

This thesis will explore how divisions within ethno-nationalist communities affect nationalist/separatist movements. While some scholars characterize ethno-nationalist groups as homogeneous social and political units, through the examination of the Basque community in Spain as a case study, I will show that there exists a considerable plurality of interests within ethno-nationalist movements. This study highlights intra-group divisions based on regionalism, immigration, and ideology and argues for a more nuanced approached to the study of ethno-nationalist groups. / Master of Arts

This dissertation examines the ways in which a youth radical culture developed in the Basque Country after the Spanish Transition from Francoism to a democratic state in the late seventies and early eighties. In the midst of a conflict between national hegemonies, Basque Radical Culture emerges as an exodus away from that hegemonic struggle without an abandonment of politics (such as other youth "movidas" proposed in the Spanish State at the time). On the contrary, Basque radical youths, through self-organization and opposition to hegemonic mores, created a space on the edge of the social matrix defined by two competing legitimacies: Basque Nationalism and the celebratory discourse of the Democratic Spanish State. The main questions I address are how to approach a phenomenon that is imbued with the effects and affects of conflicting accounts of the nation; how radical culture subverts the totalizing tendencies of hegemonic narratives; and, finally, how radical culture operates as a limit of society that dispels the triumphant historical accounts of the Spanish Transition, yet also confronts Basque Nationalism and its contradictions. As an edge of the social space, Basque Radical Culture will engage with the ruins of both Spanish Democracy and Basque Nationalism at the time of Globalization. Since Basque Radical Culture has the effect of mobilizing repressive apparatuses of both the State and the Basque Autonomous regional government, the processes that criminalize radical culture will illustrate how political institutions try to eliminate any exception that neutralizes their illusions of hegemony, thus undermining the democratic quality of the political system. I will analyze these problems through a theoretical approach and a variety of music, occupations of public space, stories and histories that, rather than maintaining the political overdetermination of Basque social space, propose a critique of how that determination works in order to maintain the social fantasies of Basque Nationalism and Spanish Statalism. I will study heterogeneous objects such as punk rock music, alternative culture memoirs, and the occupation of public space in order to reconstruct a radical politics outside hegemonic struggles to gain control of institutional politics. / Dissertation

<p>The aim of this essay is to examine the background to the ongoing conflict between Spain and Basque. The conflicting parts and the opportunities of an agreement regarding a permanent cease-fire will also be examined. I chose to write about this conflict due to the fact that it has been going on for a long time, and is still going on.</p><p>In order to be able to conduct the survey of this essay I have studied a wide range of books, reports from different institutions, and articles. I have strived for objectivity and to retail a fair description of the situation.</p><p>To get a better understanding of the conflict the essay starts with history of conflict which has its beginning in the fifteenth century. Further on the essay is going to examine the conflicting parts that exist nowadays, and also the acting of different Basque political groups and the acting of the Spanish government. The essay is concluded with an analysis where discussions are made about the possibilities of making an agreement that suits all parties that are included in the conflict. This part of the conclusion will be investigated through a theory that is called the conflict triangle, and is developed by Johan Galtung. The model used in this essay is developed and uses a coordination system which is used to get a better understanding of how to resolve conflicts and is frequently used when addressing conflicts.</p><p>The conclusion made in the essay is that the conflicting parts are mostly the terror organisation, ETA, since the Basque political parties cannot reach consensus between them in the matter of how to act in order to fulfil their goals. Due to the fact that there is no consensus the parties do not act, only ETA acts. After looking at the empirical material through Johan Galtung’s theory, it is difficult to say how to possibilities of coming to an agreement are.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2001. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-215). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008. / "August 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 393-410). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2009]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Texte remanié de: Tesis doctoral--Facultad de Ciencias sociales y de la comunicación--Universidad del País Vasco, 1995. / Notes bibliogr. Bibliogr. p. 723-776. Chronologie.

Au Pays Basque de France, le nombre de bascophones ne cesse de diminuer. Pour autant, les dernières enquêtes sociolinguistiques présentent, chez les plus jeunes générations, une progression du nombre de locuteurs. Ce phénomène est en grande partie lié à la scolarisation en basque qui ne cesse de se développer. Entre les rentrées scolaires de 2004 et de 2016, les trois filières principales de l'enseignement en basque (bilingue publique, bilingue privée et immersion en ikastola) ont connu une augmentation de leurs effectifs de 68% tandis que le nombre d'enfants scolarisés au Pays Basque de France n'augmentait que de 6%. À l'heure où les échanges mondiaux favorisent l'acquisition de langues internationales, le succès de l'apprentissage d'une langue régionale interroge. Dans le cadre d'une intervention sociologique (qui a consisté à réunir 5 fois, durant près de deux heures, 5 groupes d’une dizaine de participants), nous avons, avec des parents ayant scolarisé leurs enfants en basque, analysé leurs pratiques. Nous avons ainsi pu définir le sens social de ce choix qui leur semblait a priori évident et personnel. En plus d’une volonté de s'inscrire dans la transmission de cette langue identitaire ou du fait de bénéficier des avantages liés au bilinguisme précoce, les parents rencontrés donnent une dimension plus militante à leur choix, dimension sous-tendue notamment par des principes universels (égalité des langues, respect des cultures, préservation du patrimoine mondial, etc.). Mais cet engouement pour la scolarisation en basque peut aussi se comprendre comme la volonté d'être acteur d'un nouveau projet social. Il apparaît que le choix de la scolarisation en basque n’est pas porté par une seule motivation mais relève d'une expérience sociale qui combine ces différentes logiques d'action. Nous cherchons dans cette thèse à identifier et analyser la pluralité des motivations évoquées par les parents, et à comprendre les liens qui les unissent dans une même expérience sociale. / In French Basque Country, the number of Basque speakers keeps decreasing. Yet, the last socio-linguistic surveys show that the number of speakers increases among the youngest generations. Such a growth is partly related to the growing enrolment of children in schools in Basque. Between the school years 2004 and 2016, the three main branches of schooling in Basque (the public one, the private one, and the immersive one in ikastola) show a dramatic increase of 68% of the number of pupils in French Basque Country, whereas the total number of pupils increases by 6% only. While globalisation strengthens international languages, the growing popularity for placing young children in schools in Basque in order to acquire a regional language is challenging.Thanks to a sociological intervention (which consisted in bringing together 5 groups of about 10 parents, and meeting them 5 times each, for 2 hours) we co-analysed the practices of parents who decided to place their children in schools in Basque. This way, we defined the social meaning of their choice, which, at first, could appear obvious and personal to them.The parents involved in the sociological intervention want to take part in the transmission of an identity-sensitive language. They want to take advantage of an exposure to a bilingual learning from an early age. But they also show a sort of activism by assuming universal principals (such as equality between languages, respect for cultures, preservation of the world’s heritage, etc.). Finally, the will to take an active part in a new social project can also be considered as a driver of the desire to place their children in schools in Basque.It appears that the choice to place children in schools in Basque is never driven by a single reason only. The motivation stems from a sociological experience that articulates the different logics previously mentioned. Here, we look for identifying and analysing the diversity of the reasons the parents give, and understanding the system that relates those reasons in a same social experience.

Inaug.-Diss.--Würzburg. / Lebenslauf. "Schrifttum": 4th prelim. leaf (2 p. ).

This thesis demonstrates the powerful relationship between ethnicity, culture, nation and state in the Basque Country and the Former Yugoslavia. In placing Basque and Yugoslav sub-state nationalism in comparative relief this study argues that political state or autonomy seeking behavior on the basis of an ethnically defined or imagined community continues to have powerful contemporary salience. Furthermore when situated within the literature on nationalism, these two cases suggest that the theoretical literature needs to be reworked beyond the positions of Anthony Smith and Ernest Gellner. The endurance of cultural claims to a political state suggests that the connection between ethnicity and the nation is stronger then many contemporary observers have suggested. It is argued that the cultural, political and territorial rights of sub-state nations are likely to remain highly divisive sites of historical, cultural and political contestation. As a force, nationalism is by no means relegated to the past by cosmopolitanism or a ‘post-national’ shift as a number of high profile commentators in the contemporary social sciences have argued. Rather, it remains an active and powerful idea that will continue to shape the sociopolitical landscape of human societies into the twenty-first century as it has the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.