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Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2004

Diss.: Philosophische Fakultät: Bonn: 1975. _ Bibliogr. p. VIII-XXVII.

Thesis (Ph. D)--University of Rochester, 2008. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references. Digitized version available online via the Sibley Music Library, Eastman School of Music http://hdl.handle.net/1802/7669

This thesis presents a closer look at correlations between major meteorological events and groundwater level responses observed in deep boreholes drilled in the bedrock at Forsmark, which is situated ca. 120 km north of Stockholm in the Fennoscandian Shield, Sweden. Understanding how large geological structures are hydraulically connected to the surface is of great importance as a repository for spent nuclear fuel is intended to be built in Forsmark. Understanding monitoring data under natural conditions gives greater knowledge of how the hydrogeological system near the surface might be affected during the construction, operation and closing phases of the repository.The hydrological monitoring of each borehole is performed in intervals (sections), i.e., the ground-water levels in the bedrock are measured at different depths. At the different depths, changes in pressure from different meteorological events is measured. A major precipitation event was recorded during a few hours between 21 and 22 September 2014. Groundwater level responses in four deep drill holes show different reaction rates and magnitudes depending on borehole location, the structures they inter-sect, and depth in the bedrock. Furthermore, the properties of the deformation zones determine how the groundwater levels respond to meteorological events. Previous work reveals that gently dipping defor-mation zones have higher hydraulic diffusivity than the steeply dipping deformation zones.Two major air pressure events combined with groundwater level reactions in two deep bedrock bore-holes were also analysed. A lowering of the air pressure resulted in a higher sea level, which is seen in the boreholes as an increase in the groundwater level and vice versa.Clear responses from meteorological events are seen where boreholes intersect gently dipping deformation zones that leads all the way up to the ground surface. / Syftet med examensarbetet är att studera korrelationer mellan diskreta meteorologiska händelser och responser hos grundvattennivåerna i djupa borrhål i kristallint berg. Undersökningsområdet är berggrun-den i Forsmark, Östhammars kommun, ca 120 km norr om Stockholm. Ett framtida slutförvar för använt kärnbränsle är planerat att byggas där och stora mängder meteorologisk, hydrologisk och geologiska data har tagits fram i detta område av Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB). SKB har bland annat en meteorologisk mätstation och stort antal djupa borrhål med ett flertal tryckgivare i varje borrhål. Borr-hålens medellängd är ca 700 m.Tidigare undersökningar i området redovisar exempel på korrelationer mellan nederbörd och grund-vattennivånresponser i berggrunden. Hydrauliska responser har också observerats vid flera interferens-tester i området. Ett intressant exempel på korrelation mellan nederbörd och grundvattennivå är att tryck-förändringar kan skönjas 500 m ner i berget längs med flacka deformationszoner. Ett annat exempel är en korrelation mellan skillnader i lufttryck och responser i ett djupt borrhål som ligger ca 500 meter från havet. Skillnader i lufttryck mellan Sverige och Finland skapar förändringar i havsytans nivå. Högtryck i Finland och lågtryck i Sverige ger en ökad havsytenivå vid Sveriges kust och detta påverkar vatten-trycket i djupa borrhål där dessa korsar deformationszoner som finns både under hav och land. Ett slags vågsystem ute i havet kunde ses som ökat och minskat vattentryck i ett borrhål på land.I detta arbete har en djupare undersökning av kopplingar mellan nederbörd och lufttryckprocesser på land och responser i djupt berg gjorts. Vid studier av insamlade data har korrelationer mellan meteoro-logiska och hydrologiska pulser på ytan och responser i djupa borrhål påträffats. Fyra kärnborrhål, KFM02A, KFM06A, KFM10A och KFM03A, utspridda i området, påvisar dessa samband.Tydliga responser i grundvattennivåer sker i berget där borrhålen korsar deformationszoner som går ända upp till markytan. Skillnad i respons kan också ses beroende på om de korsande deformations-zonerna är brant stupande eller svagt stupande. Svagt stupande deformationszoner har en högre hydraulisk diffusivitet än de brant stupande och detta beror bland annat på storleksskillnader i horisontella och vertikala spänningar. Kontrasten i spänningarna håller de svagt stupande zonerna öppna vilket resulterar i en hög hydraulisk diffusivitet.

abstract: This dissertation shows that the central conceptual feature and explanatory motivation of theories of evolutionary directionality between 1890 and 1926 was as follows: morphological variation in the developing organism limits the possible outcomes of evolution in definite directions. Put broadly, these theories maintained a conceptual connection between development and evolution as inextricably associated phenomena. This project develops three case studies. The first addresses the Swiss-German zoologist Theodor Eimer's book Organic Evolution (1890), which sought to undermine the work of noted evolutionist August Weismann. Second, the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope's Primary Factors (1896) developed a sophisticated system of inheritance that included the material of heredity and the energy needed to induce and modify ontogenetic phenomena. Third, the Russian biogeographer Leo Berg's Nomogenesis (1926) argued that the biological world is deeply structured in a way that prevents changes to morphology taking place in more than one or a few directions. These authors based their ideas on extensive empirical evidence of long-term evolutionary trajectories. They also sought to synthesize knowledge from a wide range of studies and proposed causes of evolution and development within a unified causal framework based on laws of evolution. While being mindful of the variation between these three theories, this project advances "Definitely Directed Evolution" as a term to designate these shared features. The conceptual coherence and reception of these theories shows that Definitely Directed Evolution from 1890 to 1926 is an important piece in reconstructing the wider history of theories of evolutionary directionality. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2014

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / This research examines the ways in which local residents living in close proximity to the event perceived the Berg River Canoe Marathon as a major event in the Western Cape. By identif'ying these different patterns ofperceptions within the community, it is possible to gain a better understanding of both the tangible and intangible impacts of events and how they differently affect the quality of life of local residents as individuals and the community as a whole. The research method was based on a convenient sampling approach. A questionnaire survey of two hundred residents was conducted and five different dimensions of perceiving the impacts of events were examined ranging from extremely negative to very positive. The impacts analysed included social, economic and environmental impacts. The residents in all the five locations perceived community pride and entertainment to be very positive and were in favour ofthe continuation of the event. 1n profiling the residents who held each of the representations identified, it was found that the most negative group was those residents who had little or no involvement in tourism and are not interested in canoeing as a sport. Thus, it is necessary for event organisers and event managers to get the members of community involved in the planning and management of the event to spread the benefits to a larger portion of the community.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2006 / The concept of service quality within sport tourism is important and plays a major role in differentiating each sport tourism product from its competitors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of service quality within South African sport tourism and in the tourism industry in general, by focusing on a specific case study, the Berg River Canoe Marathon. The study discussed the importance of service quality within sport tourism, while the methods and instruments applicable to assess the level of service quality within sport tourism, were also addressed. The survey was conducted across selected viewpoints, which included the starting and the finishing points of the marathon. A total of 100 survey questionnaires were distributed to spectators and participants at the event using purposive sampling, while stratified random sampling was used to determine the viewpoints. The SERVQUAL dimensions were incorporated in the questionnaires as the basis to determine the level of service delivery at the event. The key fmdings for the study include a lack of service delivery consistency across the selected areas, the acceptance of service delivery by some respondents owing to the nature of the event and less interaction between event organisers and spectators. In addition, the starting and the finishing points were the areas, which were found to deliver high quality services

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Previous studies have shown that the use of chloride mass balance (CMB) method is a suitable and practical approach to estimate groundwater recharge. This enables the prediction of groundwater availability to inform practical strategies for managing groundwater resources. However, such studies have largely applied the chloride mass balance method on national and catchment scales with limited focus on quaternary catchment level (QCL). Neglecting the chloride mass balance method at quaternary catchment level limits practical management and utilization of water resources at quaternary catchment level. The goal of the current study was to prove that 1) the chloride mass balance method should be applied at quaternary catchment level to ensure practical assessment of groundwater availability and that 2) chloride mass balance assessment should be accompanied with supplementary methods for its application in quaternary catchments of similar physiographic and hydrogeologic conditions. To achieve these goals, the present study assessed the application of chloride mass balance method on a pilot scale used alongside rainwater infiltration breakthrough (RIB) and water table fluctuation (WTF) methods to estimate the groundwater recharge as an indicator of groundwater availability. The pilot area (PA) was in the upper Berg River catchment in Western Cape in South Africa. Chloride concentrations were determined in groundwater samples collected from boreholes and rain water in rain gauges in the pilot area. Rainfall and borehole water levels in the pilot area were used in water table fluctuation and rainwater infiltration breakthrough analyses. As quality assurance, the specific yield data obtained from the pumping test were compared to those determined with the linear regression model. This established the reliability of the analysis i.e. the relationship between groundwater level and rainfall. Mean groundwater recharge values calculated using the chloride mass balance, rainwater infiltration breakthrough and water table fluctuation methods were 27.6 %, 23.67 %, and 22.7 % of the total precipitation received in the catchment, respectively. These results indicate that the use of these three methods have potential to estimate groundwater recharge at quaternary level which is the basic unit of water management in South Africa. These findings agree with previous studies conducted in the same catchment that indicate that mean groundwater recharge ranges between 18.6 % and 28 % of the total precipitation. In the future, these methods could be tested in catchments which have physiographic and hydrogeologic conditions similar to those of the current pilot area. / African Union (AU)

Magister Scientiae - MSc / A study of the microbial diversity in sediments of the Great Berg River estuary is carried out using modern molecular phylogenetic methods. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of (pollution by) the effluents of the fish industry on the composition of the microbial community in the sediments. The diversity in microbial groups of sediment samples that received wastewater from the local fishing industry was investigated by a PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) approach and compared to an unaffected site. / South Africa