4 Abstract Prostate cancer is one of the major medical problems within the male population in the Czech Republic and in the world. It is on second place among cancer illnesses with respect to mortality in czech male population. Its incidence strongly increases with age. Prostate cells have a unique ability to accumulate zinc in high concentrations compared to other tissues of human body. It is necessary for the proper physiological function of the prostate. There was detected loss of this accumulation ability in prostate cancer cells, which seems to be a condition to carcinogenesis in prostate cells. In this thesis was investigated the expression of four genes involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of zinc in prostate cells. Genes ZIP1 and ZIP7 encode zinc transporters, genes MT1-F and MT2 encode metallothioneins. There was collected 90 biopsy specimens from patients with prostate cancer or with benign prostatic hyperplasia. mRNA was isolated from these samples, cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR. This cDNA was detected by gel electrophoresis and the results were statistically evaluated. Several correlations was found between gene expression and the clinical data of patients. The most important result, there was found lower levels of expression of genes MT1- F and ZIP1 in samples of patients with cancer...

The theoretical part of my thesis at first introduces the most common benign neoplasm in men over fifty, a non cancerous prostate gland enlargement called the benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). The main focus of this section will be on BPH's anatomy, etiology, symptomatology, complications, diagnosis and therapy. I will also describe four cost analyses used in health services: CMA, CEA, CUA and CBA. In the practical section of my thesis I will analyze the therapy effectiveness of transurethral resection of the prostate and photoselective vaporization of the prostate with the use of cost-effectiveness analysis.

Les épilepsies bénignes partielles idiopathiques de l'enfant sont associées à un pronostic favorable, car les crises sont rares et disparaissent à l'adolescence. La nature bénigne de ces syndromes est remise en question en raison de difficultés d'apprentissage et de déficits cognitifs subtils, fréquemment rapportés dans cette population. Nous étudions l’incidence des décharges épileptiques inter-critiques sur la cognition, et observons leurs influences sur l’organisation cérébrale et les fonctions cognitives. Nous proposons des épreuves informatisées, à des patients avec des pointes centro-temporales (EPCT) principalement localisées à l'un des deux hémisphères et occipitales de type Panayiotopoulos (SP), afin d'évaluer des compétences verbales, visuo-spatiales, visuo-attentionnelles, ainsi que trois processus d’imagerie mentale visuelle jamais étudiés dans ces syndromes. Les données comportementales renforcent l’idée d’une spécificité des perturbations selon la latéralisation hémisphérique des pointes inter-critiques et confirment leur incidence sur l’organisation de l’asymétrie hémisphérique fonctionnelle associée aux fonctions étudiées. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que le SP a une incidence particulièrement négative sur les processus d'imagerie mentale visuelle, compétences centrales pour la réussite scolaire de l’enfant et l’enrichissement de son imaginaire. Nos résultats sont en adéquation avec la remise en question actuelle de la nature bénigne de ces épilepsies sur le plan cognitif. Comparer les déficits et l’asymétrie hémisphérique fonctionnelle selon la localisation principale des pointes procure de nouveaux arguments pour un impact spécifique des manifestations inter-critiques, car seuls les mécanismes cognitifs sous-tendus par les régions concernées sont perturbés. Cela apporte des éléments d’explications sur les difficultés d'apprentissages signalés chez ces enfants, et incite à proposer des aménagements pédagogiques. / Benign idiopathic partial epilepsies of children are associated with a favorable prognosis because of rare seizure and usually recovery during adolescence. The benign nature of these syndromes is questioned because of learning difficulties and subtle cognitive deficits, frequently reported in this population. We study the incidence of the epileptic discharges on the cognition, and observe their influences on brain organization and cognitive functions. We propose computerized tests to patients with centrotemporal spikes (BECT) mainly localized in one of both hemispheres and occipital discharges, Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS), to estimate verbal, visuo-spatial and visuo-attentional skills, as well as three visual imagery processes still never studied in these syndromes. Behavioural data strengthen the idea of a specific disturbances according to the hemispheric lateralization of the discharges and confirm their incidence on the organization of the functional hemispheric asymmetry associated with the studied functions. Furthermore, we show that PS has a particularly negative impact on the visual imagery process, important skills in the child's academic success and enrichment of his imagination. Our results are consistent with the current questioning of the benign nature of epilepsy on the cognitive level. Compare the deficits and the functional hemispheric asymmetry according to the main localization of discharges gets new arguments for a specific impact of the epileptiform activity, because only the cognitive mechanisms underlain by the concerned regions are disrupted. This provides evidence to explain the learning difficulties identified in these children, and encourages them to provide educational facilities.

Introdução: A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) é apontada como um dos mais comuns problemas de saúde associado ao envelhecimento dos homens. A incidência da doença começa a aumentar a partir dos 40 anos de idade, e se torna frequente em cerca de 50% dos homens com 50 anos e em quase 90% dos homens após a oitava década. A etiopatogenia da HPB ainda não foi totalmente elucidada, mas sabe-se que alguns fatores aumentam os riscos de aparecimento do problema. Seu melhor entendimento contribuiria substancialmente para o estabelecimento de um consenso terapêutico para a doença. Nesse sentido, os marcadores moleculares têm sido pesquisados na tentativa de auxiliar ou mesmo suplantar a eficiência dos métodos tradicionais. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são uma classe de pequenos RNA regulatórios (19-25 nucleotídeos), não codificadores que possuem um papel fundamental no controle da expressão gênica. Essas pequenas moléculas estão envolvidas em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os miRNAs 143 e 145 têm papel fundamental na diferenciação e proliferação celular da musculatura lisa. A ação de miRNAs na HPB ainda foi pouco explorada. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão do miR-143 e de seus genes e proteínas alvo ERK5 e KRAS e do miR-145 e dos seus genes e proteínas alvo MAP3K3 e MAP4K4, em pacientes portadores de HPB e comparar os perfis de expressão destes com parâmetros clínicos dos pacientes. Material e Métodos: Para análise dos miRNAs e dos seus genes alvo, foram estudados 44 pacientes diagnosticados com HPB submetidos à ressecção transuretral da próstata ou prostatectomia aberta. A análise da expressão foi realizada pela técnica de RT-PCR quantitativo. O grupo controle foi composto de tecido prostático normal de dois pacientes jovens doadores de órgãos. A análise proteica foi feita a partir de 38 pacientes, pela técnica de Western Blotting. Resultados: Os miRNA 143 e 145, apresentaram superexpressão em 62,5% e 73,8% dos casos, respectivamente. O gene ERK5 apresentou subexpressão de 59,4%, evidenciando um possível controle negativo por parte do miR-143. O gene MAP4K4 apresentou subexpressão na totalidade das amostras estudadas, demonstrando um possível controle por parte do miR-145. Os genes KRAS e MAP3K3 apresentaram superexpressão de 79,4% e 61,5% das amostras, respectivamente. De acordo com a expressão proteica, encontramos perfis semelhantes aos da expressão gênica. Foi encontrada maior expressão das proteínas KRAS e MAP3K3. Considerando a expressão gênica e proteica comparadas aos parâmetros clínicos, somente a proteína ERK5 apresentou significância (p=0,019), estando mais presente em pacientes com próstatas > 60 gramas. Conclusão: A superexpressão dos miRNAs 143 e 145 encontrada neste estudo pode estar envolvida na etiopatogenia da HPB alterando a homeostase do tecido fibromuscular principalmente, controlando proliferação e diferenciação. A superexpressão gênica e a forte expressão proteica de KRAS também pode estar envolvida na etiopatogenia da HPB, já que esta molécula quando ativada é responsável pelo estímulo de vias que resultam na proliferação, sobrevivência, motilidade celular e tráfego intracelular. A superexpressão do MAP3K3 pode estar sendo responsável pela angiogênese que ocorre em HPB. A subexpressão de MAP4K4, neste caso possivelmente controlada por miR-145, pode estar deixando de regular negativamente mTOR, gerando uma proliferação celular irregular responsável pela HPB. A detecção das proteínas em níveis semelhantes aos que foram encontrados na expressão gênica reforça estas hipóteses. / Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common male health problems associated with aging. The incidence of disease starts to increase after 40 years, and compromises half of men in the fifths and almost 90% over 80 years. The pathogenesis of BPH has not been fully elucidated, but it is known that some factors increase the risk of occurrence of the problem. A better understanding of BPH pathogenesis would substantially contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic consensus for the disease. Thus, molecular markers have been investigated attempting to help or even overcome the efficiency of traditional methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding regulatory RNA (19-25 nucleotides) that plays a key role in gene expression control. These small molecules are involved in various physiological and pathological cellular processes. Some studies have shown that miRNAs 143 and 145 play a fundamental role in cellular differentiation and proliferation of smooth muscles. The action of miRNAs in BPH has been poorly explored. Objectives: Analyze the expression of miR-143 and its target genes and proteins ERK5 and KRAS and miR-145 and its target genes and proteins MAP3K3 and MAP4K4, in patients with BPH and compare their expression profiles with clinical parameters of patients. Material and Methods: For analysis of miRNAs and its target genes, we studied 44 patients diagnosed with BPH undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate or open prostatectomy. The expression analysis was performed by quantitative RT-PCR. Control group consisted of normal prostate tissue from two young patients organ donors. Protein analysis was done from of 38 patients using Western Blotting technique. Results: miR-143 and 145 presented overexpression in 62.5% and 73.8% of cases, respectively. The ERK5 gene demonstrated underexpression in 59.4%, indicating a possible control by the miR-143. MAP4K4 gene showed underexpression in 100% of samples and could be under a potential control by the miR-145. KRAS and MAP3K3 genes revealed overexpression of 79.4% and 61.5% of cases, respectively. According protein expression, to find similar profiles of gene expression. We found an increased expression of the proteins MAP3K3 and KRAS. Considering the gene expression and protein compared to clinical parameters, only the protein ERK5 showed significance (p = 0.019), being more present in patients with prostates > 60 grams. Conclusions: Overexpression of miRNAs 143 and 145 found in this work may be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH mainly by changing the fibromuscular tissue homeostasis, controlling proliferation and differentiation. Overexpression of KRAS may also be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH, since this molecule when activated can trigger cell proliferation, survival, intracellular trafficking and motility. Overexpression of MAP3K3 can be responsible for BPH angiogenesis. The MAP4K4 underexpression, in this case possibly controlled by miR-145 overexpression, could inhibit mTOR pathway, leading to irregular cell proliferation responsible for disease. Detection of proteins at similar levels to those found in gene expression reinforce our hypothesis.

A indicação de biópsia para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer prostático baseia-se na dosagem sérica do PSA e nos achados do toque retal. O PSA é uma kalecreina estando seus genes reguladores ligados aos andrógenos. Drogas que afetam o metabolismo dos andrógenos podem afetar a produção de PSA. A finasterida é uma droga sintética que inibe a conversão de testosterona em DHT pela enzima 5 AR. O uso da finasterida na dose de 5mg/dia para o tratamento da HPB causa redução do volume prostático de 20 a 30% e diminuição dos valores dos PSA em aproximadamente 50% do seu valor inicial após 6 meses. O uso da finasterida na dose de 1mg/dia para o tratamento da AAM foi aprovado pelo FDA em 1997. Um estudo realizado em 2007 avaliou a alteração do nível do PSA em homens com mais de 40 anos fazendo uso de finasterida 1mg/dia para tratamento da AAM. Os resultados revelaram redução dos valores do PSA semelhante à verificada nos pacientes portadores de HPB. Não existem estudos prospectivos sobre o tema incluindo pacientes mais jovens. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi verificar as alterações da dosagem do PSA, da testosterona sérica total e do volume prostático em indivíduos com menos de 40 anos de idade com em uso de finasterida 1mg/dia. Selecionamos 52 pacientes que após avaliação inicial preenchiam os critérios de inclusão. Foram dosados os níveis séricos do PSA e da testosterona, e mensurado o volume prostático através da ultrassonografia transabdominal, no início do estudo (T0) e um ano após o uso da finasterida (T2). No intervalo, 6 meses após o início da droga, foi solicitada apenas nova dosagem de PSA (T1). O valor médio na avaliação inicial (T0) da dosagem do PSA, da testosterona total plasmática e do volume prostático mensurado pela ultrassonografia transabdominal foi de 0,398 ng/ml (0,14- 0,78); 735,77 ng/dl (548-927) e 21,35 ml (15-31ml) respectivamente. Foi observada uma redução do valor médio do PSA de 9,21% após 6 meses do uso da droga (p=0,001). Após 12 meses do uso da finasterida verificamos uma redução de 10,51% do valor do PSA em relação à dosagem inicial (p<0,001) e uma diminuição do valor médio do volume prostático 21,37 ml para 20,03 ml (p<0,001). Não foi detectada alterações nos níveis de testosterona. Diferentemente de estudos anteriores em que, em homens fazendo uso de finasterida 1mg/dia, houve redução de 40% e 50% dos valores do PSA nas faixas etárias de 40 a 49 anos e 50 a 59 anos, nosso trabalho revelou reduções inferiores. Nosso estudo traz importantes questionamentos em relação a como deve ser feita a correção dos valores do PSA nos pacientes que começaram a utilizar finansterida 1mg antes dos 40 anos de idade e que se apresentam para avaliação prostática. Outro ponto de interesse é se a hiperplasia do componente epitelial observada durante envelhecimento masculino poderia ser inibida pelo uso da finasterida desde a juventude, pois sabemos que indivíduos portadores de deficiência congênita de 5AR não apresentam alopecia e nem tão pouco desenvolvem HPB. / The indication of biopsy for early diagnosis of prostate cancer is based on serum PSA levels and digital rectal examination findings. PSA is a kalecreine and its regulatory genes are modulating by androgens. Drugs affecting the androgens metabolism can affect the production of PSA. Finasteride is a synthetic drug, which inhibits the conversion of testosterone to DHT by the enzyme 5 AR. There are two subtypes of 5AR enzymes, Type 1 that predominates in non-prostatic tissues such as liver and skin, and Type 2, which predominates in the prostate and scalp but is also expressed in other tissues. The use of Finasteride 5mg / day for the treatment of BPH is well known. After six months we observe a decrease in prostate volume by 20 to 30% and also a decrease in total serum PSA concentration of approximately 50%. The use of Finasteride at 1mg / day for the treatment of MAA has been approved by the FDA in 1997. In 2007 a study evaluated the change in total serum PSA concentration in men over 40 years taking Finasteride 1 mg / day to treat MAA. The results showed a reduction in PSA values similar to that observed in patients treated of BPH. There are no prospective studies including younger patients. The aim of our study was to assess the changes in total serum PSA concentration, total serum testosterone concentration and prostate volume in patients younger than 40 years of age in use of Finasteride 1mg / day for MAA. We prospectively selected 52 patients with MAA and indication for treatment with Finasteride who met the inclusion criteria. Serum levels of total PSA and total testosterone and prostate volume, measured by transabdominal ultrasound, were obtained at baseline (T0) and one year after started the drug (T2). In the interval, 6 months after started drug, only serum total PSA concentration was measured (T1). The median value at baseline (T0), for total PSA, total testosterone and prostate volume was 0.398 ng / ml (0.14 to 0.78); 735.77 ng / dl (548-927) and 21.35 ml (15-31ml) respectively. A reduction of 9.21% on total PSA concentration was detected 6 months after started the drug (p = 0.001). After 12 months we observed a 10.51% decrease in total serum PSA concentration, when compared with the baseline value, (p <0.001). A reduction in the median value of prostate volume from 21.37 ml to 20.03 ml (p < 0.001) was also detected at the same period. There were no detectable changes in testosterone levels. They reported a decrease of 40% and 50% in total PSA concentration for groups between 40-49 and 50-59 of age respectively. In our study we observed lower reductions. Our finding may be explained by the fact that the epithelial component of the prostate gland has not yet started the hyperplasia process, so the conversion of testosterone into DHT by blocking 5AR by Finasteride would cause less impact. The fact that the values of plasma testosterone not have changed is not surprising since Finasteride is not considered an anti androgenic drug, it means that the synthesis of the testosterone is not affected by its use. Our study highlights important questions about how the adjustment of PSA values should be done in patients who began taking Finasteride 1mg / day before 40 years of age and present for prostate evaluation. Another point of interest is whether the hyperplasia of the epithelial component, observed during the aging process, could be inhibited by the use of Finasteride. This hypothesis can be corroborate by the fact that individuals with congenital deficiency of 5AR do not present alopecia or develop BPH. In conclusion the use of Finasteride 1mg /day reduces the total serum PSA value by 10,51% after one year. Prostate volume is also reduced by 6,3% in the same period.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of triaging patients with motion-provoked dizziness into a benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) clinic. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed of veterans who were tested and treated for BPPV in a triaged BPPV clinic and veterans who were tested and treated for BPPV in a traditional vestibular clinic. Results: The BPPV triage clinic had a hit rate of 39%. On average, the triaged BPPV clinic reduced patient wait times by 23 days relative to the wait times for the traditional vestibular clinic while also reducing patient costs. Conclusion: Triaging patients with BPPV is one method to improve access to evaluation and treatment and a mechanism for the effective use of clinic time and resources.

Vor jeder Radioiodtherapie (RIT) sowohl bei Patienten mit einer funktionell relevanten Schilddrüsenautonomie als auch bei Patienten mit einem Morbus Basedow schreibt der Gesetzgeber in Deutschland eine individuelle Dosimetrie zu Vermeidung einer unnötigen Strahlenbelastung vor. Das Ziel des Radioiodtests ist es, eine möglichst genaue Vorhersage der individuellen Radioiodkinetik zu treffen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es neben der theoretischen Begründung und Beschreibung der 1-Punkt-Messung, den Nachweis der Machbarkeit und Effektivität dieses neuen dosimetrischen Ansatzes im klinischen Kontext zu führen. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden die klinischen Ergebnisse der hier ausgewerteten Patienten mit publizierten Daten verglichen. Desweiteren wurden Einflussfaktoren auf den Erfolg bzw. Misserfolg der RIT evaluiert. Dieser neue dosimetrische Ansatz nach Prof. Luig verwendet eine späte Uptake-Messung nach 7 Tage und geht von einem krankheitsspezifischen Erreichen der Aktivitätsmaxima in der Schilddrüse aus. In dieser retrospektiven Auswertung wurde die Daten von 169 Patienten ausgewertet, die im Zeitraum von April 2006 bis Dezember 2008 in der Nuklearmedizin der UMG aufgrund einer funktionellen Autonomie oder einer Immunogenen Hyperthyreose einer präradioiodtherapeutischen Dosimetrie mittels einer einzigen Uptake-Messung unterzogen wurden. Die Erfolgsrate nach einmaliger RIT lag bei Patienten mit einer Autonomie bei 92,2% und bei Patienten mit einem Morbus Basedow bei 85,7%. Als statistisch signifikanter Einflussfaktor für den Misserfolg einer RIT zeigte sich bei beiden Krankheitsbildern ein erhöhter Technetiumsuppressionsuptake (TcTUs). Zusammenfassend liegt der Vorteil 1-Punkt-Messung beim Radioiodtest in der guten Durchführbarkeit und vor allem in seiner klinischen Effizienz.

Paradoxically enhanced cognitive processes in neurological disorders provide vital clues to understanding neural function. However, what determines whether the neurological damage is impairing or enhancing is unclear. Here we use the performance of patients with two disorders of the striatum to dissociate mechanisms underlying cognitive enhancement and impairment resulting from damage to the same system. In a two-choice decision task, Huntington\'s disease patients were faster and less error prone than controls, yet a patient with the rare condition of benign hereditary chorea (BHC) was both slower and more error prone. EEG recordings confirmed significant differences in neural processing between the groups. Analysis of a computational model revealed that the common loss of connectivity between striatal neurons in BHC and Huntington\'s disease impairs response selection, but the increased sensitivity of NMDA receptors in Huntington\'s disease potentially enhances response selection. Crucially the model shows that there is a critical threshold for increased sensitivity: below that threshold, impaired response selection results. Our data and model thus predict that specific striatal malfunctions can contribute to either impaired or enhanced selection, and provide clues to solving the paradox of how Huntington\'s disease can lead to both impaired and enhanced cognitive processes.

Serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements (PSA velocity) as an additional instrument to detect prostatic cancer was introduced in 1992. It has previously been reported that PSA increase per year differed in the last 5 years prior to diagnosis in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (0.18 ng/ml/year), locally confined (0.75 ng/ml/year) and metastasized (4.4 ng/ml/year) cancer of the prostate (CaP) in contrast to healthy men (0.04 ng/ml/year). The ability of PSA velocity to detect organ-confined CaP in patients with intermediate PSA serum values depends therefore on a reliable and reproducible PSA result. The present study comprised 85 men with PSA values between 3 and 8 ng/ml (Abbott IMx). PSA measurements were repeated with Abbott IMx (n = 85 patients) and Hybritech Tandem-E (n = 59 patients) assays. The PSA serum values differed from one examination to the other from 0.02 to 2.74 ng/ml with the Abbott IMx. Standard deviation amounted to 0.35 ng/ml with the Abbott IMx PSA assay. Using the Hybritech Tandem-E assay, mean standard deviation was 1.15 ng/ml and therefore higher than with the Abbott IMx assay. The difference from one test to the other ranged from 0.05 to 4.05 ng/ml with the Hybritech Tandem-E. Using the Abbott IMx assay, 10.6% of all repeat measurements exceeded 1 ng/ml whereas in the Hybritech Tandem-E assay 62.7% of the second measurements differed >1 ng/ml from the first PSA result. An increase in PSA serum values may therefore be due to intratest variation, physiological day-to-day variation as well as prostatic disease. It is important to notice that the intra-assay variation may be greater than the PSA increase per year in a patient with CaP. Therefore, PSA velocity seems to be of limited value. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

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