INTRODUÇÃO: A paralisia facial periférica idiopática apresenta uma variabilidade clínica de sinais e sintomas que dificultam a realização de uma avaliação objetiva e precisa, com influência no estabelecimento de prognóstico. A eletromiografia de superfície é um exame não invasivo e indolor que permite o estudo da atividade elétrica muscular. Visando compreender quais os efeitos da paralisia facial na atividade elétrica muscular durante o tempo de instalação da doença, o objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a eletromiografia de superfície para captar a resposta elétrica de músculos da face durante a avaliação clínica do sorriso e correlacionar as respostas musculares com o tempo de instalação da paralisia facial. MÉTODOS: Participaram 140 adultos divididos em três grupos: Grupo I - 35 participantes com paralisia facial periférica com instalação de até 3 meses; Grupo II - 35 participantes com paralisia facial periférica com instalação entre 3 a 6 meses; Grupo III - 70 controles saudáveis. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação que consistiu na aplicação de uma escala clínica para avaliação da mímica facial e da realização do exame de eletromiografia de superfície em região de músculos zigomático e risório. RESULTADOS: Há evidências que os grupos com paralisia facial, independentemente do tempo de início da doença, se diferenciaram significativamente do grupo de indivíduos saudáveis quanto a atividade muscular captada durante o repouso e no sorriso voluntário para ambas as regiões musculares testadas. Os grupos com paralisia facial não se diferenciaram significativamente quando considerada a ativação muscular para nenhuma das avaliações realizadas. O grupo com maior tempo de paralisia facial, apresentou ativação muscular mais assimétrica durante o sorriso voluntário se comparado aos demais grupos. A assimetria muscular foi mais evidente se considerado o funcionamento do músculo risório. CONCLUSÃO: A compatibilização da análise dos dados indica que a avaliação muscular da face por meio da eletromiografia de superfície é reprodutível e é capaz de diferenciar indivíduos com e sem comprometimento muscular / INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic facial palsy presents a clinical variability of signs and symptoms, wich turns difficult to perform an objective and accurate assessment, and influences the prognosis. Surface electromyography is a noninvasive and painless test that allows the study of muscle electrical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess, through surface electromyography, the activity of the risorius and zygomaticus muscles, during the production of voluntary smiles and to compare these data between two groups of individuals with different onset times of peripheral facial palsy. METHODS: 140 adults divided into three groups: Group 1 - 35 individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy onset time between 0 and 3 months; Group 2 - 35 individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy onset time between 3 and 6 months; Control Group - 70 healthy controls. All of the participants were submitted to the following assessments: clinical protocol for the assessment of facial mimic and surface electromyography of the risorius and zygomaticus muscles. RESULTS: the results suggest that the groups of individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy differed from the control group considering muscle activity during rest and during the production of voluntary smiles, regardless of the onset time of the disease. The groups with Peripheral Facial Palsy did not differ between themselves in any of the tested situations. The group with Peripheral Facial Palsy with longer onset time presented greater muscle activation asymmetry during the production of the voluntary smiles when compared to the other two groups. Muscle asymmetry was more evident when considering the results for the risorius muscle. CONCLUSION: A compatibilização da análise dos dados indica que a avaliação muscular da face por meio da eletromiografia de superfície é reprodutível e é capaz de diferenciar indivíduos com e sem comprometimento muscular

The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of prednisolone and valaciclovir in a large number of Bell's palsy patients. The incidence and intensity of pain around the ear, in the face or in the neck during the first two months of palsy, and its prognostic value, was also assessed. We also investigated how study design and choice of analysis method affect the rate of facial recovery. Furthermore, the agreement between the Sunnybrook, House-Brackmann and Yanagihara facial grading systems was evaluated. From May 2001 to September 2007, a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial with 12-month follow-up was performed in patients with Bell's palsy. Of 839 randomised patients, 829 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis; 206 received placebo plus placebo, 210 prednisolone plus placebo, 207 valaciclovir plus placebo, and 206 prednisolone plus valaciclovir. Time to recovery was significantly shorter in the 416 patients who received prednisolone compared with the 413 who did not (p<0.0001). At 12 months, 300 of 416 patients (72%) in the prednisolone group had recovered compared with 237 of 413 patients (57%) in the no prednisolone group (p<0.0001). Valaciclovir was not found to affect time to facial recovery or outcome at 12 months. Prednisolone and/or valaciclovir did not affect the incidence or intensity of pain. Presence of pain at day 11 to 17 indicated a worse prognosis for facial recovery at 12 months. We also found that recovery rates in a Bell's palsy trial are substantially affected by the choice of analysis method and definition of facial recovery. We used weighted Kappa statistics in 100 examinations of patients with facial palsy to assess the agreement between the Sunnybrook, House-Brackmann and Yanagihara scales. The highest agreement was found between the regional Sunnybrook and Yanagihara scales. An evaluative difference between the Sunnybrook and House-Brackmann systems was observed.

INTRODUÇÃO: A paralisia facial periférica idiopática apresenta uma variabilidade clínica de sinais e sintomas que dificultam a realização de uma avaliação objetiva e precisa, com influência no estabelecimento de prognóstico. A eletromiografia de superfície é um exame não invasivo e indolor que permite o estudo da atividade elétrica muscular. Visando compreender quais os efeitos da paralisia facial na atividade elétrica muscular durante o tempo de instalação da doença, o objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a eletromiografia de superfície para captar a resposta elétrica de músculos da face durante a avaliação clínica do sorriso e correlacionar as respostas musculares com o tempo de instalação da paralisia facial. MÉTODOS: Participaram 140 adultos divididos em três grupos: Grupo I - 35 participantes com paralisia facial periférica com instalação de até 3 meses; Grupo II - 35 participantes com paralisia facial periférica com instalação entre 3 a 6 meses; Grupo III - 70 controles saudáveis. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação que consistiu na aplicação de uma escala clínica para avaliação da mímica facial e da realização do exame de eletromiografia de superfície em região de músculos zigomático e risório. RESULTADOS: Há evidências que os grupos com paralisia facial, independentemente do tempo de início da doença, se diferenciaram significativamente do grupo de indivíduos saudáveis quanto a atividade muscular captada durante o repouso e no sorriso voluntário para ambas as regiões musculares testadas. Os grupos com paralisia facial não se diferenciaram significativamente quando considerada a ativação muscular para nenhuma das avaliações realizadas. O grupo com maior tempo de paralisia facial, apresentou ativação muscular mais assimétrica durante o sorriso voluntário se comparado aos demais grupos. A assimetria muscular foi mais evidente se considerado o funcionamento do músculo risório. CONCLUSÃO: A compatibilização da análise dos dados indica que a avaliação muscular da face por meio da eletromiografia de superfície é reprodutível e é capaz de diferenciar indivíduos com e sem comprometimento muscular / INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic facial palsy presents a clinical variability of signs and symptoms, wich turns difficult to perform an objective and accurate assessment, and influences the prognosis. Surface electromyography is a noninvasive and painless test that allows the study of muscle electrical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess, through surface electromyography, the activity of the risorius and zygomaticus muscles, during the production of voluntary smiles and to compare these data between two groups of individuals with different onset times of peripheral facial palsy. METHODS: 140 adults divided into three groups: Group 1 - 35 individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy onset time between 0 and 3 months; Group 2 - 35 individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy onset time between 3 and 6 months; Control Group - 70 healthy controls. All of the participants were submitted to the following assessments: clinical protocol for the assessment of facial mimic and surface electromyography of the risorius and zygomaticus muscles. RESULTS: the results suggest that the groups of individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy differed from the control group considering muscle activity during rest and during the production of voluntary smiles, regardless of the onset time of the disease. The groups with Peripheral Facial Palsy did not differ between themselves in any of the tested situations. The group with Peripheral Facial Palsy with longer onset time presented greater muscle activation asymmetry during the production of the voluntary smiles when compared to the other two groups. Muscle asymmetry was more evident when considering the results for the risorius muscle. CONCLUSION: A compatibilização da análise dos dados indica que a avaliação muscular da face por meio da eletromiografia de superfície é reprodutível e é capaz de diferenciar indivíduos com e sem comprometimento muscular

La mécanique quantique prédit l'existence de corrélations entre particules distantes qui ne peuvent s'expliquer dans le cadre des théories réalistes locales. Suite au développement récent de la théorie de l'information quantique, il a été réalisé que ces corrélations non-locales ont des implications quant aux capacités de traitement de l'information des systèmes quantiques. Outre une signification physique, elles possèdent donc une signification informationnelle. Cette thèse traite de différents aspects de la non-localité liés à ces deux facettes du phénomène.<p><p>Nous commençons par un examen de la structure des corrélations locales et non-locales. Nous dérivons dans ce contexte de nouvelles inégalités de Bell, et généralisons ensuite le paradoxe de Greenberger-Horne-Zelinger à des états quantiques de dimension arbitraire et composés de plusieurs sous-systèmes. <p><p>Nous abordons par après la non-localité du point de vue de la théorie de l'information. Il est possible de concevoir des théories non-locales consistantes avec le principe de causalité mais offrant des avantages supérieurs à la mécanique quantique en terme de manipulation de l'information. Nous investiguons l'ensemble des corrélations compatibles avec de telles théories afin d'éclairer l'origine des limitations imposées par le formalisme quantique. Nous nous intéressons également à la quantité de communication classique nécessaire pour simuler les corrélations non-locales. Nous montrons que cette mesure naturelle de la non-localité est étroitement liée au degré de violations des inégalités de Bell.<p><p>Nous nous tournons ensuite vers des aspects expérimentaux. La faible efficacité des détecteurs utilisés dans les expériences de violation des inégalités de Bell reste un obstacle majeur à une démonstration convaincante de la non-localité, mais aussi à toute utilisation de la non-localité dans des protocoles d'information quantique. Nous dérivons d'une part des bornes quant à l'efficacité minimale requise pour violer les inégalités de Bell, et d'autre part des exemples de corrélations plus résistante à ces imperfections expérimentales. <p><p>Finalement, nous clôturons cette thèse en montrant comment la non-localité, principalement étudiée dans le cadre de systèmes décrits par des variables discrètes, telles que les variables de spin, peut également se manifester dans des systèmes à variables continues, telles que les variables de position et d'impulsion.<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce manuscrit décrit des expériences d’optique atomique quantique utilisant un détecteur résolu en impulsions d’atomes uniques d’hélium métastable. La première partie du manuscrit décrit la mesure de cohérence de deuxième ordre de la superradiance à partir d’un condensat de Bose-Einstein d’helium métastable. Bien que le condensat soit cohérent et le gain du processus de superradiance élevé, celle-ci montre toujours une statistique thermique comme celle de l’émission spontanée. La suite du manuscrit est dédiée au test de la non localité d’une source atomique corrélée en impulsion. Le schéma du test s’inspire d’une réalisation faite par Rarity et Tapster sur des photons intriqués en impulsion. Les ingrédients principaux d’un tel schéma sont la source atomique générée par instabilité dynamique du condensat dans un réseau optique en mouvement, le contrôle cohérent des atomes par diffraction de Bragg et la mesure de la corrélation des atomes dans les différentes voies de sortie du schéma interférométrique. Un point clé est le contrôle et la manipulation de la phase des ondes atomiques. Le chapitre 3 décrit les tests sur le contrôle cohérent par diffraction de Bragg et leurs résultats encourageants. La nature non classique de notre source atomique est démontrée par l’observation d’une interférence à deux particules en les envoyant sur une séparatrice atomique. Cet analogue atomique de l’expérience de Hong Ou et Mandel est le sujet du dernier chapitre de ce manuscrit. Le résultat de cette expérience ouvre la possibilité du test d’inégalité de Bell avec des particules massives corrélées sur des degrés de liberté externe. / This manuscript describes quantum atom optics experiments using metastable helium atoms with a single-atom momentum resolved detector. In the first part of this manuscript, the second order correlation measurement of the superradiance from a metastable helium Bose-Einstein condensate is presented. The superradiance effect is the collective radiation of dense ensemble where a strong gain of the radiation is expected. We have shown the thermal like statistics of the emission even in the presence of the strong gain. The next part of the manuscript is devoted to the quantum nonlocality test using a pair of atoms entangled in momentum. The protocol we came up with is inspired from the one of Rarity and Tapster with pairs of photons entangled in momentum. The essential ingredients of this protocol are the atomic pair produced by dynamical instability of the Bose-Einstein condensate in a moving optical lattice, the coherent control of the atomic pair by Bragg diffraction and the correlation measurement of the atoms in different output modes of the interferometric protocol. The experimental characterization and preparation of coherent control by Bragg diffraction are presented showing the proof of principle of such a protocol. The last part of the manuscript discusses the realization of the atomic Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment using the same atomic pair with an atomic beamsplitter. The non-classical interference result of this experiment has opened an opportunity for us to realize Bell’s inequality test with massive particles correlated in external degrees of freedom.

Les instabilités fluides peuvent dégrader le confinement du plasma au sein des tokamaks. Étant données les échelles spatio-temporelles, on choisit les modèles fluides obtenus à partir de la dérivation des modèles cinétiques. On dérive plusieurs modèles hiérarchiques de la MagnétoHydroDynamique (MHD) et en particulier les modèles de la MHD réduite du Current Hole et de l'équilibre de Grad-Shafranov. Une des difficulté de l'ensemble de ces modèles est de respecter l'équation modélisant l'absence de monopôles magnétiques. Pour assurer cette condition en tout point du domaine, le champ magnétique est réécrit avec un potentiel vecteur. L'utilisation de potentiels fait apparaître des équations faisant intervenir des dérivées d'ordre supérieurs. La stratégie numérique développée est l'utilisation de la méthode des éléments finis avec des éléments C1 de Bell. Sur un maillage non structuré, ces éléments ont l'intérêt de présenter une base réduite définir exclusivement avec des variables aux noeuds du maillage. Les modèles de MHD réduite du Current Hole et de Grad-Shafranov ont été résolus avec ces éléments. La résolution du cas test de Grad-Shafranov avec les conditions de bords exactes a permis d'obtenir l'ordre optimale de 5. La résolution du système du Current Hole avec ces éléments, validée par l'obtention du paramètre η1/3, a permis l'observation de développement d'instabilités en dents de scies. / Fluid instabilities can degrade plasma confinement in tokamaks. Given the spatial and temporal scales, we choose the fluid models obtained from the derivation of kinetic models. We derived several hierarchical models of MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) and in particular models of reduced MHD like the Current Hole and the Grad-Shafranov equilibrium. One of the difficulty of all these models is to respect the absence of magnetic monopoles equation. To ensure this condition at any point, the magnetic field is rewritten with a vector potential. The use of vector portential implies that higher order derivatives appear in the equation. The numerical strategy is developed using the finite element method with C1 Bell's elements. On a unstructured mesh, these have the advantage to present a reduced basis with degrees of freedom defined exclusively on the nodes of the mesh. The reduced MHD models of the Current Hole and Grad-Shafranov have thus been resolved with these elements. The resolution of a Grad-Shafranov test case with exact boundary conditions yields the optimal order of 5. The resolution of the Current Hole system with thesse elements has been validated by obtaining physical parameter η1/3 and allowed the observation of the development of sawtooth instabilities.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / Brett K. Sandercock / The reproductive strategies of avian brood parasites and the behavioral responses of their hosts have served as a model of co-evolution in nature. Host adaptations to reduce the costs of parasitism are countered with novel parasite behaviors that increase the success of the parasite and thereby decrease host productivity. Not all host species possess anti-parasite defense behaviors, and parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) may cause population declines in some species. Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii) is a small-bodied cowbird host that fails to fledge young if successfully parasitized. Although vireos desert naturally parasitized nests, the cues that cause desertion have not been identified. Understanding how parasitism affects vireo productivity is important because cowbird removal is an integral component of the recovery efforts for the endangered Least Bell’s Vireo (V. b. pusillus) in California. However, it is generally unknown how cowbird removal affects vireo productivity. To address these issues, I monitored the productivity of vireos nesting in Kansas at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, conducted a clutch manipulation experiment, and experimentally removed cowbirds. In addition, I used stable isotope analysis to determine if recently fledged cowbird young could be assigned to habitats or host species. I found that vireos did not desert nests due to the presence of a cowbird egg; rather egg removal by cowbirds caused desertion, which is a generalized response in many taxa of birds. Cowbird removals decreased parasitism of vireo nests by approximately 36% and led to a 2-fold increase in vireo productivity per pair. Cowbird productivity from vireo pairs increased because fewer parasitized nests were deserted and parasitized nests on removal plots had a higher probability of success. No cowbird removal study has reported an increase in cowbird productivity in response to trapping. Cowbird nestlings from prairie plots and shrub plots differed in carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions, and 87% of locally produced juvenile cowbirds were classified with nestlings from shrub plots. Thus, the continued expansion of woody plants into tallgrass prairie may result in local increases in cowbird productivity.

Deux expériences d'Optique Atomique Quantique sont étudiées dans ce manuscrit : l'expérience Hong-Ou-Mandel atomique ainsi qu'une expérience préliminaire au test des inégalités de Bell sur la variable d'impulsion de deux atomes. Ces deux expériences permettent de révéler des comportements très particuliers de la matière. La première produit une interférence à deux particules et la seconde suggère l'intrication de deux atomes en impulsion. Ces deux aspects de la mécanique quantique sont non-intuitifs et surprenants. Pouvoir les réaliser avec quelques atomes dans des environnements contrôlés est nécessaire à la consolidation de nos connaissances des lois de la nature et tout particulièrement quand mécanique quantique et gravitation sont à l'oeuvre simultanément. / We report two Quantum Atom Optics experiments : the atomic Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment and preliminary results toward Bell's inequality test on momentum of two atoms. Both experiments reveal interesting behaviors of matter. The first one shows a 2-particle interference and the second one suggests entanglement momenta between two atoms. These aspects of quantum mechanics are really surprising and unintuitive. Realizing these experiments with a few atoms in a controlled environment are necessary to strengthen our understanding of the world, particularly when quantum mechanics and gravitation act simultaneously.

Dans cette thèse l’ancienne question philosophique “tout événement a-t-il une cause ?” sera examinée à la lumière de la mécanique quantique et de la théorie des probabilités. Aussi bien en physique qu’en philosophie des sciences la position orthodoxe maintient que le monde physique est indéterministe. Au niveau fondamental de la réalité physique – au niveau quantique – les événements se passeraient sans causes, mais par chance, par hasard ‘irréductible’. Le théorème physique le plus précis qui mène à cette conclusion est le théorème de Bell. Ici les prémisses de ce théorème seront réexaminées. Il sera rappelé que d’autres solutions au théorème que l’indéterminisme sont envisageables, dont certaines sont connues mais négligées, comme le ‘superdéterminisme’. Mais il sera argué que d’autres solutions compatibles avec le déterminisme existent, notamment en étudiant des systèmes physiques modèles. Une des conclusions générales de cette thèse est que l’interprétation du théorème de Bell et de la mécanique quantique dépend crucialement des prémisses philosophiques desquelles on part. Par exemple, au sein de la vision d’un Spinoza, le monde quantique peut bien être compris comme étant déterministe. Mais il est argué qu’aussi un déterminisme nettement moins radical que celui de Spinoza n’est pas éliminé par les expériences physiques. Si cela est vrai, le débat ‘déterminisme – indéterminisme’ n’est pas décidé au laboratoire : il reste philosophique et ouvert – contrairement à ce que l’on pense souvent. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse un modèle pour l’interprétation de la probabilité sera proposé. Une étude conceptuelle de la notion de probabilité indique que l’hypothèse du déterminisme aide à mieux comprendre ce que c’est qu’un ‘système probabiliste’. Il semble que le déterminisme peut répondre à certaines questions pour lesquelles l’indéterminisme n’a pas de réponses. Pour cette raison nous conclurons que la conjecture de Laplace – à savoir que la théorie des probabilités présuppose une réalité déterministe sous-jacente – garde toute sa légitimité. Dans cette thèse aussi bien les méthodes de la philosophie que de la physique seront utilisées. Il apparaît que les deux domaines sont ici solidement reliés, et qu’ils offrent un vaste potentiel de fertilisation croisée – donc bidirectionnelle. / In this thesis the ancient philosophical question whether ‘everything has a cause’ will be examined in the light of quantum mechanics and probability theory. In the physics and philosophy of science communities the orthodox position states that the physical world is indeterministic. On the deepest level of physical reality – the quantum level – things or events would have no causes but happen by chance, by irreducible hazard. Arguably the clearest and most convincing theorem that led to this conclusion is Bell’s theorem. Here the premises of this theorem will be re-evaluated, notably by investigating physical model systems. It will be recalled that other solutions to the theorem than indeterminism exist, some of which are known but neglected, such as ‘superdeterminism’. But it will be argued that also other solutions compatible with determinism exist. One general conclusion will be that the interpretation of Bell’s theorem and quantum mechanics hinges on the philosophical premises from which one starts. For instance, within a worldview à la Spinoza the quantum world may well be seen as deterministic. But it is argued that also much ‘softer’ determinism than Spinoza’s is not excluded by the existing experiments. If that is true the ‘determinism – indeterminism’ is not decided in the laboratory: it remains philosophical and open-ended – contrary to what is often believed. In the second part of the thesis a model for the interpretation of probability will be proposed. A conceptual study of the notion of probability indicates that the hypothesis of determinism is instrumental for understanding what ‘probabilistic systems’ are. It seems that determinism answers certain questions that cannot be answered by indeterminism. Therefore we believe there is room for the conjecture that probability theory cannot not do without a deterministic reality underneath probability – as Laplace claimed. Throughout the thesis the methods of philosophy and physics will be used. Both fields appear to be solidly intertwined here, and to offer a large potential for cross-fertilization – in both directions.

Cette thèse porte sur la génération d'états quantiques mésoscopiques arbitraires de la lumière par l'utilisation itérée d'un protocole élémentaire simple, basé sur un procédé d'adjonction cohérente de photons. Ce protocole tire parti des deux descriptions ondulatoires et corpusculaires complémentaires de la lumière, en impliquant des états davantage propices à une description discrète (les photons, corpuscules élémentaires de la lumière) avec des mesures continues sur le champ électromagnétique (les mesures de quadratures). Nous démontrons la validité du protocole expérimentalement en montrant que celui-ci permet la génération d'états chats de Schrödinger optiques (superposition cohérente d'états quasi-classiques) comprimés en quadrature. Ces états présentent un grand intérêt étant donné qu'ils peuvent constituer la brique élémentaire du calcul quantique à états cohérents, le "qubit" (ou bit quantique). Nous étudions également la mise en oeuvre théorique du protocole dans la production d'états plus complexes : les états "Peignes en quadrature" dont la fonction d'onde sur la quadrature x est constituée d'une succession de fins pics gaussiens modulés par une large enveloppe gaussienne. Outre l'intérêt que ceux-ci présentent dans la mise en oeuvre de codes correcteurs d'erreurs quantiques, nous montrons qu'ils permettent de réaliser des violations des inégalités de Bell par mesures homodynes seulement, ouvrant la voie à des tests sans échappatoires / In this thesis, we propose a new scheme for the generation of mesoscopic optical quantum states of light, by the iterated use of an elementary protocol, based on a coherent adjunction of photons. This protocol takes advantage of the two complementary wave and particle descriptions of light, by involving intrinsically discrete states (photons, elementary particles of light) and continuous measurements on the electromagnetic field (quadrature measurements). We experimentally prove the validity of the protocol by showing that it enables the generation of squeezed optical Schrödinger cat states (coherent superposition of quasi-classical states). These states are of great interest as they can be used as the elementary piece in the coherent state quantum calculation, the "qubit" (or quantum bit). We also study the theoretical implementation of the protocol for the production of more complex states : the "quadrature Comb states", whose wavefunction along the quadrature x consists in a succession of thin gaussian peaks modulated by a larger gaussian envelope. Amongst other applications like quantum error correcting codes, we show that they allow for a violation of Bell's inequalities with homodyne measurements only, opening the path towards loophole-free violations