This work focuses on the solar cell based on the heterostructure formed between Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) and Cadmium Sulfide (CdS). Two different fabrication techniques were used for depositing the organic and inorganic layers of CuPc and CdS layers respectively. CuPc was deposited by electrodeposition while CdS was deposited by chemical bath deposition. Hybrid CdS/CuPc thin films were obtained from CdS films grown on Glass/ITO by chemical bath deposition followed by electrodeposition of CuPc onto these films and annealing at 250˚C after the deposition of each layer. The maximum open circuit voltage (Voc) and the short circuit current density (Jsc) obtained for this heterojunction solar cell are 0.59v and 0.7mA/cm2 respectively and these are the highest values achieved in literature till date. The materials characteristics and electrical performances of the device were analyzed. The effect of increasing the thickness of CuPc and CdS on the short circuit current density and open circuit voltage were also investigated.

Syftet med arbetet är att beskriva och analysera hur finländarna upplever bastubadandets påverkan på livskvaliteten. Frågeställning är hur upplever finländaren att det starkt kulturbundna och vardagliga bastubadandet påverkar deras hälsa med tonvikt på livskvalitet? Finlands befolkning är ca. 5,1 miljoner invånare och det finns över 2 miljoner bastun (Statistikcentralen 2004). Finländaren badar bastu i medeltal 1-2 gånger i veckan. (Nyholm opublicerat material) Bastun har alltid varit en del av det finska levnadssättet. Den hör traditionellt till den finska kulturen och är en älskad nationell stolthet. I den finska traditionen har bastun använts för hälsa, arbetsförmåga och hygien (Tähkä et al. 1970). Datainsamling sker via intervju. Som intervjumetod väljes den i antropologin använda kvalitativa The long interview (McCracken 1988). Intervjumetoden beskrivs i fyra steg: Genomgång av analytiska kategorier, genomgång av kulturella kategorier, upptäckande av kulturella kategorier och upptäckande av analytiska kategorier. Metoden tillåter forskaren att utnyttja kompetensen av sin egen kultur. Det leder till mera relevanta frågeställningar, mera kompetent lyssnande och datainsamling med en ökad sensitivitet. En syntes av det teoretiska perspektivet, litteraturgenomgången och intervjuerna har lett till följande hypoteser som enligt forskningsdesignen kan testas vid ett senare forskningstillfälle: Bastun tillhör det finska levnadssättet. De flesta finländare använder bastu som preventivt, hälsofrämjande och som vård av olika krämpor. Bastu har en positiv inverkan på den fysiska, psykiska och sociala hälsan och därmed på livskvaliteten. Bastubadandet är en kulturupplevelse. Bastubadandet är i rätt miljö en naturupplevelse. Ritualer i bastubadande ger trygghet / The overall aim of the study is to describe and analyse how the Finns experience of the sauna affects their quality of life. The study question is how Finns experience the culturally significant sauna bathing affect their health with emphasize on quality of life. The Finnish population is approx. 5,1 million inhabitants and there are more than 2 million saunas (Statistikcentralen 2004). The Finns take a sauna on average 1-2 times a week. (Nyholm, unpublihshed material) Sauna has always been a part of the Finnish way of life. Traditionally it belongs to the Finnish culture and is a dearly loved source of national pride. Traditionally the sauna has been used for health, capacity for work and hygiene. (Tähkä et al. 1970). The method used is The long interview (McCracken 1988). The method can be described in four steps: Review of Analytic Categories, Review of Cultural Categories, Discovery of Cultural Categories and Discovery of Analytic Categories. This method allows investigators to exploit familiarity with their own culture so that they may design better questions, listen more skilfully and analyze data with greater sensitivity. A synthesis of the theoretical perspective, review of the literature and the interviews can be summarised by the following statements: Sauna is part of the Finnish way of life. Most Finns use the sauna as preventive, promotive and as a cure for different ailments. The sauna has a positive effect on physical, psychological and social health and therefore on the quality of life. The sauna is a cultural experience. Taking a sauna can be a way of experiencing nature. The rituals around sauna give a feeling of security. / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-17-7</p>

The topic of this thesis is the palaestrae of Roman Africa. Although many examples of palaestrae have been found in North Africa, there has never been a study solely focused on these facilities. They have usually been considered only in the context of Roman baths and as features of bath buildings. This thesis examines palaestrae in a new light and analyzes their role as athletic facilities within the sporting culture of Roman Africa. The Roman provinces of North Africa have yielded a particularly rich body of evidence for athletic games and festivals, making this region ideal for studying this topic. The concern of the thesis is twofold. The first issue is the design and construction of palaestrae in Roman Africa. There is discussion of their form, of construction techniques, and of their place in the overall design of baths. The second issue is how their form relates to function. There is a discussion of how palaestrae accommodated athletic activities, such as training and competition. The thesis concludes that palaestrae in Roman Africa were an important part of local athletic culture, used for training and possibly for competition. Greek and Roman models influenced their design, but climate played a significant role. Great effort was made to ensure these buildings were kept cool, not only by placing them in less exposed areas but also by insulating them from the heated rooms of the baths. Local resources and building techniques were important factors in their construction. This thesis includes a gazetteer of palaestra sites in Roman Africa and a catalogue of all inscriptions relevant to the use of palaestrae. / Classical Archaeology

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertaPS_TESE.pdf: 725752 bytes, checksum: 89aae53381c4b2b5a17db2ed25050531 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions / Os metais pesados s?o utilizados em muitos processos industriais e, quando descartados ao meio ambiente, podem ocasionar efeitos prejudiciais aos seres vivos, tornando-se um s?rio problema ambiental. Muitos m?todos usados para o tratamento de efluentes t?m sido apresentados na literatura, mas muitos deles possuem alto custo e baixa efici?ncia. O processo de adsor??o vem sendo utilizado como eficaz para a remo??o de ?ons met?licos. Neste trabalho s?o apresentados estudos para avaliar a capacidade de adsor??o da vermiculita, como adsorvente para a remo??o de metais pesados em solu??o sint?tica. Realizou-se, inicialmente,a caracteriza??o do mineral vermiculita natural por diferentes t?cnicas: an?lise da ?rea espec?fica superficial pelo m?todo de BET, difra??o de raios-X, Fluoresc?ncia de raiosX, Espectroscopia na regi?o de infravermelho, an?lise granulom?trica a laser e densidade espec?fica. As caracter?sticas f?sicas apresentadas pelo material foram adequadas para o estudo de adsor??o. De posse das an?lises de caracteriza??o foram executados ensaios de adsor??o, pelo m?todo de banho finito para solu??es sint?ticas dos metais cobre, n?quel, c?dmio, chumbo e zinco. Os resultados demonstraram que a vermiculita possui elevado potencial de adsor??o, removendo praticamente 100% dos ?ons e apresentando valores para a capacidade de remo??o, com cerca de 85 ppm de metal em solu??o, de 8,09 mg/g para o c?dmio, 8,39 mg/g para o cobre, 8,40 mg/g para o chumbo, 8,26 mg/g para o Zinco e 8,38 mg/g de n?quel. Os pontos experimentais se ajustam aos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Os dados cin?ticos mostraram melhor correla??o com a equa??o de velocidade de pseudosegunda ordem. Paralelamente ao estudo da capacidade de adsor??o do mineral vermiculita, foi realizado o estudo da competi??o dos metais entre si, onde os resultados demonstraram que a presen?a de v?rios metais em solu??o n?o influenciam na sua remo??o em baixas concentra??es, removendo aproximadamente 100% de todos os metais presentes nas solu??es

The main aim of the thesis is to define creative accounting and describe selected techniques, which can be encountered in real life, including with their effect on accounting reports. For proper understanding of the issues this thesis also defines accounting in accordance with applicable laws and standards. However, the technique of creative accounting is the result of work of people who are part of an interest group which aims to present the status of the company in a distorted form. For this reason ethics in accounting is also a part of this thesis. The practical part of the work is focused on creative accounting practices and their implications are presented with examples. These examples are accompanied by diagrams presenting the impact of the respective values on selected accounting reports and include explanatory comments.

This master‘s thesis deals with a design construction of a bath body and an opening rear face for a dedicated tractor trailer MEGA EASY. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to create research and concept of the bath body and the rear face, to design mechanism for opening the rear face and to compute the construction using the finite element method. Additionally, this master’s thesis includes selected technical drawings.

Resumo: A maioria dos casos de fraturas ósseas é utilizada nas cirurgias, implantes ortopédicos de osteossíntese (placa-parafuso e parafusos) confeccionados em aço inoxidável austeníticos, devido à sua baixa relação custo-benefício. As infecções associadas aos implantes de osteossintese estão relacionadas com o crescimento de microrganismos em biofilmes, resultando em um processo infeccioso de difícil erradicação. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os microrganismos recuperados do conjunto metálico placaparafuso e parafusos após remoção cirúrgica, avaliar a capacidade de aderência dos microrganismos, verificar a viabilidade celular, caracterizar genotipicamente os isolados Gram-positivos e detectar a resistência aos antimicrobianos. Os conjuntos placa-parafuso e parafusos de aço inoxidável austenítico ASTM F138/F139 e ISO NBR 5832-1/9 foram transportados em bolsa de polietileno para o Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica. Os implantes foram lavados em solução tampão fosfato-salino, armazenados em bolsa contendo solução Ringer e submetidos ao banho ultrassônico em freqüência de 40±2 kHz por 5 minutos. O fluido sonicado foi transferido para tubos Falcon e centrifugado a 3.000g durante 20 minutos. O sedimento foi resuspendido em nova solução Ringer, homogeneizado por vortex e 10μL semeados em ágar Sangue de carneiro 5%, MacConkey e Sabouraud. Os meios foram incubados em diferentes condições de temperatura por 7 a 14 dias para recuperação de microrganismos. O perfil de resistência dos isolados foi obtido de acordo com CLSI 2011. Para análise da viabilidade celular foi utilizado o kit Live/Dead e microscópio de fluorescência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The majority of cases of bone fractures is used in surgery, internal fixation of orthopedic implants (screw-plate and screws) manufactured in austenitic stainless steel due to its low cost-benefit. Infections associated with implant fixation are related to the growth of microorganisms in biofilms, resulting in an infection difficult to eradicate. The objective of study was to identify the microorganisms recovered from the set screwplate and screws metallic after surgical removal, evaluate the capacity of adherence of microorganisms, check the cell viability and characterize the isolates genotypically Gram-positive and detect antimicrobial resistance. The sets screw-plate and screws of austenitic stainless steel ASTM F138/F139 and ISO NBR 5832-1/9 were transported in polyethylene bag to the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology. The implants were washed in phosphate buffered saline solution, stored in bags containing Ringer's solution and submitted to ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 40 kHz ± 2 for 5 minutes. The sonicate fluid was transferred to falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3.000g for 20 minutes The new sediment was re-suspended in Ringer's solution, homogenized by vortex and 10μL seeded agar 5% sheep blood, MacConkey and Sabouraud. The media were incubated at different temperatures for up to 7 days for growth of CFU mL-1. The resistance profile of the isolates was obtained according to CLSI 2011. For analysis of cell viability kit was used for Live/Dead and fluorescence microscope. After microbiological analysis the isolation was observed in some samples of polymicrobial implants. The data obtained showed that bacteria were the most isolated coagulase-negative... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Clarice Queico Fujimura Leite / Coorientador: Elisabeth Loshchagin Pizzolitto / Banca: Eliana Aparecida Varanda / Banca: Beatriz Maria Machado de Medeiros / Banca: Denise Crispin Tavares / Mestre

L’aluminium est fabriqué en phase liquide à 1000°C dans une cuve à électrolyse par réduction de l’alumine dissoute dans un bain fluoré contenant essentiellement de la cryolithe Na3AlF6. Les parois latérales des cuves d’électrolyse sont revêtues par des briques réfractaires, dites « dalles de bordure », à base de SiC lié par Si3N4. Ces dalles, qui déterminent en grande partie la durée de vie de la cuve d’électrolyse, sont soumises à la corrosion par le bain, l’aluminium liquide et les gaz fluorés dégagés. Afin de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes de corrosion de ces dalles, l’étude des échantillons « post-mortem » prélevés des cuves industrielles a été effectuée. La mise au point d’un dispositif de simulation de corrosion en laboratoire a permis de suivre l’évolution du matériau en fonction de la composition de l’agent de corrosion. Ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence la forte réactivité de la phase liante de la dalle dans tous les zones de la cuve. Le rôle majeur de sodium, qui provient du bloc cathodique et la pâte de brasque, comme accélérateur de la corrosion de la dalle a été confirmé. La corrélation entre l’oxydation et la corrosion a été démontrée. La dissolution de SiO2 dans le bain fluoré a été étudiée par RMN haute température in situ et par RMN MAS à température ambiante sur les échantillons solidifiés. Nous avons montré la formation de phases aluminosilicatées (albite et néphéline) qui ont une solubilité non négligeable dans la cryolithe. / Aluminum is produced in liquid phase at 1000 °C in an electrolysis cell by reduction of alumina dissolved in a bath containing essentially cryolite Na3AlF6. The sidewalls of the electrolysis cells are lined with refractory bricks, called « edge slabs », based on Si3N4 bonded SiC. These slabs, which largely determine the lifetime of the electrolysis cell, are submitted to corrosion by the bath, the liquid aluminum and fluoride gas released. To contribute to a better understanding of the corrosion mechanisms of these slabs, the study of postmortem samples from industrial cells has been completed. A specific furnace for corrosion measurements in molten fluorides has been developed in order to characterize the evolution of the refractory with the composition of the corrosion agent. These studies highlight the high reactivity of the binding phase of the slab in all parts of the cell. The role of sodium, which comes from the cathode block and the ramming paste, and acts as an accelerator of corrosion has been confirmed. The correlation between oxidation and corrosion has been demonstrated. The dissolution of SiO2 in the cryolitic bath has been studied in situ by NMR at high-temperature and by NMR MAS on solidified samples at room temperature. We have shown the formation of aluminosilicate phases (albite and nepheline) which have a significant solubility in cryolite.

Persteril (Acidum peraceticum) is a trademark used for a disinfectant with peracetic acid as an active ingredient. It is highly effective biocide and has extensive application possibilities with regard to environmental friendliness, it also has the widest range of disinfection efficacy. The practical part took place in the Genetic centre hatchery at the FROV JU in Vodnany. Persteril? was used for Short-time bath followed by rearing roe in the recirculating system and for short-time bath followed by rearing roe in the flow system. Both versions are breeding quite well; Persteril? detects fungal infection of fish roe in comparison with other liquids, as well as it leaves smaller or no residue in the water or out of the water until the evaporation (according to the concentration).

The two most common commercial copper baths are the acid sulfate copper bath and the alkaline cyanide copper bath. Alkaline copper baths are mostly used to coat parts with complex geometry and to avoid galvanic deposition when depositing a metal on a less noble substrate. Because of the toxicity of cyanide compounds, alternative baths have been developed using different complexing agents. The starting point of the present study is a cyanide-free strike bath developed for copper plating on Zamak substrates developed by the Institute for Technological Research of the State of São Paulo/ Brazil. The replacement of a raw material such as cyanide must be economically advantageous and technically feasible. Therefore, this study intended to propose an alternative to the treatment of liquid wastes from the mentioned bath, aiming at simultaneous water reclamation and chemicals recovery in a closed system. The electrodialysis membrane separation process was studied, using a laboratoryscale system operating with a synthetic solution simulating the rinsing waters from the HEDP-based bath. The feasibility of the technique was evaluated by analyzing operational parameters such as ion extraction, demineralization rate, concentration rate, current efficiency for each anionic specie and average energy consumption. Because HEDP is a chelating agent, the transport of Cu(II)-HEDP chelates through anion-exchange membranes was also evaluated by means of electrochemical methods. Chronopotentiometric and current-voltage curves were constructed for different model solutions containing the same compounds as the original bath. A relation between the presence of chelates in the solutions and the fixed ion exchange group could be established. Lastly, deposition tests were performed using electrolytes containing the recycled inputs and the characteristics of the coatings were analyzed. The results showed that an electrodialysis stack using strongly basic anion-exchange membranes was suitable to produce treated solutions and a concentrate containing the ions from the bath. The concentrate could be added to the copper bath to compensate eventual drag-out losses without affecting the quality of the coatings. Thus, the application of electrodialysis was shown to be a feasible alternative for recovering water and inputs from the evaluated solution, reducing the wastewater generation and saving natural resources. / Os dois banhos de cobre comerciais mais comuns são o banho ácido à base de sulfato e o banho alcalino à base de cianeto. Os banhos alcalinos são usados principalmente para recobrir peças com geometria complexa e para evitar a deposição por deslocamento galvânico quando se deposita um metal em um substrato menos nobre. Por causa da toxicidade dos compostos cianídricos, banhos alternativos vêm sendo desenvolvidos usando diferentes agentes complexantes. O ponto de partida do presente estudo é um banho toque isento de cianeto para deposição de cobre em substratos de Zamak, desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas / Brasil. A substituição de matérias-primas como o cianeto deve ser economicamente vantajosa e tecnicamente viável. Desta forma, este estudo pretendeu propor uma alternativa para o tratamento de resíduos líquidos do banho mencionado, visando à recuperação simultânea da água e das matérias-primas em um sistema fechado. Foi estudado o processo de separação por membranas de eletrodiálise, usando um sistema em escala laboratorial operando com uma solução sintética que simulava as águas de lavagem do banho à base de HEDP. A viabilidade da técnica foi avaliada por meio da análise de parâmetros operacionais, como a extração dos íons, a taxa de dessalinização, o percentual de concentração, a eficiência de corrente calculada para cada espécie iônica e o consumo médio de energia. Devido ao HEDP ser um agente quelante, o transporte de quelatos Cu(II)-HEDP através de membranas aniônicas foi avaliado por meio de métodos eletroquímicos. Curvas cronopotenciométricas e curvas corrente-potencial foram construídas para diferentes soluções sintéticas que continham os mesmos compostos que o banho original. A relação entre a presença de quelatos nas soluções e os grupos fixos de troca iônica pôde ser estabelecida. Por fim, testes de deposição foram realizados usando eletrólitos contendo os compostos reciclados e as características dos depósitos foram analisadas. Os resultados mostraram que o sistema de eletrodiálise usando membranas aniônicas contendo grupos de troca fortemente básicos pôde produzir soluções tratadas e um concentrado contendo os íons do banho. O concentrado pôde ser adicionado ao banho original para compensar eventuais perdas por arraste sem afetar a qualidade dos depósitos. Assim, a aplicação da eletrodiálise se mostrou uma alternativa viável para a recuperação de água e de insumos da solução avaliada, reduzindo a geração de efluentes e economizando recursos naturais.