Finally, through the application of spatial analytical and spatial statistical methods, a better understanding of the spatial patterns of TCM and Western medical services and their correlations with urban morphology, market, religious, educational and legal patterns can be acquired. / First, Republican Beijing historical information management can successfully manage integrated data for medical service studies of Republican Beijing. Historical data coming out of the historical enquiries can be collected, organized, managed, processed, analyzed and displayed. This framework may have some methodological implications on how to collect, organize, represent and analyze historical urban information in a GIS environment. / Second, Republican Beijing historical GIS database is not just the foundation of spatial analysis in this research, but provides a useful resource for scholars in many years to come. Through this database, public health, urban morphology, education, religion, market and legal cultural observations can be accessed by any investigator throughout Republican Beijing. The approach to identifying the street number improves the accuracy of the database while the approach of zoning 80 districts solves the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. In fact, these are very common problems encountered in historical GIS research that are concerned with "accuracy" and "scale". The two approaches may shed some light on solving such problems. / This research applies an historical GIS approach, which focuses on the spatial dimension as well as quantitative analysis to explore aspects of TCM and Western medical services in Beijing from 1912 to 1937. This dissertation provides a framework for successful integrated data management by establishing Republican Beijing historical information management as an organizational priority. Based on this framework, a system that integrates the functions of data storage, selective retrieval, analysis, display and archiving is established. First, Republican Beijing historical GIS database is produced. Two approaches are provided to work out the street number sequences and zone the 80 subdistricts respectively. Second, four kinds of spatial analytical methods, including buffer analysis, two-step floating catchment area method, spatial auto-correlation and GWR are integrated and used to explore the spatial patterns of TCM, Western medical services and their correlations with urban morphology, market, religious, educational and legal patterns. The main contributions are three-fold: / Zhang, Peiyao. / Advisers: Lin Hui; Billy K. L. So. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-163). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Wong, Yat Yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-176). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Statement of Purpose --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Identity and perceptions of “the other´ح / Chapter 1.2.2 --- National identity / Chapter 1.2.3 --- How do Japanese and Chinese people view each other? / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Chinese and Japanese national identity / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Identity and foreign experiences among overseas Chinese and Japanese / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Beijing, China and Kyoto, Japan as field sites" / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Semi-structured interviews / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Written sources / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Reflexivity of the researcher / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Limitations of the Research Methods / Chapter 1.4 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Perceptions of “the Other´ح in the Japanese and Chinese Media --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1 --- Images of “the Other´ح in Japanese and Chinese Popular Books --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Heavy focus on negative images of China and Chinese people in Japanese popular books / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Diverse views of Japan and Japanese people in Chinese popular books / Chapter 2.2 --- Reporting “the Other´ح in Japanese and Chinese Newspapers --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Background of Japanese and Chinese newspapers / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The poisoned dumpling incident in Japanese and Chinese newspapers / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Jun'ichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine in Japanese and Chinese newspapers / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Stereotypes and Disappointments: Chinese Students´ة Perceptions of Japan and Japanese People --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1 --- Initial Views of Japan --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2 --- "Stereotypes of Japanese Characteristics: Strict, Ambiguous and Distant" --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3 --- Stereotypes of Japanese Views of China and Chinese People --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4 --- Unpleasant Part-time Jobs --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5 --- Stressful Scholarship System --- p.86 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Improved Impressions and Reinforced Stereotypes: Japanese Students' Perceptions of China and Chinese People --- p.92 / Chapter 4.1 --- Initial Views of China and Chinese People / Chapter 4.2 --- Reasons to Go to China --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3 --- Improved Impressions: Friendships with Chinese People --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- Different Communication Styles --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5 --- Reinforced Stereotypes --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- The Chinese government and people / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Uncivilized Chinese general public / Chapter 4.5.3 --- A good Chinese person / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Perceptions of Media and “the Other´ح among Chinese and Japanese Students --- p.119 / Chapter 5.1 --- Exaggerations and Unreliability: The Japanese Media in the Eyes of Chinese Students --- p.120 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Exaggerations by the Japanese media: “They only report negative things!´ح / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Unreliability of the Japanese media / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Comparing the Japanese and Chinese media: Different styles of reporting news / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Comparing the Japanese and Chinese media: Different attitudes in reporting “the other´ح / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Relations between the Japanese media and the general public / Chapter 5.2 --- Lack of Freedom and Lack of Reality: Chinese Media in the Eyes of Japanese --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Limited information and choices from the Chinese media / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Misleading of audiences by the Chinese media / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Comparing the Chinese and Japanese media / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Relations between the Chinese media and the general public / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.142 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.146 / Chapter 6.1 --- Chapter Summaries --- p..146 / Chapter 6.2 --- National Identity among the Japanese and Chinese Students --- p..149 / Chapter 6.3 --- "Perceptions of “the Other,´ح Media Discourses and Cultural Power Relations between Japan and China" --- p..153 / Chapter 6.4 --- Value of the Study --- p.156 / Appendices --- p.160 / Bibliography --- p.164

Cai, Yue. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-107). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.I / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.IV / Acknowledgement --- p.VII / Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms --- p.VIII / List of Contents --- p.IX / List of Tables --- p.XIV / List of Figures --- p.XIX / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Definition of Migration in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Reasons for This Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Questions and Hypotheses of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Research Questions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Hypothesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outlines of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Methodology and Search Results --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Overview of the Health Status of Migrant Children --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Access to Health Care --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Physical Health --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Mental and Social Health --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Aspects about Health --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Possible Explanations --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Acculturation-stress of Migrant Children --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Healthy Migrant Children --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Transitional Effect on Migrant Childreńةs Health --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Socio-demographic Effect on Migrant Childreńةs Health --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Potential Risk Factors for Health of Migrant Children except the Migration Status --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Gender --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Age --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Duration of Residence in Host Society --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Reside with Both Parents --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Familýةs Social Economic Status --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Limitations of Previous Studies --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Study Design --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Method --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition of Migrant Children --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study Population --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Tool --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Core Scale: World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Questionnaire for Child --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Questionnaire for Parent --- p.26 / Chapter 3.5 --- Sampling Strategy and Data Collection Process --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Pilot study --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Main study --- p.30 / Chapter 3.6 --- Data Management --- p.36 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 3.8 --- Ethical Consideration --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Reliability and Validity of WHOQOL-BREF --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The Reliability and Validity of the Whole WHOQOL-BREF Scale --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The Reliability and Validity of Each Health Domains: --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Migrants vs Residents in All Schools --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The differences of demographic characteristics --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) and self-reported physical health outcomes --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Access to health services and health resources --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- Migrants vs Residents in General primary Schools --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Socio-demographic characteristics among children in general primary school --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) and self-reported physical health outcomes in general primary school --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Access to health care services and health related resources in general primary school --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparisons of Migrant Children in Different School Settings --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics of migrant children in different school settings --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) - Migrant children in different school settings --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Self-reported physical health outcomes of migrant children in different types of schools --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Access to health services and health related resources --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.61 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Effect of Migration Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Within general primary schools --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6 --- The Effect of Migration on Access to Health Care Services Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Within general primary Schools --- p.70 / Chapter 4.7 --- The Effect of Migration on Adoption of Health Promoting Behaviors Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Within general primary schools --- p.72 / Chapter 4.8 --- Summary of Results --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1 --- Interpretations of the Results --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and Self-Reported physical Health Outcomes --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Access to Health Services and Health resources --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Adoption of Health Promoting Behaviors --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Other Interesting Findings --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- Implications --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3 --- Strengths of This Study --- p.91 / Chapter 5.4 --- Addressing Potential Sources of Bias and Other Study Limitations --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Potential Sampling Bias --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Potential Reporting Bias --- p.94 / Chapter 5.5 --- Study for The Future --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.97 / Reference List --- p.98 / Appendix A: Summary of 74 Literature Review Papers --- p.108 / Appendix B: Questionnaires --- p.119 / Appendix C: Tables in Pilot Study --- p.127 / Appendix D: Reliability and Validity of WHOQOL-BREF --- p.129 / Appendix E: Tables in Main Study --- p.132

La tuberculose MDR/XDR (multi et ultrarésistante aux antituberculeux) causée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis constitue un problème de santé publique mondial. L’étude et l’identification des mutations responsables de la résistance sont des facteurs clés pour le contrôle et la surveillance de la tuberculose MDR/XDR. L’expansion de lignée L2/Beijing, une famille de souches originaire du Sud-Est de la Chine (Guangxi) potentiellement plus virulente, complique la maitrise de cette maladie. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé le TB-EFI et le TB IS-NTF/RINT, deux méthodes moléculaires rapides, multiplexées et haut débit (développées sur le système Luminex xMap), prêtes à utilisation. Nous avons initié le développement d’une méthode moléculaire par la sélection de marqueurs moléculaires pertinents en vue de la discrimination des souches Beijing par la technique MLPA-Beijing. Le TB-EFI est un test qui permet d’identifier les mutations fréquentes (polymorphismes de nucléotides simples) dans les gènes associés à la résistance des souches de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antituberculeux de deuxième ligne dont la Fluoroquinolone, les Injectables, et à l’antituberculeux de première ligne, l’Ethambutol. Le TB-EFI pourrait être un test utilisable dans les études rétrospectives en vue du suivi de la résistance d’une population. Le test IS-NTF/RINT est un test spécifique aux souches Beijing qui type la séquence d’insertion IS6110 au sein du locus NTF (Ancien/moderne) et détecte les mutations responsables de la résistance de ces souches à la Rifampicine et l’Isoniazide (les deux antibiotiques principaux de première ligne). Ce test est d’une importance capitale pour l’identification et le contrôle des souches épidémiques, mais aussi pour une vision sur l’évolution du phénomène de résistance dans le temps et l’espace. Il est peu discriminant pour la différenciation des souches Beijing. En vue d’une discrimination complète et précise des souches Beijing, nous avons proposé un lot de SNP qui serviront pour la technique MLPA-Beijing. Par ailleurs, ces méthodes ainsi que le spoligotypage sur microbille, nous ont permis d’effectuer des études d’épidémiologie moléculaire de la tuberculose au Kazakhstan, en Nouvelle Guinée Papouasie, en Italie, au Mozambique, au Pérou. Les techniques développées dans cette thèse pourraient contribuer de manière significative au contrôle de la tuberculose XDR dans les zones « hot-spot », et à la surveillance mondiale de l’évolution des souches Beijing spécialement des souches MDR épidémiques. / MDR / XDR (multidrug and extensively resistant to tuberculosis) TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is still a global public health problem. The study and identification of mutations responsible for resistance are important factors for the control and surveillance of MDR / XDR TB. The expansion of the L2 / Beijing lineage, a family of strains originating from South-East of China (Guangxi) and potentially more virulent, complicates the control of this disease. In this context, we have developed TB-EFI and TB IS-NTF / RINT, two high-speed, multiplexed and high-throughput molecular methods ready to use (developed on the Luminex xMap system). We initiated the development of a molecular method by the selection of relevant molecular markers for the discrimination of Beijing strains by the MLPA technique. TB-EFI is a test that identifies frequent mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the genes associated with the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to second-line anti-TB drugs including Fluoroquinolone, Injectable, and first-line antituberculosis drug, Ethambutol. TB-EFI may be used in retrospective studies to monitor resistance in a population. The IS-NTF / RINT test is a test specific to Beijing strains that types the IS6110 insertion sequence within the NTF locus (Ancient / Modern) and detects the mutations responsible for the resistance of these strains to Rifampicin and Isoniazid (the two leading primary antibiotics). This test is of paramount importance for the identification and control of epidemic strains, but also for a vision on the evolution of the phenomenon of resistance in time and space. It is not very discriminating among Beijing strains. In view of complete and precise discrimination of the Beijing strains, we have proposed a set of SNPs that will be used for a technique that will be called MLPA-Beijing. In addition, these methods as well as spoligotyping on microbeads allowed us to carry out molecular epidemiological studies of tuberculosis in Kazakhstan, Papua New Guinea, Italy, Mozambique and Peru. The techniques developed in this thesis could contribute significantly to the control of XDR tuberculosis in hot-spot areas, and to the global monitoring of the evolution of Beijing strains especially epidemic MDR strains.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / abstract / Politics and Public Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Currently, China is facing a challenge of sustainable development. The worsening air quality and increasing haze days in Beijing and many other cities in China have exerted serious health impacts and an economic toll. Pollution control and emission reduction have become an urgent issue that Chinese governments need to tackle. Hence, stricter Environmental laws and Clean Air Plans have been published and implemented in recent years in China. The developed countries had experienced the similar industrial development accompanying by air pollution problem during the middle of last century. Environmental legislating against helped many developed countries solve the pollution and achieved positive EKC trend – air quality improvements along with continuous economic growth. The thesis tries to study the previous lessons and experiences on pollution abatement from some developed countries and find what lesson’s China can draw from them on pollution control and changing towards a sustainable development. The thesis adopts a multi-scientific study method including case studies, economic, technological, legal and institutional analysis. The pollution abatement cases are from the US and UK, because historically the serious air smog episodes due to industrialization had happened in many cities of the two countries, which are like what is happening in China now. Case studies compare the pollution problem in Beijing, Los Angeles and London, and focus on how environmental laws work for emission reduction. The study results show that the economic phase in China now is close to the EKC turning point and is at similar phase comparing to the historical pollution treatment stages during the middle of last century in the US and UK. However, the positive EKC trend does not inevitably come without strong environmental legislation, technological development and economic-social institution sustainability transformation. The implication for China is that the current pollution control laws and its implementation in China at the crucial moment would most likely decide the future environmental, economic, and social situation in China. Loose environmental laws might cause environmental indulgence, while implementation of scientific environmental laws and standards can work effectively on emission reduction and enhancing technology and economic development at the same time. And the scientific based legislation skills from developed countries provide a good lesson to be drawn for China on how to make the laws and standards.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-05T16:52:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza Treichel Vianna_.pdf: 2476495 bytes, checksum: a9ab76ea2bc22203a6695c157c4cd24e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T16:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza Treichel Vianna_.pdf: 2476495 bytes, checksum: a9ab76ea2bc22203a6695c157c4cd24e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNJ - Conselho Nacional de Justiça / Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar os fatores linguísticos e tradutórios envolvidos na Declaração de Pequim (ONU, 1995; 2006 [1995]) em língua inglesa e na sua tradução em língua portuguesa, analisando as unidades de tradução (ALVES, 2014) relativas à noção de gênero e verificando como a sensibilidade do tema pode afetar a tradução do documento. Pelo viés da tradução, a declaração da ONU pode ser considerada um texto sensível, pois trata de direito das mulheres, gênero, empoderamento da mulher e sexo versus gênero, pontos que afetam a tradução do texto. Para tanto, utilizamos a Linguística de Corpus como abordagem metodológica tanto para a construção do corpus, composto pela Declaração de Pequim em inglês e português, como para o alinhamento dos textos e criação de grafos. Para nossa análise de dados, selecionamos, qualitativamente, as unidades de tradução empowerment, gender, women and men e men and women, que apresentaram indícios de sensibilidade textual na Declaração de Pequim. A partir das variações e mudanças encontradas, percebemos que o tradutor utilizou distintas técnicas e estratégias de tradução (HURTADO ALBIR; MOLINA, 2002; AIXELÁ, 1996) pensando no propósito tradutório, na cultura da língua-alvo e na recepção do texto-alvo. Por fim, destacamos que a tradução de um texto sensível é um desafio para os tradutores, pois é preciso considerar diferentes fatores contextuais e situacionais no ato tradutório, como o objetivo da tradução, o propósito, a língua-alvo e a cultura alvo, a fim de não causar um choque social ou um estranhamento ao público leitor. / This study aimed to investigate the linguistic and translational aspects involved in Bejing Declaration (ONU, 1995; 2006 [1995]) in English and its translation into Portuguese, analyzing the translation units (ALVES, 2014) related to the notion of gender and verifying how the sensibility of the theme could affect the translation of the document. By translation bias, the UN Declaration could be considered a sensitive text, because its about women’s rights, gender, empowerment of women and sex versus gender, points that affect the translation of the text. For this purpose, we used the Corpus Linguistics as methodological approach to build the corpus, composed by the Beijing Declaration in English and in Portuguese, as to the text alignment and the creation of the graphs. For our data analysis, we select, qualitatively, the translation units empowerment, gender, women and men and men and women, that presented evidences of textual sensibility in Beijing Declaration. From the variations and changes found, we realized that the translator used different translation techniques and strategies (HURTADO ALBIR; MOLINA, 2002; AIXELÁ, 1996) thinking about the translation purpose, the culture of the target-language and the reception of the target-text. Finally, we emphasize that the translation of a sensitive text is a challenge for translators, because its necessary to consider different contextual and situational factors in the translational act, as the translation objective, the purpose, the target-language and the target-culture, in order not to cause a social shock or a strangerness in the readership.

<p>A variety of factors are the reasons for adjusting or changing company’s strategy, such as the change of customer demand, company’s internal financial factors, the influence of external environment and so on. This research is to find out the link between the change of external environment and the adjustment of internal strategy. Choose the suspension of one flight in SAS as the case to state this point. Show the strategy change of SAS when they were facing the serious impact of financial crisis.</p><p>SAS as the biggest airline in North Europe it could be a typical firm to investigate this kind of situation. A deep-interview and reading the published reports of SAS are the main data collection approached. Some resources were from the internet because it is real-time news and the reports from the company are published on their website. The interviewee is from the top of the company who is familiar this area and has full experience in international business. The study used lots of theories from different books and journals to integrate the information that we collected to analysis and achieve our final conclusion.</p><p>After analyzed the study it found the SAS used the retrenchment strategy as their new international strategy to reverse the negative situation. The financial crisis affected the customer demand badly not just in China also around the world and forced them to change the strategy. The report ultimate believed there were still a lot of other factors, beside the financial crisis, caused the adjustment of strategy in SAS.</p>

A variety of factors are the reasons for adjusting or changing company’s strategy, such as the change of customer demand, company’s internal financial factors, the influence of external environment and so on. This research is to find out the link between the change of external environment and the adjustment of internal strategy. Choose the suspension of one flight in SAS as the case to state this point. Show the strategy change of SAS when they were facing the serious impact of financial crisis. SAS as the biggest airline in North Europe it could be a typical firm to investigate this kind of situation. A deep-interview and reading the published reports of SAS are the main data collection approached. Some resources were from the internet because it is real-time news and the reports from the company are published on their website. The interviewee is from the top of the company who is familiar this area and has full experience in international business. The study used lots of theories from different books and journals to integrate the information that we collected to analysis and achieve our final conclusion. After analyzed the study it found the SAS used the retrenchment strategy as their new international strategy to reverse the negative situation. The financial crisis affected the customer demand badly not just in China also around the world and forced them to change the strategy. The report ultimate believed there were still a lot of other factors, beside the financial crisis, caused the adjustment of strategy in SAS.