In an effort to make the aerospace industry more sustainable, GKN Aerospace is heavily investing both time and money into additive manufacturing technologies. A challenging aspect with additive manufacturing is finding a set of process parameters that produces high quality parts and components to a standard that the aerospace industry demands. To aid the process development, turning to simulations is a great alternative and with the prospect of adding to the tools available, the work of this thesis has been focused on developing a mathematical model of the cross sectional deposition geometry. Through a literature study, an initial approach to developing such a model, as well as gaps in knowledge was established. Validation data was gathered by laser scanning additively manufactured builds. A model based on a fourth degree polynomial was developed. The fourth degree polynomial model was validated with the laser scan data using the mean squared error value and coefficient of determination as a quantifiable method of determining the goodness of fit. It was found to be an improvement over the common parabolic model found in the literature based on a second degree polynomial. The improved model manages to capture a wide variety of contact angles and the overlap region better follows the smooth transition between beads.

Elektrochemische Energiespeicher sind entscheidend für eine zuverlässige Energieversorgung angesichts steigender Nachfrage und knapper Ressourcen. Die fortlaufende Entwicklung möglichst umweltfreundlicher Materialien mit guter Verfügbarkeit ist essenziell für die Verbesserung von deren Leistungsfähigkeit. Ziel der Arbeit war die Nutzung cellulosebasierter Präkursoren zur Herstellung von Elektrodenmaterialien für die elektrochemischen Energiespeicher Superkondensator und Li-Ionen-Batterie. Dabei werden die Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen von Präkursormaterial und Kohlenstoff, sowie deren Einfluss auf die resultierenden elektrochemischen Leistungen untersucht. Mittels Acetatverfahren können sphärische Partikel auf Basis von Cellulose mit einer Partikelgröße < 5 µm und enger Partikelgrößenverteilung hergestellt werden. Bei der Herstellung sphärischer Partikel aus Celluloseacetat werden eine Vielzahl verschiedener Parameter im Herstellungsprozess variiert und deren Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften der sphärischen Partikel verändert. Außerdem werden die Cellulosederivate Celluloseacetat-butyrat und Celluloseacetat-phthalat als Ausgangsmaterial zur Herstellung sphärischer Partikel verwendet. Die hergestellten sphärischen Partikel werden mittels Pyrolyse zu Kohlenstoff umgewandelt, wobei zum einen der Einfluss der Eigenschaften der sphärischen Präkursoren auf die resultierenden Kohlenstoffe und zum anderen der Einfluss verschiedener Carbonisierungsbedingungen (Carbonisierungstemperatur, Haltezeit, Heizrate) anhand von sphärischen Celluloseacetatpartikeln mit einer Partikelgröße < 5 µm untersucht werden. Zur Vergrößerung der Oberfläche und zur Veränderung der Porenstruktur werden aktivierte Kohlenstoffe hergestellt. Dabei wird KOH in verschiedenen Aktivierungsgraden C : KOH verwendet sowie alternative Aktivierungsreagenzien getestet. Die (aktivierten) Kohlenstoffe dienen als Elektrodenmaterialien in Superkondensatoren, Li-Ionen-Batterien und Li-Ionen-Kondensatoren. Die hergestellten Kohlenstoffe zeigen vielversprechende Kapazitäten als Elektrodenmaterial in symmetrischen Superkondensatoren mit KOH-Elektrolytlösung, insbesondere bei Verwendung von aktiviertem Kohlenstoff aus sphärischen Celluloseacetatpartikeln. Außerdem werden verschiedene neutrale wässrige Elektrolytlösungen als Alternative zu alkalischen KOH-Lösungen getestet und der Einfluss von Konzentration und Arbeitstemperatur betrachtet. Weiterhin kann die Eignung der hergestellten nicht-aktivierten Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-Perlen als Anodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien als Alternative zu Graphit gezeigt werden, insbesondere hinsichtlich Langzeitstabilität und dem Einsatz bei hohen Betriebstemperaturen. Auch ein möglicher Einsatz der aktivierten Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-Perlen in Li-Ionen-Kondensatoren als Kathodenmaterial mit TNO-Anode wird geprüft.:ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS SYMBOLVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 2 THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN 2.1 Ausgangsmaterialien 2.1.1 Cellulose 2.1.2 Celluloseester (Celluloseacetat, Celluloseacetat-butyrat, Celluloseacetat-phthalat) 2.1.3 Sphärische Partikel aus Cellulose und Cellulosederivaten 2.2 Kohlenstoffe 2.2.1 Kohlenstoffe in Energiespeichern 2.2.2 Amorphe Kohlenstoffe 2.2.3 Aktivierte Kohlenstoffe 2.3 Elektrochemische Speichermethoden 2.3.1 Superkondensatoren 2.3.1.1 Speicherarten – EDLC vs. Pseudokapazität 2.3.1.2 Elektrodenmaterialien 2.3.1.3 Elektrolytsysteme 2.3.2 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 2.3.3 Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren 2.4 Methoden zur strukturellen Charakterisierung 2.4.1 Laserbeugungsspektroskopie 2.4.2 Sedimentationsverhalten zur Bestimmung der Porosität 2.4.3 Stickstoffphysiosorption 2.4.4 Raman-Spektroskopie 2.4.5 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 2.4.6 Röntgendiffraktometrie 2.4.7 Viskositätsmessungen 2.5 Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 2.5.1 Zyklische Voltammetrie 2.5.2 Galvanostatisches Zyklieren 2.5.3 Elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie 2.5.4 Galvanostatische intermittierende Titrationstechnik 3 EXPERIMENTELLER TEIL 3.1 Herstellung Perlcellulose 3.1.1 Herstellung der sphärischen Celluloseester / Deacetylierung 3.1.2 Variationen der Parameter 3.2 Carbonisierung / Aktivierung 3.3 Herstellung der Elektrochemischen Energiespeicher 3.3.1 Superkondensatoren 3.3.2 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 3.3.3 Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren 3.4 Chemikalien 3.5 Geräte und Methoden 4 ERGEBNISSE & DISKUSSION 4.1 Ausgangsmaterialien für die Herstellung von sphärischen Celluloseestern 4.2 Sphärische Celluloseester 4.2.1 Verschiedene CA-Materialien 4.2.2 Deacetylierung zur Perlcellulose 4.2.3 Partikelgröße 4.2.4 Salzgehalt 4.2.5 Tensidgehalt 4.2.6 Celluloseacetat-butyrat 4.2.7 Celluloseacetat-phthalat 4.2.8 Zusammenfassung der Herstellung sphärischer Partikel aus Celluloseestern 4.3 Kohlenstoffe auf Basis von sphärischen Celluloseestern 4.3.1 Einfluss der Carbonisierungsbedingungen auf die hergestellten Kohlenstoffe aus CA1-Perlen 4.3.2 Einfluss der verschiedenen Herstellungsbedingungen der Celluloseacetat-Perlen auf den resultierenden Kohlenstoff 4.3.3 Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-butyrat-Perlen 4.3.4 Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-phthalat 4.3.5 Zusammenhänge zwischen Präkursoren und Kohlenstoffen 4.4 Aktivierte Kohlenstoffe 4.4.1 Aktivierung von CA- und CAB-Perlen mit KOH 4.4.2 Vergleich von KOH mit anderen Aktivierungsreagenzien 4.5 Superkondensatoren mit Elektroden aus Kohlenstoffen auf Basis von sphärischen Celluloseestern in alkalischen Elektrolyten 4.5.1 Einfluss der Carbonisierungsbedingungen auf die Performance von Superkondensatoren mit CA1-Elektroden 4.5.2 Superkondensatoren auf Basis von Kohlenstoffen aus verschiedenen Celluloseestern 4.5.3 Aktivierte Kohlenstoffe 4.5.4 Zusammenhang zwischen den hergestellten Kohlenstoffen und deren Einsatz als Elektrodenmaterial in Superkondensatoren 4.6 Vergleich von alkalischen und neutralen Elektrolyten in Superkondensatoren 4.6.1 Charakterisierung der Elektrolyte 4.6.2 Neutrale Elektrolyte und alkalische Elektrolyte im Vergleich 4.6.3 Einfluss von Konzentration und Temperatur auf die Zellperformance mit Na2SO4-Elektrolyten 4.7 Kohlenstoffe aus sphärischen Celluloseestern als Anodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 4.7.1 Einfluss der Carbonisierungsbedingungen auf CA1 als Anodenmaterial 4.7.2 Bindersysteme 4.7.3 Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseestern mit verschiedenen Herstellungsbedingungen 4.7.4 Einfluss der Temperatur 4.8 Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren mit aktiviertem Kohlenstoff aus CA-Perlen als Kathodenmaterial 4.9 Vergleich der Kohlenstoffe als Elektrodenmaterial in den verschiedenen Energiespeichersystemen 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 7 ANHANG

Since ancient times, indigenous plants have been used by traditional healers for treating various ailments. Sutherlandia frutescens is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants of southern Africa. This widely distributed plant has been traditionally used to treat cancer and HIV patients; however scientific validation is still in high demand. This research aimed to phytochemically characterise the various extracts prepared and to determine if any chemotypes were present. Subsequent biological characterisation was carried out to preliminary ascertain whether this medicinal plant could have anti-cancer and/or immunemodulating properties and which compounds might be responsible for these actions. Various traditional and organic extracts were prepared. Extracts, fractions and compounds generated were analysed and chemical profiles obtained. Column chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and purify compounds and structure elucidation was carried out using various analytical techniques. Sulforhodamine B and cytometric bead array assays were performed to determine the biological activities of samples generated. / Life and Consumer Sciences / (M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

The study encompasses the reconstruction of the Iron Age sequence around the Limpopo River floodplain on Basinghall Farm during the second millennium AD. A survey uncovered 75 Iron Age sites, including three Moritsane and ten Toutswe facies sites for the Middle Iron Age and two Early Moloko, 16 Middle Moloko (Letsibogo facies) and 43 Late Moloko grain bin platform sites for the Late Iron Age. The local settlement sequence, which is based primarily on a ceramic analysis of surficial and excavated collections, is corroborated by radiocarbon dates, a glass bead sequence and comparative data from previous studies. The borders of the Toutswe chiefdom are shown to have extended 100 km to the south, while the Eiland sequence is refined to include an Eiland, a Moritsane and a redefined Broadhurst facies. New light is also shed on the local Moloko sequence and its correlation with historical Tswana groups in south-eastern Botswana. / Anthropology & Archaeology / M.A. (Archaeology)

The study encompasses the reconstruction of the Iron Age sequence around the Limpopo River floodplain on Basinghall Farm during the second millennium AD. A survey uncovered 75 Iron Age sites, including three Moritsane and ten Toutswe facies sites for the Middle Iron Age and two Early Moloko, 16 Middle Moloko (Letsibogo facies) and 43 Late Moloko grain bin platform sites for the Late Iron Age. The local settlement sequence, which is based primarily on a ceramic analysis of surficial and excavated collections, is corroborated by radiocarbon dates, a glass bead sequence and comparative data from previous studies. The borders of the Toutswe chiefdom are shown to have extended 100 km to the south, while the Eiland sequence is refined to include an Eiland, a Moritsane and a redefined Broadhurst facies. New light is also shed on the local Moloko sequence and its correlation with historical Tswana groups in south-eastern Botswana. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Archaeology)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar e discutir um caso de identificação e remediação emergencial de compostos orgânicos voláteis, oclusos em camada arenosa do Terciário da Formação São Paulo, em decorrência do vazamento de tanques de combustíveis de um posto de serviços. A técnica de remediação adotada para o caso consistiu na extração in situ dos vapores do solo e no tratamento dos mesmos por adsorção em filtros de carvão ativado (SVE - soil vapor extraction). Os processos de seleção, projeto, implantação, operação e descomissionamento da tecnologia SVE seguiram as metodologias indicadas pela literatura, adaptadas às condições locais. O acompanhamento da eficiência da remediação foi baseado na quantificação inicial dos hidrocarbonetos totais de petróleo leves presentes no subsolo, através das técnicas de cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa, e na medição em campo das concentrações de voláteis e dos respectivos teores de explosividade. O resultado da campanha laboratorial apresentou fortes indícios de que a contaminação local fosse proveniente do combustível gasolina e indicou a ocorrência do composto benzeno em concentrações superiores aos limites adotados como referência. As leituras realizadas em campo mostraram rápido declínio das concentrações de voláteis e dos teores de explosividade com a operação da tecnologia SVE, indicando baixa ocorrência de fatores limitantes do transporte de massa no local. Corroborou com tal hipótese, o fato das metas de remediação terem sido atingidas com poucas trocas de ar, parâmetro retro-analisado a partir de dados de ensaios geológico-geotécnicos. Assim, concluiu-se que, para áreas com características semelhantes à estudada, a tecnologia SVE pode ser eficiente como medida de remediação de voláteis e redução dos riscos de explosividade. / This work aims to present and to discuss a case study of identification and emergency remediation of volatile organic compounds, occluded in a sand layer of the São Paulo Tertiary Formation, as a result of the leakage of fuel tanks of a service station. The adopted remediation technique was in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) and offgas treatment for adsorption in activated carbon filters. Selection, design, commissioning, operation and shutdown processes of SVE technology followed literature methodologies, which were adapted to local conditions. Remediation efficiency monitoring was based on the initial quantification of light total petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsoil, through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, and on measurement of the volatile concentrations and respective explosive contents in the field. The result of the laboratorial campaign presented strong indications that the local contamination proceeded from combustible gasoline and it indicated the occurrence of benzene in concentrations higher than the adopted reference. Field measurements showed fast decline of the volatile concentrations and explosive contents with the SVE technology operation, fact that indicated low occurrence of mass transfer limitations in the place. The fact that remediation goals were achieved with few air exchanges, parameter back-analyzed from geologicgeotechnical tests, contributed to reinforce such hypothesis. Thus, SVE technique can be considered efficient for volatile remediation and explosive risks reduction, for areas with characteristics similar to the studied one.

Le but de cette étude est de concevoir, fabriquer et caractériser une puce microfluidique afin de mettre en oeuve la capture de nanoparticules magnétiques fonctionnalisées en vue de la reconnaissance d’anticorps spécifiques (couplage d’une très grande spécificité et sensibilité). Après avoir modélisé et simulé les performances de la microbobine intégrée dans le canal de la puce microfluidique en prenant soin de limiter la température du fluide à 37°C, la capture devant être effective, le microsystème est fabriqué en salle blanche en utilisant des procédés de fabrication collective. La fabrication du microdispositif en PDMS a aussi donné lieu à l’optimisation de procédés de modification de surface afin d’assurer la ré-utilisation du microdispositif (packaging réversible) et la limitation de l’adsorption non spécifique. L’immobilisation des anticorps su les billes (300 nm) a été menée à l’intérieur du canal en utilisant un protocole de type ELISA éprouvé. Le procédé a montré qu’il était également efficient pour cet environnement puisque nous avons pu mettre ne évidence la capture de nanoparticules / In this study, a concept of microfluidic chip with embedded planar coils is designed and fabricated for the aim of trapping effectively functionalized magnetic nanobeads and immobilizing antibody (IgG type). The planar coils as a heart of microfluidic chip is designed with criterion parameters which are optimized from simulation parameters of the maximum magnetic field, low power consumption and high power efficiency by FE method. The characterization of microcoils such as effectively nanobeads (300 nm) at low temperature (<37oC) is performed and confirmed. The channel network in PDMS material is designed for matching with entire process (including mixing and trapping beads) in microfluidic chip. A process of PDMS’s surface modification is also carried out in the assemble step of chip in order to limit the non-specific adsorption of many bio substances on PDMS surface. The microfluidic chip assemble is performed by using some developed techniques of reversible packaging PDMS microfluidic chip (such as stamping technique, using non-adhesive layer, oxygen plasma combining with solvent treatment). These packaging methods are important to reused microchip (specially the bottom substrate) in many times. The immobilization of antibody IgG-type is performed inside microfluidic chip following the standard protocol of bead-based ELISA in micro test tube. The result showed that IgG antibodies are well grafted on the surface of carboxyl-beads (comparing to result of standard protocol); these grafted antibodies are confirmed by coupling them with labeled second antibody (Fab-FITC conjugation).

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar e discutir um caso de identificação e remediação emergencial de compostos orgânicos voláteis, oclusos em camada arenosa do Terciário da Formação São Paulo, em decorrência do vazamento de tanques de combustíveis de um posto de serviços. A técnica de remediação adotada para o caso consistiu na extração in situ dos vapores do solo e no tratamento dos mesmos por adsorção em filtros de carvão ativado (SVE - soil vapor extraction). Os processos de seleção, projeto, implantação, operação e descomissionamento da tecnologia SVE seguiram as metodologias indicadas pela literatura, adaptadas às condições locais. O acompanhamento da eficiência da remediação foi baseado na quantificação inicial dos hidrocarbonetos totais de petróleo leves presentes no subsolo, através das técnicas de cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa, e na medição em campo das concentrações de voláteis e dos respectivos teores de explosividade. O resultado da campanha laboratorial apresentou fortes indícios de que a contaminação local fosse proveniente do combustível gasolina e indicou a ocorrência do composto benzeno em concentrações superiores aos limites adotados como referência. As leituras realizadas em campo mostraram rápido declínio das concentrações de voláteis e dos teores de explosividade com a operação da tecnologia SVE, indicando baixa ocorrência de fatores limitantes do transporte de massa no local. Corroborou com tal hipótese, o fato das metas de remediação terem sido atingidas com poucas trocas de ar, parâmetro retro-analisado a partir de dados de ensaios geológico-geotécnicos. Assim, concluiu-se que, para áreas com características semelhantes à estudada, a tecnologia SVE pode ser eficiente como medida de remediação de voláteis e redução dos riscos de explosividade. / This work aims to present and to discuss a case study of identification and emergency remediation of volatile organic compounds, occluded in a sand layer of the São Paulo Tertiary Formation, as a result of the leakage of fuel tanks of a service station. The adopted remediation technique was in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) and offgas treatment for adsorption in activated carbon filters. Selection, design, commissioning, operation and shutdown processes of SVE technology followed literature methodologies, which were adapted to local conditions. Remediation efficiency monitoring was based on the initial quantification of light total petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsoil, through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, and on measurement of the volatile concentrations and respective explosive contents in the field. The result of the laboratorial campaign presented strong indications that the local contamination proceeded from combustible gasoline and it indicated the occurrence of benzene in concentrations higher than the adopted reference. Field measurements showed fast decline of the volatile concentrations and explosive contents with the SVE technology operation, fact that indicated low occurrence of mass transfer limitations in the place. The fact that remediation goals were achieved with few air exchanges, parameter back-analyzed from geologicgeotechnical tests, contributed to reinforce such hypothesis. Thus, SVE technique can be considered efficient for volatile remediation and explosive risks reduction, for areas with characteristics similar to the studied one.

This thesis reports the viability of E. coli cell extracts prepared using equipment that is both common to biotechnology laboratories and able to process small volume samples and expression of proteins containing unnatural amino acids (UAAs) at higher level using PCR amplified linear DNA templates (LETs) in cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system. E. coli-based cell extracts are a vital component of inexpensive and high-yielding CFPS reactions. However, effective preparation of E. coli cell extract is limited to high-pressure homogenizers (French press style or impinge-style) or bead mill homogenizers, which all require a significant capital investment. This work specifically assessed the following capital cost lysis techniques: (1) sonication, (2) bead vortex mixing, (3) freeze-thaw cycling, and (4) lysozyme incubation to prepare E. coli cell extract for CFPS. In this work, simple shake flask fermentation with a commercially available E. coli strain was used. Additionally, the RNA polymerase was over expressed in the E. coli cells prior to lysis which eliminated the need to add independently purified RNA polymerase to the CFPS reaction. As a result, high yielding E. coli-based cell extract was prepared using equipment requiring reduced capital investment and common to biotechnology laboratories. To our knowledge, this is the first successful prokaryote-based CFPS reaction to be carried out with extract prepared by sonication or bead vortex mixing. LETs are an attractive alternative to plasmids for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids in proteins in the CFPS system because of their short preparation time and ease of production. However, major limitations associated with LETs are: (1) their degradation by RecBCD enzyme present in the cell-extract used for CFPS and (2) high CFPS energy costs. In this work, we report the optimization of LET-based CFPS for improved protein yield by inhibiting the RecBCD enzyme with small inhibitor molecules resulting in three fold increment in yield of protein containing UAA. We also assessed alternative energy sources such as glucose, fructose-1,6-bisphospate, creatine phosphate/creatine kinase, and high glutamate salt for cost reduction. This work could be important for high-throughput applications based on linear expression templates. This work demonstrates simple E. coli extract preparation and improved yield with linear expression templates for further advancements of cell-free protein synthesis system.

This thesis describes advancements in the modelling, optimisation, process control and mechanical performance of novel high deposition rate gas metal arc welding processes for large scale additive manufacturing applications. One of the main objectives of this study was to develop fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved during processing with particular focus on single layer welds made of carbon steel using both pulsed-current gas metal arc welding and cold metal transfer processes. The effects of interactions between critical welding process variables and weld bead and plate fusion characteristics are studied for single and multi-layers. It was shown that several bead and plate fusion characteristics are strongly affected by the contact tip to work distance, TRIM, wire feed speed, wire feed speed to travel speed ratio, and wire diameter in pulsed-current gas metal arc welding. The arc-length control, dynamic correction and the contact tip to work distance are shown to strongly influence the weld bead geometry in the cold metal transfer process. This fundamental knowledge was essential to ensure the successful development of predictive interaction models capable of determining the weld bead geometry from the welding process parameters. The models were developed using the least-squares analysis and multiple linear regression method. The gas tungsten constricted arc welding process was utilised for the first time for out-of-chamber fabrication of a large scale and high-quality Ti-6Al-4V component. The main focus was, however, in the use of the cold metal transfer process for improving out-of-chamber deposition of Ti-6Al-4V at much higher deposition rates. The effect of the cold metal transfer process on the grain refinement features in the fusion zone of single layer welds under different torch gas shielding conditions was investigated. It was shown that significant grain refinement occurs with increasing helium content. The morphological features and static mechanical performance of the resulting multi-layered Ti-6Al-4V walls were also examined and compared with those in gas tungsten constricted arc welding. The results show that a considerable improvement in static tensile properties is obtained in both testing directions with cold metal transfer over gas tungsten constricted arc welding. It was suggested that this improvement in the mechanical behaviour could be due to the formation of more fine-grained structures,which are therefore more isotropic. The average ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V material processed via cold metal transfer meet the minima specification values recommended for most Ti-6Al-4V products. Neutron diffraction technique was used to establish the effect of repeated thermo-mechanical cycling on the generation, evolution and distribution of residual stresses during wire and arc additive manufacturing. The results show a significant redistribution of longitudinal residual stresses along both the substrate and multi-bead with repeated deposition. However, a nearly complete relaxation occurs along the built, once the base plate constraint is removed.