Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The relationships between leaf and fruit represent a fundamental concept in perennial plants. This concept allows to understand and to manage, with regard to farming, the balance of a vine, which is important in terms of fruit quality (i.e. fruit composition), mainly when it comes to producing wines of different categories and styles. The understanding of vine structure, physiology and vine functioning ultimately allows for appropriate recommendations to be given with regard to farming procedures. These include the adaptation of the canopy architecture to achieve a certain yield per vine, the determination of an appropriate fruit microclimate as well as the prediction of harvest dates. One of the central notions of vine balance involves the relationship between the source and the sink organs. The definition of source-sink relationships incorporates several concepts, including the ability of a source tissue to produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis, the transport of these carbohydrates to various plant organs-tissues via appropriate transport channels, and the assimilation and storage of the carbohydrates in the sink organs. In past years, a number of simple ratios have been created to incorporate the relationship between source and sink organs and thereby define vine balance in order to aid in practical management decisions (choice of a training system, irrigation, canopy manipulation etc.). However, vine functioning is very complex and cannot be defined accurately by simple, static ratios. More integrated and dynamic physiological indicators of vine balance and functioning are needed in order to understand the complex communication between organs and ultimately improve on farming practices. In order to achieve this, a better grasp of source-sink relationships, including the signalisation between organs and the functioning of the transport tissues is required. A two year experiment was proposed to study the interaction between source and sink organs using a combination of both primary shoot girdling methods and berry classification according to size. Girdling removes the bark and phloem tissue, thereby interrupting carbon import as well as water flow to the bunch to a certain degree. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the complexity of vine functioning by investigating the dynamics of berry sugar and water accumulation (used as physiological indicators) and the influence thereof on berry fresh mass evolution. Furthermore, the use of berry sugar loading was proposed as an improved physiological indicator of vine balance as it is directly linked to source and sink functioning. Sugar production and the dynamics of berry sugar accumulation rely on photosynthesis which in turn is dependent on stomatal conductance and therefore also incorporates the effects of external abiotic factors (temperature, light and water). It furthermore gives a direct indication of sink functioning as it shows the progressive accumulation of sugar throughout the ripening period and the possible consequences on berry volume evolution. A primary shoot which bore two bunches was used to represent a biological replicate. The lower bunches were girdled above and below in order to completely isolate them from any carbohydrate import. These bunches, along with the upper ungirdled bunches and two control bunches from another shoot were sampled. The berries from these bunches were classified according to diameter, thereby providing the unique opportunity to study berries of the same volume/size. Measurements were done to determine the fresh and dry masses of the sampled berries, as well as to analyse the concomitant sugar concentrations. It was found that girdling clearly had an effect on berry sugar dynamics and the method was improved in the second year of the trial. Girdling in interaction with berry classification according to diameter demonstrated that berries from the same size could have different sugar concentrations. It further showed that, to a certain degree, a relationship exists between the first rapid phase of sugar accumulation and the post véraison increase in berry fresh mass, until the plateau of fruit sugar accumulation, which generally occurs around a sugar concentration of 20 Brix. Additionally, and more importantly, it was found that vine functioning and the balance between the source and the sink organs may be controlled to a certain degree. There is a strong degree of compensation within a vine which results from signalling between and within organs. When taking the results of this study into consideration, it becomes clear that the classical ratios used to quantify the complex relationships between the fruit and the leaves may not be completely adequate to do so. The current way of looking at source-sink relationships and thereby determining whether a vine is balanced or not is over-simplified and there are numerous limitations involved in this approach. The vine is far more complex and various aspects must be taken into consideration before any claims can be made concerning source-sink relationships and consequently leaf to fruit balance. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhoudings tussen blaar en vrug verteenwoordig ‘n fundamentele konsep in meerjarige plante. Begrip van hierdie konsep maak dit moontlik om in boerdery die balans van ‘n wingerdstok te verstaan en bestuur. Hierdie wingerdbalans is belangrik in terme van vrugkwaliteit (d.w.s. vrugsamestelling), hoofsaaklik met betrekking tot die produksie van wyne van verskillende kategorieë en style. Begrip van die wingerdstok se struktuur, fisiologie en funksionering maak dit moontlik om gepaste aanbevelings te maak rakende boerdery prosedures. Dit sluit in die aanpassing van die lower argitektuur om ‘n sekere opbrengs per wingerdstok te verkry, die vasstel van ‘n geskikte vrug mikroklimaat asook die voorspelling van oesdatums. Een van die sentrale denkwyses rondom wingerdstok funksionering behels die die bron-vragpunt verhouding. Die definisie van bron-vragpunt verhoudings inkorporeer verskeie konsepte, insluitende die vermoë van ‘n bronweefsel om koolhidrate te produseer deur fotosintese, die vervoer van hierdie koolhidrate na verskeie plantorgaan weefsels via die gepaste vervoerkanale asook die opname en berging van hierdie koolhidrate in die vragpunt organe. In die verlede is ‘n aantal eenvoudige verhoudings geskep om die verband tussen die bron en vragpunt organe te beskryf en sodoende die wingerdstokbalans te definieer met die doel om ondersteuning te bied in praktiese bestuursbesluite (die keuse van opleistelsel, besproeiing, lowermanipulasie, ens.). Wingerdstok funksionering is egter baie kompleks en kan nie akkuraat gedefinieer word deur eenvoudige, statiese verhoudings nie. Meer geïntegreerde en dinamiese fisiologiese aanwysers van wingerdstokbalans en funksionering is nodig om die komplekse kommunikasie tussen organe te verstaan en uiteindelik boerdery praktyke te verbeter. Om dit te bereik is ‘n beter begrip van bron-vragpunt verhoudings asook die seinoordrag tussen organe en die werking van die vervoerweefsels nodig. ‘n Twee jaar lange eksperiment is voorgestel om die interaksie tussen bron- en benuttingsorgane te ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van beide die primêre loot ringelering metode en korrel klassifikasie volgens grootte. Ringelering verwyder die bas en floëem weefsel en onderbreek sodoende koolstof invoer sowel as watertoevoer na die tros tot ‘n sekere mate. Die doel van die studie was om die kompleksiteit van wingerdstok funksionering aan te toon deur die dinamika van suiker en water akkumulasie in die korrel te ondersoek asook die invloed daarvan op korrel vars massa ontwikkeling. Verder is die gebruik van korrel suikerlading voorgestel as ‘n beter fisiologiese aanduiding van wingerdstok funksionering aangesien dit direk geassosieer is met bron-vragpunt funksionering. Suikerproduksie en die dinamika van suiker akkumulasie in die korrel berus op fotosintese wat weer afhanklik is van stomatale geleiding en daarom ook die effek van eksterne abiotiese faktore (temperatuur, lig en water) inkorporeer. Dit gee verder ‘n direkte aanduiding van die funksionering van die vragpunt organe omdat dit die progressiewe akkumulasie van suiker gedurende die rypwordingsperiode aantoon, asook die moontlike gevolge op korrelvolume ontwikkeling. ‘n Primêre loot wat twee trosse dra is gebruik om ‘n biologiese herhaling te verteenwoordig. Die laer trosse is bo en onder geringeleer om hulle heeltemal te isoleer van enige koolhidraat invoer. Hierdie trosse, tesame met boonste ongeringeleerde trosse en twee kontrole trosse vanaf ‘n ander loot is gemonster. Die korrels van hierdie trosse is geklassifiseer volgens hulle deursnee, om sodoende die unieke moontlikheid daar te stel om korrels van dieselfde volume/ grootte te bestudeer. Metings is gedoen om die vars en droë massas van die gemonsterde korrels te bepaal, asook om die gepaardgaande suikerkonsentrasies te analiseer. Daar is gevind dat ringelering duidelik ‘n effek gehad het op korrelsuiker dinamika en die metode is verbeter in die tweede jaar van die proef. Ringelering in wisselwerking met korrel klassifikasie volgens korrel deursnee het aangetoon dat korrels met dieselfde grootte verskillende suikerkonsentrasies kon hê. Dit het verder aangedui dat daar, tot ‘n sekere mate, ‘n verhouding bestaan tussen die vinnige fase van suiker akkumulasie en die na-véraison toename in korrel vars massa, totdat die plato in suiker akkumulasie bereik word, gewoonlik rondom ‘n suikerkonsentrasie van 20 Brix. Daarbenewens, en van groter belang, is gevind dat wingerdstok funksionering en die balans tussen die bron en vragpunt organe onder ‘n mate van beheer is. Daar is ‘n sterk mate van kompensasie binne ‘n wingerdstok wat die gevolg is van seinoordrag tussen en binne organe in die wingerdstok. Wanneer die resultate van hierdie studie in aanmerking geneem word, word dit duidelik dat die klassieke verhoudings, wat gebruik word om wingerdstok funksionering en balans mee te bepaal, moontlik nie beduidend betekenisvol is nie. Die wyse waarop bron-vragpunt verhoudings tans beskou word is, tot ‘n mate, ‘n oorvereenvoudiging en daar is heelwat beperkinge betrokke by hierdie benadering. Die wingerd is baie meer kompleks en verskeie aspekte moet in aanmerking geneem word voordat enige bewering gemaak kan word rakende bron-vragpunt verhoudings. / The University of Stellenbosch and Winetech for financial support

No description available.

L'objectif de cette thèse est la modélisation du champ électrique interne dans les solides cristallins et l'étude des propriétés qui lui sont dérivées (polarisation spontanée, piézoélectricité, charges dynamiques de Born,...). L'effet de la contrainte imposée aux différents systèmes pour le calcul des constantes piézoélectrique, a été utilisé pour la détermination du jeu complet des constantes élastiques de la plupart des systèmes considérés dans ce mémoire. L'analyse du comportement dynamique par l'étude du spectre de phonons au centre de la zone de Brillouin d'une part, et le calcul spécifique des fréquences anharmoniques de vibration du groupement hydroxyle d'hydroxydes alcalins ou alcalino-terreux, d'autre part, complète ce travail. De nos jours, les méthodes de type ab initio se révèlent de plus en plus comme étant un outil de choix pour interpréter à l'échelle microscopique les observations expérimentales et guider efficacement le choix des expérimentateurs. La modélisation ab initio des propriétés dérivées de la polarisation grâce à la théorie dite « moderne » de la polarisation due à King-Smith, Vanderbilt et Resta1, utilisant de façon explicite la théorie de la phase de Berry, permet à présent d'évaluer des propriétés telles que la piézoélectricité et la polarisation spontanée. L'un des premiers objectifs de ma thèse est l'étude de ce type de propriétés sur un matériau isotype du quartz : le phosphate d'aluminium AlPO4 (berlinite). En effet, la recherche de nouveaux matériaux visant à dépasser les limites du quartz, notamment comme générateur d'ultrasons ou encore des matériaux acousto-électronique pour la réalisation de certains filtres électroniques à grande largeur de bande, a récemment connu un regain d'intérêt. L'une des pistes explorée est celle des matériaux à structure cristalline identique au quartz, mais dans lequel le silicium est substitué par d'autres atomes, comme par exemple l'atome d'aluminium pour la berlinite. Pour la première fois à notre connaissance, une étude systématique au niveau ab initio permettant de déterminer les conditions optimales pour l'évaluation des propriétés élastiques, piézoélectriques et spectroscopiques a été réalisée pour ce système. De plus, la berlinite constituant la forme dense de zéolithes telles que AlPO4-5 (AFI), les études tant structurale que spectroscopique menées pour ce composé, constitue un préliminaire intéressant dans l'optique d'une étude en cours effectuée en collaboration avec Ross BROWN, Directeur de recherche dans notre Laboratoire, en utilisant aussi bien les méthodes ab initio que celles issues de la dynamique moléculaire. Nous nous sommes ensuite focalisés sur les matériaux semi-conducteurs ferroélectriques, tels que les nitrures d'éléments III (AlN, GaN, InN). Ces nitrures, ainsi que leurs alliages, sont des semi-conducteurs remarquables qui présentent des performances exceptionnelles lorsqu'ils sont utilisés dans des dispositifs optoélectroniques. Avant d'aborder l'étude des hétéro-structures et des d'alliages du type AlxGa1-xN, prévu dans notre laboratoire, un certain nombre d'études fondamentales concernant les composés non dopés étaient indispensables, afin d'établir de façon claire les conditions optimales permettant une meilleure prédiction des propriétés dérivées de la polarisation. Une deuxième partie de ma thèse se rapporte à l'étude des propriétés structurales, électroniques, élastiques, et spectroscopiques d'une famille de composés appartenant à la famille des matlockites (MFCl, M=Ca, Sr, Ba). En effet, ce type de composés, lorsqu'ils sont dopés, sont susceptibles d'avoir des applications dans le domaine de l'imagerie des rayons X. L'approche ab initio utilisée dans ce mémoire pour la détermination des propriétés élastiques et pour le calcul du spectre de phonons au centre de la zone de Brillouin constitue la première tentative d'évaluation de ce type de propriétés pour ces systèmes. Enfin, l'approximation harmonique utilisée jusqu'à présent pour le calcul du spectre de phonons au centre de la zone de Brillouin s'avérant insuffisante pour le calcul précis de ce type fréquence, je me suis également intéressé au calcul des fréquences de vibration anharmoniques du groupement hydroxyle dans des hydroxydes alcalin et alcalino-terreux. Une analyse détaillée des conditions d'étude et en particulier du rôle joué par les opérateurs Hamiltoniens, selon que l'hydroxyde en question possède ou non des liaisons de type hydrogène, a été effectuée. Tous les calculs ab initio ont été effectués en utilisant la version de développement du programme périodique CRYSTAL, mis gracieusement à ma disposition par le Professeur Roberto DOVESI (Université de Turin, Italie), avec lequel j'ai activement collaboré.

Aktinidijų uogų cheminės sudėties priklausomybė nuo meteorologinių sąlygų 2008-2009 m. tirta margalapės aktinidijos (Actinidia kolomikta) veislių ‘Laiba’, ‘Lankė’, ‘Landė’, ‘Paukstės Šakarva’, augančių Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto pomologiniame sode, uogų cheminė sudėtis. Standartiniais metodais uogose nustatyti sausųjų, tirpių sausųjų medžiagų, askorbo rūgšties, žalių pelenų, žalios ląstelienos, žalių baltymų ir aminorūgščių kiekiai, taip pat vidutinė uogos masė. Išanalizuota meteorologinių sąlygų įtaka aktinidijų uogų cheminei sudėčiai. Tyrimais nustatyta, didžiausia vienos uogos masė – 3,22 g – ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ aktinidijų. Mažiausios uogos buvo ‛Lankė’ aktinidijų - 2,09 g. Vidutinė vienos uogos masė – 2,64 g. Daugiausiai sausųjų medžiagų sukaupė ‛Laiba’ uogos – 21,08 %, mažiausiai - ‛Landė’ – 18,02 %. Tirpių sausųjų medžiagų daugiausiai sukaupė ‛Laiba’ – 12,72 %, mažiausiai - ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ – 10,83 %. Didžiausi askorbo rūgšties kiekiai aptinkami sunokusiose ‛Landė’- 5479,86 mg kg-1, mažiausi nesunokusiose ‘Lankė’ – 2698,25 mg kg-1. Daugiausiai žalių pelenų aktinidijų uogų sausojoje medžiagoje sukaupė ‛Laiba’ - vidutiniškai 6,20 %. / The investigation of Actinidia kolomikta cultivars ‘Laiba’, ‘Lanke’, ‘Lande’, ‘Paukstes Sakarva’, grown in Lithuanian University of Agriculture polomogycal garden, chemical composition of berries were caried out during the period of 2008 – 2009. The amount of dry agent, dry deliquescent agent, ascorbic acid, crude ash, crude fibre, crude protein, amino acids and the average berry weight were investigated by standart methods. During investigation there were analyzed the influence of meteorological conditions to A. kolomikta berries chemical composition. The investigation showed the highest weight of A. kolomikta ‘Paukstes Sakarva’breed fruits - 3,22 g. The smallest berries of A. kolomikta breed ‛Lankė’ - 2,09 g. The average weight of berry - 2,64 g. The biggest amounts of dry matters were established in fruits of ‘Laiba’ cultivar – 21,08 %, the smallest amount in fruits of ‘Lande’ cultivar – 18,02 %. The biggest amounts of dry deliquescent matters were established in fruits of ‘Laiba’ cultivar plants –12,72 %, the smallest amount in fruits of ‘Paukstes Sakarva’ cultivar plants – 10,83 %. The biggest amounts of ascorbic acid were determined in ripe fruits of cultivar ‛Lande’- 5479,86 mg kg-1, the lowest level of ascorbic acid were established in immature fruits of cultivar ‘Lanke’ – 2698,25 mg kg-1. Cultivar ‘Laiba’ accumulated the highest contents of crude ash in dry agent of berries (about 6,20 % on average).

Les flavonoïdes (anthocyanes, flavonols et proanthocyanidines) sont des éléments clés de la qualité organoleptique des baies de raisin. Chez les végétaux, l’expression des gènes de la voie de biosynthèse de ces composés est contrôlée par des complexes protéiques organisés autour des facteurs de transcription de type MYB. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une première approche s’est intéressée aux mécanismes de régulation de l’expression du gène VvMyb5a et de l’activité biologique de la protéine codée par ce gène. L’analyse du promoteur VvMyb5a a montré que son activité au cours du développement de la baie serait plutôt placée sous contrôle hormonal. Des expériences de double hybride ont révélé que la protéine VvMyb5a pouvait interagir avec une protéine kinase de type GAMYB et une protéine WD40. Une deuxième approche, basée sur l’analyse globale du transcriptome de mutants naturels de vigne affectés dans la biosynthèse des anthocyanes, a permis d’identifier deux nouveaux gènes MYB nommés VvMybPA1 et VvMyb24. L’expression différentielle de ces gènes dans des baies de cépages rouges et blancs a été confirmée et leurs caractérisations fonctionnelles ont été engagées chez Arabidopsis thaliana. / Flavonoids, like anthocyanins, flavonols and condensed tannins, are key elements of he organoleptic quality of grape berries. In plants, expression of genes encoding enzymes of he flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is controlled by small protein complexes organised around MYB transcription factors. In the present work, we first focused on the regulatory mechanisms of VvMyb5a expression and on the biological activity of the corresponding protein. Promoter analysis indicated that VvMyb5a expression is probably mainly controlled by hormones. A yeast two-hybrid screen revealed that VvMyb5a can interact with a GAMYB ype protein kinase and a WD40 protein. In a second time, global transcriptome analysis of grapevine natural mutants deficient in anthocyanin biosynthesis led to the identification of wo new MYB genes, named VvMybPA1 and VvMyb24. Differential expression of these two genes in red and white berry skins was confirmed by RT-PCR and their functional characterizations have been initiated in Arabidopsis thaliana.

This thesis will explore a theology of place and placemaking that is focused on the participatory role of humans in both creation and redemption, while suggesting the central and paradigmatic role of artistry in our construction of and identification with place. Building on the most recent theological and philosophical engagement with place, this thesis will argue for a theology of place that takes seriously the doctrines of creation and incarnation, focusing on a particularly redemptive understanding of placemaking in the material world. In its study of scripture and theology, it will focus on God's blessing of people to participate in the making of places, along with the role this human making has in relationship to divine presence and the divine plan for creation and redemption. After developing a theology of place and placemaking more generally, the second half of this thesis will consider the practical, constructive, and transformative capabilities of placemaking as witnessed through the arts. Relying on theological engagement with the arts, it will argue that artistic making of all kinds and attention to place go hand in hand. Exploring a selection of artistic genres, including the photography of Marlene Creates, the quilts of Gee's Bend, and the literature of Wendell Berry, this thesis will suggest that imaginative and “artistic” placemaking practices can give us a deeper understanding of the creative, redemptive, and transformative work of Christ in Creation, while also elucidating our calling to participate in it.

Over the last decade, each year 2500 - 6000 Thai go to Sweden to work as berry pickers during the berry season via a regulated system of temporary work permits. Bangkok-based staffing agencies rely on the networks of local brokers to recruit workers in Thailand’s more peripheral northeastern Isan region, as part of the larger migration industry in Thailand. During the berry season, these local brokers also travel to Sweden and are part of the division of labour. Next to picking berries, their jobs can be cook, camp leader, and driver. Key concerns raised in relation to this seasonal work are precarity and vulnerability to exploitation, resulting from to the need to pay high fees to staffing agencies and a piece-rate wage-system. This thesis aims to analyze roles and positions across time and space of local Thai brokers. It does so by examining how they have come to occupy their current positions, and what their roles are in the recruitment process in Thailand and during the during the berry season in Sweden. Moreover, it investigates the interlinkages between these two roles, and how differences in remuneration and payments of fees shape precarity at the micro-scale. Based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted in the Kaeng Khro district in Thailand in March 2019, this study suggests that the local brokers are industry veterans. Moreover, is suggests a large degree of variation in size and scope of local brokerage. During the berry season in Sweden, the local brokers tend to occupy positions above the regular berry pickers. Moreover, it is suggested that there is a differentiated precarity within the group of brokers, resulting from differences in the payment of wages and the need to pay fees to staffing agencies.

O controle de Hypothenemus hampei é realizado basicamente com uso de inseticidas químicos, especialmente aqueles a base de endossulfan, cuja comercialização será proibida no Brasil a partir de julho de 2013. Diante disso, outras estratégias devem ser integradas buscando-se o controle desta praga com menor impacto ao ambiente. Nesse contexto, o fungo Beauveria bassiana destacase como um dos agentes de controle biológicos mais promissores. Neste estudo, buscou-se a associação da técnica de impregnação de tecido têxtil com B. bassiana associado à armadilha contendo a mistura de alcoóis metanol: etanol (1:1 v/v) como atraentes químicos para H. hampei, visando a auto-inoculação e disseminação do fungo pelo inseto, visando o seu controle. Inicialmente foi determinado em laboratório, a virulência de nove isolados de B. bassiana, através da pulverização de suspensões de 107 conídios.mL-1, diretamente sobre adultos de H. hampei. Todos os isolados apresentaram baixa virulência ao inseto, com mortalidade máxima de 38,5%. O isolado ESALQ-PL63 foi escolhido para dar continuidade aos estudos por possuir registro de comercialização. Posteriormente, sete tecidos têxteis sintéticos foram avaliados quanto à produção do isolado selecionado sobre sua superfície em duas condições de luz (fotofase de 0 e 12 horas). O tecido sintético Lã \"Sherpa\" foi selecionado por permitir uma maior produção de conídios nas duas condições testadas, atingindo até 5,44 × 108 conídios.cm-2. A exposição de H. hampei ao tecido com o fungo por apenas 5 segundos foi suficiente para causar 88,5% de mortalidade dos insetos. Em área de café sombreado foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar uma armadilha de auto-inoculação contendo o patógeno produzido sobre o tecido. Foram usadas duas armadilhas controle, sendo uma armadilha de autoinoculação sem fungo e uma armadilha de eficiência reconhecida (modelo IAPAR). A eficiência de coleta da armadilha de auto-inoculação com o fungo foi menor do que a armadilha IAPAR, mas esta se mostrou eficiente na contaminação e mortalidade dos insetos pelo fungo. No primeiro experimento, a mortalidade confirmada pelo patógeno no último dia de avaliação (151 dias) foi de 64,7%. A viabilidade dos conídios passou de 98,3%, logo após a montagem das armadilhas, para 86,9% após 65 dias. Após160 dias a viabilidade reduziu para 44,0%. No segundo experimento, a última avaliação foi realizada após 40 dias, sendo nesta data observada mortalidade confirmada de 89,9% e viabilidade dos conídios de 78,1%. Em ambos os experimentos a concentração de conídios reduziu-se ao longo do tempo. O sistema de auto-inoculação apresentou resultados promissores, mas sendo necessárias alterações na armadilha para aumentar a captura de insetos e estudos epizootiológicos para avaliar a capacidade de disseminação da doença no campo pelos insetos que passaram pela armadilha. / The control of Hypothenemus hampei is accomplished primarily with the use of chemical insecticides, mainly endossulfan, whose commercialization will be prohibited in Brazil in July 2013. Therefore, other strategies must be integrated seeking control of this pest with less impact on the environment. In this context, the fungus Beauveria bassiana stands out as one of the most promising biological control agents. In this study, we associated the technique of fabric impregnated with B. bassiana with a trap containing a mixture methanol: ethanol (1:1 v/v) as an attractive chemical for H. hampei, aiming the self-inoculation and fungus dissemination by the insect, therefore their control. Initially, we determined in the laboratory, the virulence of nine isolates of B. bassiana using a spray suspension of 107 conidia.mL-1 directly on adults of H. hampei. All isolates showed low virulence to insects, with maximum mortality of 38.5%. The isolate ESALQ-PL63 was chosen to continue the studies for having a market register. Subsequently, seven synthetic fabrics were evaluated for the production of the selected isolate on its surface under two light conditions (photofase of 0 and 12 hours). The synthetic fabric Lã \"Sherpa\" was selected because it allows greater conidia production under the two conditions tested, reaching 5.44 × 108 conidia.cm-2. Exposure of H. hampei to the fabric impregnated with the fungus for only 5 seconds was enough to cause 88.5% of insect mortality. In an area of shaded coffee, two experiments were conducted to evaluate a self-inoculation trap containing the pathogen. We used two control traps without fungus: one self-inoculation trap without the fungus and a widely recognized efficient trap (IAPAR model). The collection efficiency of the self-inoculation trap with the fungus was lower than that of the IAPAR trap, however, it proved effective in contamination and insect mortality caused by the fungus. In the first experiment, mortality caused by the pathogen at the last evaluation day (151 days) was 64.7%. The viability of the conidia surpassed 98.3% after the assembly of the traps and 86.9%, after 65 days. After 160 days, the viability decreased to 44.0%. In the second experiment, the last evaluation was performed after 40 days, when we observed mortality of 89.9% and conidia viability of 78.1%. In both experiments, the conidia concentration reduced over time. The self-inoculation system showed promising results, but changes are needed to increase insect catches and further epizootiological studies to assess the possibility of disease spread in the field by insects that crossed the trap.

Hypothenemus hampei apresenta aspectos bioecológicos e comportamentais que dificulta o seu controle, como a sua natureza críptica, ficando dentro da semente de café a maior parte de seu ciclo de vida, por apresentar várias gerações por ano. Uma grande quantidade de frutos com H. hampei cai ao solo, constituindo uma excelente forma para sobrevivência do inseto na entressafra e como fonte para novas infestações. O controle de H. hampei deve então ser efetuado no período em que as fêmeas deixam o fruto onde nasceram até o momento em que colonizam novos frutos para reproduzirem. Biopesticida a base de Beauveria bassiana é uma opção disponível para o controle de H. hampei, no entanto, existem poucas evidências de sua eficiência em campo. Objetivou-se com está pesquisa avaliar estratégias para utilização de B. bassiana para manejo de populações de H. hampei por: i) pulverização aquosa com adjuvantes, ii) armadilha atrativa para auto-autocontaminação e iii) incorporação do patógeno no solo com fertilizantes quimícos. Pulverização direta de suspensões de conídios com o adjuvante Tween 80 resultou em menor mortalidade de H. hampei do que suspensões com os demais adjuvantes testados em laboratório. A eficácia dos adjuvantes com o fungo variou com o método de inoculação. As pulverizações diretas dos insetos resultaram em mortalidades reduzidas (23 - 53%), enquanto que a imersão e os métodos que permitiram que os insetos ficassem em contato com os conídios no substrato (fruto ou papel de filtro) após a pulverização resultaram em maiores mortalidades (63 - 98%). As imagens ultramorfológicas de H. hampei inoculados por diferentes métodos sugerem que a região ventral do abdome é o principal sítio de infecção do fungo, visto que, diferente dos outros métodos, na pulverização direta que resultou em mortalidades reduzidas, grande quantidade de conídios aderidos e germinados foram observados no élitro em comparação com a região ventral. Três modelos de armadilha de auto-inoculação foram comparadas em cafezal sombreado e a pleno sol e a captura de H. hampei foi superior em ESALQHh2. O manejo de H. hampei com a armadilha ESALQ-Hh2 foi avaliado em cafezal a pleno sol desde a fase de formação dos frutos até a colheita. Foi constatado em média 6,6% de H. hampei infectados por Beauveria sp. nas plantas distante 4 e 8 m das armadilhas e nenhum inseto infectado nas parcelas com as mesmas armadilhas, mas sem o fungo. Observou-se redução na concentração e viabilidade do patógeno nas armadilhas ao longo do tempo, porém as mortalidades de H. hampei expostos ao fungo foram elevadas (73 - 100%) durante os 148 dias de avaliação. Estudos conduzidos em laboratório revelaram que a capacidade de voo de H. hampei não é afetada pela carga de conídios aderidos ao seu corpo quando comparados aos insetos sem exposição ao fungo. Além disso, apenas 5% dos insetos expostos ao fungo conseguiram penetrar na semente de café, indicando baixo potencial de danos. A mistura de conídios de B. bassiana com fertilizantes químicos granulados em solo de cafezal resultou em reduções (34 e 50%) da infestação de H. hampei quando comparadas às parcelas somente com aplicação dos fertilizantes. Sugere-se que o manejo desta praga com B. bassiana apresenta maior potencial a curto prazo por pulverizações apenas no período de trânsito das fêmeas colonizadoras, e, à médio e longo prazo, pela aplicação do patógeno no solo conjuntamente com fertilizantes e com o uso de armadilha de auto-inoculação. / Hypothenemus hampei, presents bioecological and behavioral aspects that hinders its control, such as its cryptic nature, remaining inside the coffee bean most of its life cycle and for presenting several generations per year. A large number of coffee beans carrying H. hampei drop to the ground, providing an excellent way for insect survival in the off season and as a source for new infestations of berries. The control of H. hampei must thus be made in the period when the females leave the beans where they were born until the moment they colonize new fruits to reproduce. Biopesticide based with Beauveria bassiana is an option available for the control of H. hampei; however, there is little evidence of its effectiveness in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate strategies to use B. bassiana in the management of H. hampei in three ways: i) aqueous spray with adjuvants, ii) attractive trap of autoinoculation and iv) inoculation of the pathogen into the soil with chemical fertilazers. Direct spraying of suspensions of fungal conidia with adjuvant Tween 80 resulted in lower mortality of H. hampei than suspensions with the other adjuvants tested in the laboratory. The effectiveness of the adjuvant with the fungus varied with the inoculation method. Direct sprays on the insects reduced mortalities (23 - 53%), while immersion and the methods that allowed the insects to have contact with the conidia in the substrate (fruit or filter paper) after spraying, resulted in greater mortality (63 - 98%). Ultramorphological images of H. hampei, inoculated by different methods, suggest that the ventral region of the abdomen is the primary site of infection of the fungus since, unlike the other methods, the direct spray that resulted in reduced mortality, large quantity of conidia adhered and germinated were observed in the elytron compared to the ventral region. Three models of autoinoculation traps were compared in a shaded coffee plantation and in the full sun. Capture of H. hampei was superior in ESALQHh2. The management of H. hampei with trap ESALQ-Hh2 was assessed at a coffee plantation under full sun from fruit formation until harvest. On average, 6.6% of H. hampei was infected by Beauveria sp. in plants 4 and 8 m distant from the traps and no insect was infected in the plots with the same traps, but without the fungus. There was a reduction in concentration and viability of the pathogen in the traps over time; however, mortality of H. hampei exposed to the fungus were high (73 - 100%) during the 148 days of evaluation. Studies conducted in laboratory revealed that the flight capacity of H. hampei was not affected by the load of conidia adhered to its body when compared to insects without exposure to the fungus. Furthermore, only 5% of insects exposed to the fungus managed to penetrate the coffee bean, indicating low potential damage. Inoculation of conidia of B. bassiana, along with granulated chemical fertilizers in the soil of the coffee plantation, reduced (34 and 50%) the infestation of H. hampei compared the plots with only the application of fertilizers. It is suggested that the management of this pest with B. bassiana presents greater potential in the short term by spraying only during the period of transit of colonizing females and in the medium and long term through the application of the pathogen to the soil together with fertilizers and autoinoculation traps.

We investigate the geometric phase (GP) acquired by the states of a spin-1/2 nucleus which is subject to a static magnetic field. This nucleus as the carrier system of GP, is taken as coupled to a dissipative environment, so that it evolves non-unitarily. We study the effects of different characteristics of different environments on GP as nucleus evolves in time. We showed that magnetic field strength is the primary physical parameter that determines the stability of GP / its stability decreases as the magnetic field strength increases. (By decrease in stability what we mean is the increase in the time rate of change of GP.) We showed that this decrease can be very rapid, and so it could be impossible to make use of it as a quantum logic gate in quantum information theory (QIT). To see if these behaviors differ in different environments, we analyze the same system for a fixed temperature environment which is under the influence of an electromagnetic field in a squeezed state. We find that the general dependence of GP on magnetic field does not change, but this time the effects are smoother. Namely, increase in magnetic field decreases the stability of GP also for in this environment / but this decrease is slower in comparison with the former case, and furthermore it occurs gradually. As a second problem we examine the entanglement of two atoms, which can be used as a two-qubit system in QIT. The entanglement is induced by an external quantum system. Both two-level atoms are coupled to a third two-level system by dipole-dipole interaction. The two atoms are assumed to be in ordinary vacuum and the third system is taken as influenced by a certain environment. We examined different types of environments. We show that the steady-state bipartite entanglement can be achieved in case the environment is a strongly fluctuating, that is a squeezed-vacuum, while it is not possible for a thermalized environment.