The thesis explores the nature of religious cults and the question of what it is about such groups that leads some former members to experience them as producing lasting harm. The methodology of Classical Grounded Theory is identified as the most suitable for this enquiry and two interrelated studies using Classical Grounded Theory are reported. The first gives rise to a coherent and overarching conceptual model of the structure and function ofgroups that are now defined within the study as ‘mission focussed’. The second study produces a model of the elements that contribute to what certain members of such groups have identified as lasting difficulties. It is theorised that the mission focussed function of certain groups interacts with elements in some individuals (principally their perception of themselves as‘outsiders’ with a consequent high ‘need to belong’) to produce effects which participants within this research experience as lasting difficulties in living. The thesis goes on to explore which main-stream psychological paradigms might lend themselves to an understanding of this interaction and the emergent theory is related to psychotherapeutic constructs to derive an approach which may enable psychotherapists who undertake work with this client group to have a sound conceptual framework underlying their interventions. In the conclusion the potential generalisability of some of the constructs is considered.

Sexism är en form av diskriminering av en individ baserat på individens kön. Teorin om ambivalent sexism beskriver de två beståndsdelarna fientlig och välvillig sexism. Tidigare kvantitativa metoder och designer har begränsat individers möjligheter att utförligt beskriva attityder och uppfattningar av välvillig sexism. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa individers attityd och uppfattningar av välvillig sexistiskt tankesätt. Totalt 10 deltagare intervjuades om deras uppfattningar och inställning till 2 profiler varav en porträtterar välvillig sexism. Genom en kvalitativ tematisk analys med hermeneutisk ansats utformades 4 teman och 1 underteman. Resultatet visade att välvilligt sexistiskt tankesätt uppfattades som kontrollerande, emotionellt instabilt, dysfunktionellt och med gömda avsikter. Studiens resultat stödjer inte tidigare forskning när det kommer till positiva attityder och förhållningsätt till välvillig sexism. Däremot kompletterar resultatet tidigare kvantitativ forskning med nya data om individers negativa syn på välvillig sexism. Framtida studier inom ämnet skulle kunna utformas med mer fokus på enskilda grupper med andra sexuella läggningar.

While existing research has posited shyness as a risk-factor for floundering in adolescence and emerging adulthood, not all shy young people may struggle to the same extent. Characteristics such as self-regulation and benevolent values may influence the extent to which individuals with high levels of shyness will have socio-emotional challenges. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to use a person-centered analysis to explore subgroups of adolescents with distinct levels of shyness, self-regulation, and benevolent values and to examine how these groups differ on outcomes in adolescence and in emerging adulthood. The sample for this paper consisted of 682 adolescents (48.9% female, 75.4% White). A latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of adolescents. Mean comparisons and regressions were then used to compare adolescent profiles on indices of flourishing and floundering. Results indicated shy adolescents with moderate levels of self-regulation and benevolent values reported higher average levels of school engagement and prosocial behavior across targets in comparison to shy adolescents with low levels of self-regulation and benevolent values in adolescence and emerging adulthood; however, there were no differences on internalizing problems. Thus, the present study suggests self-regulation and benevolent values may help individuals high on levels of shyness with social outcomes but may not be of much assistance for those challenges of an internalizing nature.

Om någon utför en tjänst å annans räkning utan att det finns ett uppdrag härom, torde det föreligga ett fall av negotiorum gestio – tjänst utan uppdrag. Den som utför tjänsten kallas gestor och hen handlar å huvudmannens vägnar. Frågan som rättsprincipen grundar sig på är huruvida gestor har rätt att kräva ersättning av huvudmannen för de skador och/eller kostnader som har uppstått för gestor i samband med utövandet av tjänsten. Att principen har utvecklats till vad den är idag, är till följd av utländska rättssystems influenser. Det finns ingen generell lagregel om negotiorum gestio i Sverige, utan man får falla tillbaka på rättspraxis och doktrin för att få en förståelse för institutet. Rättskällorna är inte alltid eniga om vad som gäller för att ersättning ska utgå. Doktrin är väldigt spretig i sin framställning och rättspraxis ger en oklar bild angående rättsläget. Eftersom det var 45 år sedan HD tog ställning i en rättsfråga gällande principen är det svårt att veta hur HD skulle tillämpa negotiorum gestio idag. När principen faktiskt har prövats i domstol har ersättning endast tillerkänts gestor två gånger. Domstolarna har i dessa fall, enligt vår uppfattning, antingen gjort fel i sin tillämpning eller inte varit tillräckligt utförlig i sina domskäl. Det nyssnämnda talar för att domstolarna inte riktigt har grepp om hur principen ska tillämpas. Trots praxis och doktrins oklara framställning har vi i vår utredning kommit fram till att två rekvisit ska vara uppfyllda för att gestor ska erhålla ersättning. Handlingen som gestor utför ska vara nödvändig och leda till nytta för huvudmannen samt att huvudmannen ska vara förhindrad från att ta tillvara sina egna angelägenheter. Att huvudmannen ska vara förhindrad innebär även att gestor innan hen påbörjar utförandet av tjänsten måste ha försökt ta kontakt med huvudmannen, men utan något resultat. Negotiorum gestio kan tillämpas i en rad olika situationer: besittning, nöd, medintresse, förtroendeställning med mera. Det finns bestämmelser i svensk lag som till viss del reglerar principens tillämpningsområde (se under rubrik 2.4.2.1). Att dessa delvis regleringar av principen existerar, kan förklara varför det finns så få rättsfall om negotiorum gestio som tas upp i domstol, i och med att lagen tillämpas före principer enligt rättshierarkin.  Sammanfattningsvis anser vi att principen är bortglömd i det svenska rättssystemet. Detta är en aspekt som närmare kommer att analyseras vidare i uppsatsen.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marleny da Penha Oliveira Santana.pdf: 509292 bytes, checksum: 1c5ab09f818c1f0713edfe249299ecf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-22 / This study aims at investigating prejudice against women through the men's opinions regarding to feminine insertion in a profession considered masculine: information technology. Specifically, we planned to answer to the following question: how do men evaluate women that act in professions of masculine prevalence? Our sample was constituted by 253 men. Of these, 54.2% were information technology students and 45.8% were emplyees in two information technology companies, one federal and one municipal. The mean age was 31.4 years (DP=10.7 years), with minimum of 18 and maximum 58 year-old. Two thirds of participants (66.6%) were married or lived with somebody. The participants answered a questionnaire formed by open questions and Likert-type scales. Taken together, the results indicate that the adhesion to the hostile sexism and the benevolent sexism co-exist among the participants, however, a tendency exists to higher levels of hostile sexism among the students. Those results are discussed from the perspective of the Theory of the Realistic Conflicts (Sherif, 1967). / Este estudo tem como objetivo principal investigar o preconceito contra as mulheres por meio das opiniões dos homens a respeito da inserção feminina em uma profissão considerada masculina: a tecnologia da informação. Especificamente, planejamos responder à seguinte questão: como os homens avaliam mulheres que atuam em profissões de predomínio masculino? Nossa amostra foi constituída por 253 homens, dos quais 54,2% eram estudantes da área de informática e 45,8% atuavam em duas empresas de tecnologia da informação, uma federal e outra municipal. A idade média foi de 31,4 anos (DP=10,7 anos), com idade mínima de 18 e máxima de 58 anos. Dois terços dos participantes (66,6%) eram casados ou moravam junto com alguém. Os participantes responderam a um questionário formado por questões abertas e em formato Likert. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados indicam que tanto a adesão ao sexismo hostil quanto ao benevolente co-existem entre os participantes, no entanto, existe uma tendência ao sexismo hostil ser mais alta entre os estudantes. Esses resultados são discutidos à luz da Teoria dos Conflitos Realistas (Sherif, 1967).

Little interest has been shown in the leadership of voluntary providers of informal education for young people. This is true of one of the largest providers: the Scout Association. The thesis examines the nature, diversity and sources of the knowledge and understanding of leadership of Scout Association leaders in one English Midlands city. The understanding is compared with contemporary ways of understanding leadership in education using a typology established by Gunter and Ribbins (2003) and Gunter (2005). The impact of leader training on the understanding of leadership and its perceived effect on leader performance is explored. A case study methodology is used including a questionnaire method supported by documentary evidence and drawing on personal experience. Data analysis involves factor analysis, analysis of variance and Chi-square tests. Findings indicate that leadership is understood in terms of inclusion and success and has an ethical basis pointing to a belief in shared leadership. Variations in this understanding exist amongst different groups. Understanding of leadership mainly comes from sources within the Association. There is a degree of uncertainty amongst leaders about the impact of leader training. Leadership is interpreted in a range of ways as described by the Gunter and Ribbins (2003) and Gunter (2005) typology. The findings could have implications for how the Association develops an understanding of leadership in the future and could influence the thinking and decision making of all leaders in the Association, in particular training managers and trainers from local to national levels of the organisation. The findings may also have implications for researchers interested in the impact of market forces on leadership in the formal education sector.

This thesis shines a light on tools that can be used in order to create persuasive and meaningful video games. This research was designed as an exploration of the game Behind Every Great One, with the purpose to determine if and how the game could attain a persuasive and meaningful representation of a benevolent sexist situation. To achieve this, the research took on three different approaches: an interview with the developer, a textual analysis of the game, and a qualitative survey analysing players' reactions to, and perceptions of, the game. The findings suggest that displaying characters' emotions in ways that transmit them to the players, paired with a realistic, complex representation of the social situation portrayed, are imperative for making the game have a persuasive and meaningful impact on the players. The researcher also suggests the term persuasive meaningful play as an applicable way to refer to games that contain similar characteristics as Behind Every Great One.

The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between factors that are inherent in the perceiver, inherent in the situation / attitudes toward marital violence, attributions of blame in a violent incident, and judgments on what the victim should do after a violent incident. Attitudes are assessed via three beliefs that the violence can be justified, the husband is not responsible from the violence, and the blame of the violence can be attributed to the wife. Factors inherent in the perceiver (named individual factors), which are thought to be important, were defined as patriarchal and traditional beliefs about marriage and the family, hostile and benevolent sexism, beliefs about normative approval of violence, and gender. Factors inherent in the situation (named situational factors) were existence of (perceived) provocation in a violent incident, severity of the violence, and employment status of the wife and the husband. 327 METU students (176 female, 151 male) had filled out a questionnaire, in which a violent episode between a husband and a wife was described. The scenario contained manipulations on the situational factors. Other constructs were assessed via Likert type scales. Analyses revealed that the sample had held negative views of marital violence, but tend to disagree with immediate precautions like calling the police after a violent episode. Both situational and societal factors had differential effects on the dependent measures, patriarchy and hostile sexism was found to be especially related with the beliefs about wife beating whereas severity and provocation was strongly related with the attributions of blame. Existence of children had decreased the agreement with reactions that would end up the marriage. Suggestions for future research, and limitations of the study are discussed in addition to the findings.

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