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The adoption of the 1996 Constitution in recognition of the historic imbalances that South Africa inherited from its past, affirms the commitment to the promotion of human rights including the right to equality. The emphasis on the right to equality in the Constitution and other related laws discussed in the study represents a guarantee for both men and women the right to equal treatment and benefit of the law. The point of departure is based on the premise that views the law as an instrument that has the potential to effect social change. The primary purpose is to determine various factors that are an impediment to the significance of the law for the promotion of the right to gender equality. The objective is to establish with sufficient certainty the substantive conception of the right to gender equality in post-apartheid South Africa. This dissertation examines and provides a brief overview of the development and the intersection of the principles of non-discrimination at the international and regional spheres and their influence in broadening the scope for enforcement of gender equality in South Africa. It provides a literature review and an analysis of the equality jurisprudence of South Africa’s Constitutional Court and its influence to the lowest structures of the judiciary in promoting the right to gender equality. This undertaking is reinforced by the primary purpose in this study of examining various factors that are an impediment to the promotion of the right to gender equality. It discovers that the establishment of a “just society” is difficult where the significance of the law is affected by the lack of legal knowledge and other related factors identified in the study. It establishes that the promotion of the right to gender equality is a gradual process that should not be undertaken overnight but on a continuous basis. It can be drawn from the findings in this study that the law “alone” is limited in its application in addressing socio-legal problems. Despite the limitation, the use of law is not a goal that should be discarded as it lays the framework for the determination of the significance of legal measures for social change.

The adoption of the 1996 Constitution in recognition of the historic imbalances that South Africa inherited from its past, affirms the commitment to the promotion of human rights including the right to equality. The emphasis on the right to equality in the Constitution and other related laws discussed in the study represents a guarantee for both men and women the right to equal treatment and benefit of the law. The point of departure is based on the premise that views the law as an instrument that has the potential to effect social change. The primary purpose is to determine various factors that are an impediment to the significance of the law for the promotion of the right to gender equality. The objective is to establish with sufficient certainty the substantive conception of the right to gender equality in post-apartheid South Africa. This dissertation examines and provides a brief overview of the development and the intersection of the principles of non-discrimination at the international and regional spheres and their influence in broadening the scope for enforcement of gender equality in South Africa. It provides a literature review and an analysis of the equality jurisprudence of South Africa’s Constitutional Court and its influence to the lowest structures of the judiciary in promoting the right to gender equality. This undertaking is reinforced by the primary purpose in this study of examining various factors that are an impediment to the promotion of the right to gender equality. It discovers that the establishment of a “just society” is difficult where the significance of the law is affected by the lack of legal knowledge and other related factors identified in the study. It establishes that the promotion of the right to gender equality is a gradual process that should not be undertaken overnight but on a continuous basis. It can be drawn from the findings in this study that the law “alone” is limited in its application in addressing socio-legal problems. Despite the limitation, the use of law is not a goal that should be discarded as it lays the framework for the determination of the significance of legal measures for social change.

Följande studie undersökte Before the Flood, en dokumentärfilm av och med Leonardo DiCaprio, utifrån ett retoriskt perspektiv. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om och i så fall på vilket sätt Leonardo DiCaprio, experter och skaparna bakom dokumentärfilmen använde retoriska strategier för att förstärka Before the Flood’s budskap och verka övertygande inför sin publik. Som metod tillämpade studien kvalitativ textanalys och de tre grundläggande appellformerna, visuell retorik samt argumentation var studiens analysverktyg. Analysen resulterade i nio olika analysenheter, tre för varje analysverktyg. Fokus lades på de tre grundläggande appellformerna: ethos, logos och pathos. Analysen fokuserade på visuella bilder, kroppsspråk och gestikulering samt kameravinklar inom visuell retorik. Bildargumentation, hotargumentation samt auktoritetsargumentation var de tre analysenheterna för argumentationsdelen. Vidare diskuterades användningen av inflytelserika personer som argument för förändring i ett visst beteende och hur användningen av retoriken kan spela en betydande roll för förstärkandet av budskapet. Resultatet visade att retoriska strategier används i Before the Flood. Både DiCaprio och experterna använder retoriska appellformer och olika typer av argument för att verka övertygande inför tittarna. Studien visade också att det fanns ett samspel mellan de retoriska appellformerna och argumentationen. Samspelet var viktigt för att förstärka dokumentärfilmens anspelning på känslor och dess trovärdighet. Slutligen har dokumentärfilmens skapare tillämpat visuella medel för att förstärka appellformerna och argumentationen, vilket resulterade i att budskapet i Before the Flood förstärktes. / Following study examined Before the Flood, a documentary film by and with Leonardo DiCaprio, from a rhetorical perspective. The purpose of the study was to see if and in what ways Leonardo DiCaprio, experts and the creators of the documentary film applied rhetorical strategies to strengthen the message of Before the Flood and how to seem convincing to the audience. The study applied a qualitative text analysis as a method and the three appeal forms, visual rhetoric and argumentation were the analysis tools of the study. The result showed nine different analysis units, three for each analysis tool. Focus was put on ethos, logos and pathos as the rhetoric’s three different appeal forms. It also focused on visual images, body language and camera angles. Furthermore, the analysis focused on three different kinds of argumentation: images, threats and authorities. The study discussed the use of influential people as an argument to convince viewers to change in certain behaviour. Further, the study discussed how the use of rhetoric could play a major role in the strengthening of the message. The result showed that rhetorical strategies are used in Before the Flood. Both DiCaprio and the experts are using the rhetoric appeal forms and different kinds of arguments to seem convincing to the audience. The study demonstrated that there is an interaction between the rhetorical appeal forms and the argumentation, and the interaction is important to strengthen the emotions and the credibility of the documentary film. Lastly, the creators of Before the Flood have also applied visual tools to strengthen the emotions and argumentation, which resulted in a more reinforcing message.

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Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Sunanda Dissanayake / Construction of by-pass lanes at rural intersections typically has been considered a low-cost safety improvement. Safety analysis utilizes two common approaches to evaluate treatment effectiveness: before-and-after study and cross-sectional study. This research performed paired sample t-test statistical analysis to estimate changes in total of crash frequency, crash rates, EPDO crash frequency, and EPDO crash rates at intersections, three to five years after adding a by-pass lane compared to identical time period before the by-pass lane was added. Crash data between 1990 and 2011 were obtained from Kansas Crash and Analysis Record System (KCARS) maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT). In order to perform a cross-sectional study, intersections with by-pass lanes were compared to intersections with no countermeasures; crash data were obtained for more than 1,100 intersections in the state of Kansas. According to before-and-after study, addition of by-pass lanes improves safety at unsignalized rural intersections; crashes and their severities are reduced after adding by-pass lanes. But, these reductions are not statistically significant under 95% confidence level. However, when considering intersection related crashes, a statistically significant reduction in crash rates is happened after adding by-pass lanes at 3-legged intersections. In cross-sectional study, crashes and their severities are lower at 3-legged intersections with the by-pass lanes versus 3-legged intersections without the by-pass lanes. However, these reductions are not statistically significant under 95% confidence level. When considering 300 feet intersection crash box, statistically significant reductions are happened at 4-legged intersection. In contrast, crashes and their severities increased at 4-legged intersections with the by-pass lanes, but these changes are not statistically significant under 95% confidence level. The Crash Modification Factors were calculated to evaluate safety effectiveness of adding by-pass lanes at unsignalized rural intersections. The calculated CMFs less than 1.0, indicate a reduction in crashes after implementation of by-pass lanes. Finally, this study concluded that expected crashes at intersections with by-pass lanes are lower than intersections without by-pass lanes.

This study analyzes two successful exhibitions on American slavery in the South: In Bondage and Freedom: Antebellum Black Life in Richmond, Virginia, 1790-1860 by the Valentine Museum and Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Antebellum South by the Museum of the Confederacy. It puts the exhibitions in the context of the social history movement, and explains the difficulties exhibiting a sensitive topic. It examines the creation of the exhibitions, the controversies because of the subject, both real and potential, and the overwhelmingly positive reaction.

Resumo: Com a finalidade de avaliar três materiais de milho em relação à adubação em pré-semeadura comparada à adubação de semeadura, em dois sistemas de manejo do solo sobre vegetação espontânea de nabiça, foi realizado este estudo. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, no período de outubro de 2003 a julho de 2004, em Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico. A área experimental vinha sendo cultivada até 1999 com o sistema convencional de preparo do solo (uma aração e duas gradagens niveladoras). A partir do ano de 2000, teve inicio o sistema de plantio direto, com rotação soja e milho no verão e pousio de inverno para formação de palhada pela vegetação espontânea. No ano de 2003 a vegetação espontânea foi predominantemente composta por nabiça (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de manejo do solo (preparo reduzido através da escarificação, e plantio direto) , as subparcelas pelas épocas de adubação (adubação de pré-semeadura a lanço em área total realizada 22 dias antes da semeadura do milho e adubação em linha realizada simultaneamente com a operação de semeadura do milho, sendo os fertilizantes incorporados ao solo) e as subsubparcelas pelos materiais de milho (DKB 333 B, CO 32 e AL Bandeirante), totalizando 12 tratamentos. Foi realizada teste de Tukey a %5 de probabilidade para comparar as médias. Os resultados também foram analisados por métodos multivariados de Análise de Agrupamentos e Componentes Principais. As análises estatísticas demonstraram que os sistemas de manejo do solo não influíram nos seguintes parâmetros: população inicial, população final...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study was done with the purpose of evaluating the behavior of three corn breeds in relation to fertilizer application before seeding compared to fertilizer application in seeding, in two soil tillage systems on Raphanus raphanistrum L. natural vegetation. The experiment was developed on Lageado Experimental Farm, from Agricultural Science University -UNESP- Botucatu campus, from October of 2003 to July of 2004, in Distroferic Red Nitosoil. The experimental area had been cultivated until 1999 with the conventional tillage system (disk plowing followed by two soft harrowing). From 2000 on, the no-tillage system was installed, with soy and corn rotation in summer and winter pause to straw production by the natural vegetation. In 2003, the natural vegetation was predominately composed of Raphanus raphanistrum L. Randomized blocks with subdivided plots and four repetitions was the experimental delineation used. The plots were constituted by the soil tillage system (reduced tillage with chisel plow and no-tillage), the split-plots by the timing fertilizers application (hurl fertilizer application made 22 days before corn seeding and fertilizer application made simultaneously to corn seeding, and fertilizers incorporated to soil) and split-plots by corn breeds (DKB 333 B, CO 32 e AL Bandeirante), totalizing 12 treatments. Tukey test at 5% of probability was made to compare the means. The results were also analyzed by multivariated methods of Grouping Analysis and Main Components. The analysis statistics demonstrated that the tillage systems did not have influence in initial and final population, corncob rate, broken plants, corn plants diameter, plant height, corncob height, productivity, corn plants dry material, harvest rate, a thousand grains weight, corncob length, corncob diameter, number of rows and grains...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Carlos Antonio Gamero / Coorientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez / Banca: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Rubens Siqueira / Mestre

The objective of this thesis is to advance our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste. It does this by investigating the effect of psychological, social, and contextual factors on date-label use and willingness to consume dairy products in relation to the expiry date. These effects are tested using structural equation models and survey data gathered from 548 Scottish consumers. The results of this study make two contributions to the literature on date-labelling and food waste. The first contribution is primarily theoretical. By improving our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste, it supports the contention that food waste is best understood, not as a behaviour, but as the outcome of multiple behaviours. It argues that in order to understand why food waste is created, it is important to identify the factors that affect the individual behaviours that lead to it, such as date-label use, and how these behaviours relate to one another. These results also have implications for communications and campaigning around food waste reduction. The second contribution has policy relevance. It provides evidence of the likely limited effect of increasing the number of dairy products labelled with a best-before date rather than a use-by date on food waste. This is an approach recently proposed to reduce household food waste. It finds that better knowledge of the best-before date is associated with a higher willingness to consume products after the best-before date has passed. However, perceived risks about consuming products beyond their best-before date, including not just safety but quality, freshness, and social acceptability, appear to interact with date-label knowledge and dampen its influence. It argues that to be effective, any changes in date-labelling should be accompanied by communication that goes beyond improving date-label knowledge, and addresses the multifaceted nature of related risk perceptions and conceptions of date-label trust.