Cette étude de pragmatique de l’interlangue (PIL) examine des données empiriques sur lesapprenants l'anglais comme langue étrangère dans des écoles secondaires françaises, afin de contribuer à la compréhension du développement de la politesse en langue seconde (L2). En effet, avec l’augmentation des interactions plurilingues à travers le monde, la sensibilisation à ce qui est considéré comme poli ou impoli est désormais indispensable. Toutefois, l’acquisition de la compétence pragmatique en langue étrangère étant généralement difficile et les observations selon lesquelles les apprenants d’un bon niveau peuvent présenter des écarts par rapport aux normes pragmatiques, attestent de la nécessité de mener des recherches plus approfondies dans ce domaine (Kasper & Schmidt, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 1999). Bien qu’il existe à ce jour un nombre important de travaux de recherche portant sur ce domaine, la plupart d’entre elles se sont centrées uniquement sur le cas d’apprenants adultes (Kasper & Rose, 1999) en utilisant des taches écris de complétion du discours (“written discourse completion tasks”) (e.g., Hill, 1997; Jebahi, 2011), fin d’expliciter des connaissances pragmatique (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999, 2013). Dès lors, ce travail de thèse vise à étendre l'envergure de la recherche PIL en utilisant des méthodes mixtes de collecte de données auprès d’un large échantillon de jeunes apprenants débutants. Ces méthodes comprennent notamment: une tâche de dessin animé oral (“cartoon oral production task”), des jeux de rôle ouverts et des données naturalistes recueillies via des enregistrements vidéo en classe. Au total, 240 collégiens et lycéens (âgés entre 11 et 18 ans) de trois niveaux différents ont participé à cette étude afin de mettre en évidence le développement des compétences PIL avec la maitrise de la langue. Afin de compléter les résultats, des données secondaires ont également été recueillies par l’analyse des enregistrements vidéo de classe et l’examen des manuels scolaires et des entretiens avec les enseignants. L’analyse des requêtes est fondée sur le cadre de catégorisation des requêtes développé par Blum-Kula et al., (1989), cette cadre de catégorisation permet de rendre compte des dimensions pragmalinguistiques et sociopragmatiques des requêtes interculturel. Pour conclure, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence que le développement des compétences pragmatiques en L2 est caractérisé presque exclusivement par l’augmentation de la fréquence des stratégies pragmalinguistiques à la fin de l'enseignement secondaire supérieur. L’éventail des stratégies utilisées ou les caractéristiques sociopragmatiques reflètent ce développement dans une moindre mesure, et ce quel que soit la méthode de récolte de données. Les données d’un autre goupe en L1 (français) ont révélé un développement similaire, suggérant que le transfert de la L1 pourrait expliquer le développement de la L2 (anglais) observé dans cette étude, d'autant plus que l'analyse des données secondaires a révélé peu d'intérêt sur les PIL dans les programmes d'enseignement. / This study of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) investigates empirical data on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in French secondary schools to contribute to our understanding of the development of second language (L2) politeness. With the increase in multilingual interactions around the globe, awareness of what is polite or impolite has become indispensable. However, pragmatic skills are generally not easily acquired in foreign language settings. The observation that even advanced learners do not necessarily exhibit target-like norms has led to calls for further investigation (Kasper & Schmidt, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 1999). Although there is now a solid body of research in this area, most studies have focused on adult learners (Kasper & Rose, 1999) using written discourse completion tasks (see e.g., Hill, 1997; Billmyer & Varghese, 2000; Su, 2010; Jebahi, 2011) to elicit explicit pragmatic knowledge (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; 2013). The present study seeks to extend the scope of ILP research by focusing on a large group of young, beginning learners using mixed methods including a cartoon oral production task, open-ended role plays, and naturalistic data from classroom video recordings. Participants were some 240 secondary school learners at three different levels (age 11 to 18) to allow the tracking of ILP development with language proficiency. To contextualise findings, secondary data was collected in the form of additional analysis of classroom films, textbook analysis, and teacher interviews. The analysis of request data is based on the seminal L2 discourse analytic framework cross-cultural speech act research project (Blum-Kula et al., 1989) which allows the analysis of both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic dimensions of requests. L2 pragmatic development was observed almost exclusively in terms of increased frequency of pragmalinguistic strategies, particularly by the end of upper secondary school, less so in terms of range of strategies or sociopragmatic features, and this across all data collection methods. French baseline data (L1) revealed similar development, suggesting that L1 transfer may be one explanation for the L2 development observed in the study, particularly since analysis of secondary data revealed little focus on ILP in teaching programs.

Introducción: La lactancia materna efectiva se ha definido como un proceso interactivo entre la madre y el bebé que tiene lugar cuando hay transferencia directa de leche del pecho de la madre al bebé, de una forma y en una cantidad que satisface las necesidades de ambos. Sin embargo, conseguir una lactancia materna efectiva durante los primeros días posparto puede ser una tarea difícil para el binomio madre-hijo. Aproximadamente entre un 60-80% de las madres experimentan algún problema de lactancia durante este periodo. Los problemas de lactancia materna y el abandono precoz de la lactancia materna se asocian con una inadecuada técnica de lactancia. Para una lactancia materna efectiva es necesario un correcto posicionamiento, agarre y succión del pecho; así como que la madre se sienta cómoda y motivada. Así mismo, la evaluación de la eficacia materna de la lactancia durante el posparto precoz puede ayudar a reducir los problemas de lactancia e identificar a las mujeres con mayor riesgo de abandono temprano. Existen diversas herramientas para evaluar la eficacia de la lactancia materna durante el periodo posparto, algunas de las cuales suelen contener aspectos maternos y del recién nacido. Entre las escalas con ítems maternos e infantiles, encontramos el Beginning Breastfeeding Survey-Cumulative (BBSC). Esta escala fue diseñada para evaluar, mediante un autoinforme, la percepción materna global de la eficacia de la lactancia durante los primeros días posparto. El BBSC presentó una buena fiabilidad, α de Cronbach de .94; y una adecuada validez predictiva sobre los resultados de alimentación infantil durante los primeros 3 meses posparto. En España, el Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad ha elaborado guías con estándares y recomendaciones en relación con las prácticas de lactancia materna. En ellas, recomienda evaluar al menos una sesión de lactancia materna durante los primeros días de vida y siempre que exista cualquier dificultad o duda, sea cual sea el período de lactancia. Sin embargo, no existe ninguna herramienta autoinformada en español que permita evaluar la percepción materna de la eficacia de la lactancia. Objetivos: Adaptar el cuestionario BBSC al contexto español, examinar su estructura factorial y fiabilidad, así como aportar pruebas de su validez de constructo y predictiva. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal que incluyó una primera fase de validación lingüística del BBSC al español mediante procedimientos de traducción, retrotraducción, análisis – discusión crítica y pilotaje; y una segunda fase de validación psicométrica. Para ésta última fase, se reclutó una muestra de conveniencia de 793 parejas madre-hijo durante el ingreso hospitalario posparto en 13 hospitales del sudeste español. Todas las participantes cumplimentaron un cuestionario antes del alta hospitalaria y se llevó a cabo un seguimiento de la muestra entre los 1–4, 6–10 y 12–24 meses posparto. Se dividió la muestra en dos mitades al azar para examinar la estructura del BBSCe. Con la primera mitad se llevó a cabo un análisis paralelo para determinar el número de factores; así como un análisis factorial exploratorio para precisar la asignación de los ítems a cada factor. Con la segunda mitad se desarrolló un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se calculó la fiabilidad del BBSCe mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Además, se determinó la validez concurrente del BBSCe con la lactancia materna exclusiva al alta y con otras variables relevantes según la bibliografía previa. Así mismo, se exploró la validez predictiva del BBSCe con la lactancia materna en diferentes momentos temporales y con los problemas y la satisfacción con la lactancia materna entre el 1º y 4º mes posparto. Adicionalmente, se utilizó el método ROC para explorar la utilidad predictiva del BBSCe sobre la lactancia materna a los 60 días y se identificaron los puntos de corte óptimos mediante la J de Youden. Resultados: En la fase de validación lingüística no se encontraron problemas léxicos ni lingüísticos en los procesos de traducción y retrotraducción. Se realizaron algunos cambios menores en algunos ítems. El grado de dificultad con la traducción fue de 3.5 ± .7 puntos sobre 10. Todos los ítems eran apropiados para el contexto cultural español. Las entrevistas cognitivas no revelaron tampoco ningún problema de comprensibilidad ni aceptabilidad de la escala. En la fase de validación psicométrica, el análisis paralelo identificó una estructura del BBSCe de dos factores. El análisis factorial exploratorio mostro posibles soluciones de uno o dos factores. Y el análisis factorial confirmatorio presentó índices de ajuste más aceptables para el modelo de 2 factores, con un factor infantil (ítems 1-8) y un factor materno (ítems 9-24). Se halló un alfa de Cronbach, de .91 para el total de la escala, de .82 para la subescala I infantil y de .91 para la subescala II materna. A nivel concurrente, las puntuaciones del BBSCe y de sus subescalas se asociaron de forma significativa con la lactancia materna exclusiva al alta posparto, así como con otras variables relevantes como la experiencia previa de lactancia y el contacto piel con piel durante los primeros 30’ posparto. Así mismo, las puntuaciones del BBSCe correlacionaron significativamente de forma positiva con la autoeficacia para la lactancia, y de forma negativa con el grado de dificultad para amamantar durante el ingreso y el porcentaje de pérdida de peso del lactante durante el ingreso hospitalario. A nivel predictivo, las puntuaciones del BBSCe y de sus subescalas también se asociaron con la duración y exclusividad de la lactancia, así como con los problemas de lactancia desde el alta posparto hasta los 1-4 meses. Además, las puntuaciones se correlacionaron significativamente de forma positiva con la satisfacción materna con la lactancia durante los 1-4 meses postparto, y de forma negativa con la intensidad total de los problemas de lactancia materna. Finalmente se indicaron las puntuaciones de corte 85.5 (para el total de la escala); 32.5 (para la subescala infantil) y 56.5 (para la subescala materna). Conclusion: El BBSCe es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la percepción materna de la eficacia de la lactancia durante el posparto precoz en el contexto español. Se han aportado pruebas de validez que incluyen la relación de las puntuaciones de la escala con variables relevantes para la lactancia materna. El BBSCe puede ser utilizado como herramienta de cribado en población general para detectar grupos de riesgo para el abandono prematuro de la lactancia materna.

In this workshop we present an innovative teaching, learning and research setting that engages beginning teachers in mathematical inquiry as they investigate, represent and connect mathematical ideas through mathematical conversation, reasoning and argument. This workshop connects to the themes of teacher preparation and teaching through problem solving. Drawing on new paradigms to think about teaching and learning, we orient our work within complexity theory (Davis & Sumara, 2006; Holland, 1998; Johnson, 2001; Maturana & Varela, 1987; Varela, Thompson & Rosch, 1991) to understand teaching|learning as a complex iterative process through which opportunities for learning arise out of dynamic interactions. Varela, Thompson and Rosch, (1991) use the term co-emergence to understand how the individual and the environment inform each other and are “bound together in reciprocal specification and selection” (p.174). In particular we are interested in the conditions that enable the co-emergence of teaching|learning collectives that support the generation of new mathematical and pedagogical ideas and understandings. The setting is a one-week summer math program designed for prospective elementary teachers to deepen particular mathematical concepts taught in elementary school. The program is facilitated by recently graduated secondary mathematics teachers to provide them an opportunity to experience mathematics teaching|learning through rich problems. The data collected include questionnaires, interviews, and video recordings. Our analyses show that many a-ha moments of mathematical and pedagogical insight are experienced by both groups as they work together throughout the week. In this workshop we will actively engage the audience in an exploration of the mathematics problems that we pose in this unique teaching|learning environment. We will present our data on the participants’ mathematical and pedagogical responses and open a discussion of the implications of our work.

Attrition rate is high for beginning teachers in an urban school district in the Northeast United States. Without a proper support system in place, new teachers struggled transitioning from their preparation programs into the classroom. This study focused on recent graduates from a teacher preparation program at a large local university. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of preparedness of recent graduates from the Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC) accredited preparation program. The TEAC standards provided the conceptual framework which informed the interview guides. The research questions focused on the perceived readiness of new teachers, the skills or aptitudes identified as strengths or weaknesses due to perceived gaps in preparation, and how teachers adapted what they learned in the graduate program. Using a case study design, the insights of eight recent graduates, with fewer than two years of experience, and 2 supervising professors from the university who had supervised student teachers were captured. Purposeful sampling was used to select the participants. Emergent themes were identified through an open coding process, and the findings were developed and checked for trustworthiness through member checking and triangulation. The findings revealed five perceived new teacher weaknesses: parent involvement, math instruction, classroom technology, time management, and teacher stress management. The culminating project for this research used these results to inform the content of a professional development workshop for new teachers. This study has implications for positive social change by providing a structure for improving the preparedness of new teachers.

This project study addressed the problem of induction teacher attrition at a rural middle school in the Southeastern United States. The study consisted of a program evaluation of a new induction program to ascertain the program's effectiveness in reducing induction teacher attrition. The theoretical framework for this study was Social constructivism. The goals of the evaluation were to (a) examine evidence supporting the effectiveness of the program, (b) identify whether the program helped the school to meet its new-teacher retention goals, and (c) evaluate induction program processes for their possible revision and improvement at other rural middle schools. A qualitative summative program evaluation using an anonymous online survey was used to gather qualitative data from 19 induction contract teachers at the school. Text analysis was used to search and categorize responses and identify frequently used words and phrases. The results showed that the revised induction program did not influence attrition positively or negatively. However, participation in the induction program provided a positive social outlet for new teachers at the school. The evaluation report included recommendations for program improvement, including the hiring of additional staff to improve induction teacher attrition rates. Implementation of these recommendations may affect positive social change by improving rural induction programs and induction teacher retention.

The decline in teacher retention is a growing problem in the 21st century. Beginning teacher turnover rates have grown by 50% over the past decade, with the national rate increasing to over 20%. Beginning teachers entering the profession are leaving within their first 3 years, with half leaving the profession in the first 5 years. To meet their growing needs, districts and states spend billions of dollars to recruit, hire, and try to retain new teachers. The purpose of this case study was to examine beginning teachers' perceptions of their teacher mentoring program located in an urban school district. Bandura's social cognitive theory, socio-cultural theory, and Knowles's adult learning theory were used to frame this investigation. The research questions examined the extent to which beginning teachers perceived their current mentoring program's strengths and weaknesses, the mentoring strategies used, and the improvements that could be made to the program. Interview data and transcripts from 10 beginning teachers were examined through coding that established common themes among teacher perceptions. The results revealed the importance of having a mentor and the need for more structure, more collaboration, and more support in the program. The findings from this study were used to create a 3-day workshop that includes the identified themes. Implications for positive social change include strengthening mentoring programs through professional development with more attention to structure, collaboration, and support to help transition beginning teachers into the teaching profession so that they remain.

Low job satisfaction among novice teachers is a problem that has become a concern for administrators at school districts, advancing the need for effective mentoring and induction programs. Induction programs provide opportunities for collaborative relationships through mentoring support to address areas such as professional growth and development, teaching practices, and other challenges faced in the early years of novice teachers' careers. The purpose of this correlational explanatory study was to examine the relationship between mentoring support and novice teachers' job satisfaction at a school district in southern USA. Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory was the theoretical foundation for the study. The research questions examined the relationships between 3 components of mentoring support (professional growth and development, mentoring, and teaching practices support) and job satisfaction among novice teachers (those with less than 3 years teaching experience) as measured by the Beginning Teachers Survey and the Job in General Survey respectively. The population was comprised of 1,954 teachers who were identified by the district as novice teachers. Of the 114 principals in this district, 32% sent the survey link to the 112 novice teachers at their schools and 78 novice teachers completed the online questionnaire (a response rate of 70%). The Spearman rho coefficient showed moderate, significant relationships for all 3 components of mentoring support. The correlation values in this study ranged from r = .52 to r = .61. This might lead to positive social change by having committed teachers with teaching experience, which would increase students' success. Student success, after all, is the most desirable outcome for students, teachers, and the community. Creating committed teachers requires an effective mentoring support program.

The first part of this thesis is addressing the general characteristics of volleyball including the game content and its mechanics. In the next part, the author aims to describe the important events of the volleyball history both in the world and in the Czech Republic specifically. The main part of the paper contains detailed information about the evolution of volleyball rules together with the most important adjustments from the beginning until today, in chronological order. The final part of the thesis compares the development of several chosen rules, outlining their advantages, disadvantages, and potential impacts on the game. Keywords: volleyball, rules, development, history, beginning, today, the Czech Republic, world

Students with disabilities need properly trained educators. The capacity of teachers to affect student learning is contingent upon the preparation they receive. Attitudes and feelings of preparedness to work with students with disabilities expressed by teachers indicate that their training is inadequate. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore preservice and beginning teachers’ attitudes and feelings of preparedness to work with students with disabilities. Participants included preservice teachers who were just beginning their teacher education program (Phase 1), student teachers (Phase 2), and practicing teachers (Phase 3) who had been enrolled in either undergraduate or graduate initial licensure teacher preparation programs at East Tennessee State University. A three-part survey containing both closed and open-ended items, including the Opinions Relative to the Integration of Students with Disabilities (ORI) scale, was used for data collection. Quantitative findings in this study were mixed or inconclusive. Some significant differences were found in overall ORI scores and subscale scores based on 1) the phase of training for undergraduates, 2) program levels (undergraduates and graduates), 3) type of teacher certification, and 4) the existence of relationships with persons with disabilities. No differences in attitude were found for any program-related teaching experiences with persons with disabilities. When combined with qualitative analysis, the study revealed a collection of disconnects that provided insight into the preparation of teachers. Disconnects were noted between expressed attitudes and feelings of preparedness; feelings of preparedness and program benefit; teacher preparation and teacher practice; and expressed value and need for more field experiences and the impact of program-related teaching experiences on attitudes and feelings of preparedness. Themes involving personal relationships, the expectancy to collaborate and learn through ongoing experience, and the limited focus on students with disabilities throughout the teacher education programs provided clues to factors that might potentially impact feelings of preparedness to work with students with disabilities.

Mentoring is a common element of new teacher induction aimed at easing beginning teachers' entry into the profession and assisting beginning teacher growth and development. Previous research has shown that mentors are comfortable supporting beginning teachers but are reluctant to provide challenge-activities that will help beginning teachers improve their practice. For optimal growth to occur, mentors should balance support and challenge in their work with beginning teachers. This descriptive study employed multiple cases to examine the relationship of two junior high school mentors with their mentees. The mentors in this study work in a school district with an established and highly supportive mentoring program. Each mentor has received extensive preparation and ongoing support for their mentoring efforts. The purpose of this study was to examine how mentors balanced support and challenge in order to assist their mentees' growth. The relationships of two mentors, working with two beginning teachers each, were examined for elements of support and challenge as well as the ways in which the mentors and mentees positioned each other and were positioned. The mentors in this study strongly favored challenge over support in their interactions with their mentees. Although there were many similarities among the mentoring activities and conversations with the beginning teachers, each mentor had her own mentoring style and adapted their mentoring to meet the needs of the individual beginning teachers with whom she worked. One might expect challenge to be critical or negative, but the challenge found in this study was more nuanced and complex. The nurturing challenge found in this study was paired with support in such a way that the beginning teachers were not overwhelmed by the feedback they received. While the institutional expectations of mentors influenced how they positioned themselves in relation to the mentees, mentors also attempted to position mentees in a position of power within their own classrooms and with respect to their own development as beginning teachers. While at times both mentors and mentees resisted being in the position of dominance, for a majority of the interactions both parties accepted the institutional positions prescribed by the district program.