Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-05-15. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:30:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853981.pdf: 780858 bytes, checksum: 5ceb1d5a7d209ea636278ac985213d40 (MD5) / O presente trabalho exibe um estudo de caso sobre o desenvolvimento conceitual e metodológico da Matemática, por meio do exame e comparação das concepções de função de Gottlob Frege e Bertrand Russell. Em particular, são discutidos: a extensão fregiana da ideia matemática de função, a noção russelliana de função proposicional, os seus pressupostos filosóficos e as suas implicações. O presente estudo baseia-se em análises dos livros que os dois autores publicaram sobre os fundamentos da Matemática, e também de alguns outros escritos de sua autoria, entre eles, manuscritos que foram publicados postumamente. Conclui-se a partir dessas análises que a concepção compreensiva de função de Frege e a função proposicional de Russell são generalizações de uma importante aquisição do pensamento matemático, qual seja, a ideia de função, e que a conceitografia e as teorias dos tipos e das descrições, por sua vez, constituem a exploração metódica daquilo que essas generalizações acarretam. Conclui-se, finalmente, que embora existam diferenças expressivas entre as concepções de função de Frege e Russell, um padrão de rigor associado a reflexões mais amplas sobre a natureza do significado emerge em meio às investigações que empreenderam sobre a noção de função: a função fregiana e a função proposicional são as entidades que participam de suas respectivas relações de significado e cuja natureza é precisada no âmbito dessas relações / This work presents a case study about the conceptual and methodological development of Mathematics by the examination and comparison of function conceptions in the thinking of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell. Particularly, we discuss the fregean extension of mathematical idea of function, the russellian notion of propositional function and their philosophical assumptions and implications. The basis for this study is a analisys of the authors' books on the foundations of Mathematics and some other authors' writings, included among these some posthumous publications. From this analisys we conclude that the comprehensive function concept of Frege and the Russell's propositional function are both generalizations of an important acquisition of mathematical thought, namely the idea of function, and that the conceptography, the type theory and the theory of descriptions, in turn, constitute the methodical exploration of what these generalizations imply. Finally, we conclude that, though there are expressives differences between the function conceptions of Frege and Russell, a pattern of rigour associated with more wide reflections on the nature of meaning emerges from their investigations of the concept of function: the fregian function and the propositional function are the entities that participate of their respective meaning relations and whose nature is explained by these relations

Esta dissertação tem um duplo objetivo. O primeiro deles — e o principal — é a tentativa de verificar uma hipótese acerca das razões de Bertrand Russell para conceber a sua primeira teoria da denotação, apresentada em The Principies of Mathematics (PoM). A teoria da denotação é urna explicação excepcional (no contexto da semântica de Russell) do significado de expressões denotativas da linguagem natural, expressões constituídas por alguma das seguintes seis palavras: "todo", "qualquer", "cada", "algum", "um"e "o"(ou suas declinações). Trata-se de apresentar a teoria de Russell como solução para um problema, e a hipótese que proponho é uma segundo a qual esse problema deriva da conjunção de três teses que Russell sustentava à época da publicação de PoM. Argumento que as ideias de Russell acerca da relação entre as expressões da linguagem natural e aquilo que lhes confere significado, da natureza dos constituintes do mundo e da relação entre mente e mundo no intercurso epistêmico formam um conjunto incompatível com a constatação trivial de que sentenças da linguagem natural que contêm expressões denotativas são inteligíveis. As ideias de Russell aludidas acima implicam que a inteligibilidade de uma expressão denotativa — e, de modo geral, de qualquer menor item semanticamente ativo de uma sentença da linguagem natural — requer a satisfação de duas condições: a existência de uma entidade no mundo que tal expressão representa e o vínculo epistêmico de contato entre o sujeito e tal entidade. A satisfação dessa dupla condição acarreta que, ao apreender o signifcado de uma expressão denotativa como, por exemplo, "todos os homens", eu estou em contato com todos os homens, o que, evidentemente, é impossível. Se o contato com aquilo que é o significado de um certo número de expressões denotativas é impossível (como no caso anterior), há que se postular um elemento semântico que não aquelas entidades no mundo, de modo que a inteligibilidade de tais expressões seja preservada. A teoria da denotação é esse postulado, e o elemento que medeia o vínculo entre a expressão denotativa e os objetos no mundo é o conceito denotativo. Pretendo também demonstrar que as ideias de Russell que conduzem ao problema acima noticiado sobrevivem ao abandono da teoria da denotação. Se é verdade que, a partir da publicação de On Denoting (OD), Russell adota uma perspectiva mais "desconfiada" acerca da transparência semântica da linguagem natural — o que implica a recusa da análise proposta em PoM, onde expressões denotativas são expressões às quais se pode legitimamente atribuir significado isoladamente —, também é verdade que Russell (i) continuará a pensar no funcionamento de linguagens logicamente mais nítidas à maneira antiga, segundo a qual o significado das expressões dessas linguagens reduz-se, em última análise, à satisfação das duas condições mencionadas no parágrafo anterior; (ii) permanecerá concebendo os constituintes do mundo, que conferem significado às expressões da linguagem, como entidades objetivas, no sentido de não serem constituídas pela atividade mental; e (iii) que continuará dentro de uma perspectiva epistemológica segundo a qual o vínculo epistêmico entre sujeito e mundo é de contato ou direto, isto é, não-mediado por ideias ou representações. / This thesis has two aims: the first and the main one is to try to verify an hypothesis concerning Bertrand Russell's reasons to frame his first theory of denoting, which he presents in The Principies of Mathematics (PoM). The theory of denoting is an anomalous (within Russell's semantics) account of the meaning of denoting expressions of natural language, expressions formed by any one of the six following words: "all", "any", "every", "some", "a"and "the". I present Russell's theory as a solution to a problem, and according to my hypothesis the problem arises from the conjunction of three theses Russell held at the time he wrote PoM. I argue that Russell's theses concerning (i) the relation between the expressions of natural language and their meanings, (ii) the nature of the constituents of the world and (iii) the epistemic relation between mind and world are incompatible with the statement that sentences containing denoting expressions are intelligible or meaningful. Russell's ideas imply that understanding the meaning of a denoting expression — and understanding the meaning of any of the shortest semantically active expressions of language — requires two conditions to be satisfied: there must exist some entity in the world that the expression stands for and there must be a direct epistemic relation between the mind and this entity. If both conditions are to be satisfied, it must be the case that as I apprehend the meaning of a denoting expression like "all men", for example, I am in a direct epistemic relation, acquaintance, with ali men, which is clearly impossible. If acquaintance with the meaning of a certain class of expressions is impossible (as in the example above), a propositional constituent other than the denoted entity must be posited, such that it will account for the expressions' meaningfulness. Russell's first theory of denoting is grounded in the postulate according to which there are such constituents, the "denoting concepts", bridging the gap between denoting expressions and entities in the world. The second aim of the thesis is to provide evidence of the preservation of the abovementioned ideas in Russell's thought after his abandonment of the theory of denoting. Although it is certainly true that after On Denoting (OD) Russell grows increasingly suspicious about the "transparency"of natural language — which implies the departure from the PoM style of semantic analysis, according to which denoting expressions have meaning in isolation it is nevertheless true that Russell keeps thinking that (i) the meaning of an expression in a logically adequate language is secured by the satisfaction of the two conditions mentioned in the preceding paragraph; (ii) the constituents of the world are objective, in the sense that they are not the outcome of the "work of the mind"; and (iii) the basic epistemic relation between mind and world is that of acquaintance, i. e., it is not mediated by ideas or representations.

Esta dissertação tem um duplo objetivo. O primeiro deles — e o principal — é a tentativa de verificar uma hipótese acerca das razões de Bertrand Russell para conceber a sua primeira teoria da denotação, apresentada em The Principies of Mathematics (PoM). A teoria da denotação é urna explicação excepcional (no contexto da semântica de Russell) do significado de expressões denotativas da linguagem natural, expressões constituídas por alguma das seguintes seis palavras: "todo", "qualquer", "cada", "algum", "um"e "o"(ou suas declinações). Trata-se de apresentar a teoria de Russell como solução para um problema, e a hipótese que proponho é uma segundo a qual esse problema deriva da conjunção de três teses que Russell sustentava à época da publicação de PoM. Argumento que as ideias de Russell acerca da relação entre as expressões da linguagem natural e aquilo que lhes confere significado, da natureza dos constituintes do mundo e da relação entre mente e mundo no intercurso epistêmico formam um conjunto incompatível com a constatação trivial de que sentenças da linguagem natural que contêm expressões denotativas são inteligíveis. As ideias de Russell aludidas acima implicam que a inteligibilidade de uma expressão denotativa — e, de modo geral, de qualquer menor item semanticamente ativo de uma sentença da linguagem natural — requer a satisfação de duas condições: a existência de uma entidade no mundo que tal expressão representa e o vínculo epistêmico de contato entre o sujeito e tal entidade. A satisfação dessa dupla condição acarreta que, ao apreender o signifcado de uma expressão denotativa como, por exemplo, "todos os homens", eu estou em contato com todos os homens, o que, evidentemente, é impossível. Se o contato com aquilo que é o significado de um certo número de expressões denotativas é impossível (como no caso anterior), há que se postular um elemento semântico que não aquelas entidades no mundo, de modo que a inteligibilidade de tais expressões seja preservada. A teoria da denotação é esse postulado, e o elemento que medeia o vínculo entre a expressão denotativa e os objetos no mundo é o conceito denotativo. Pretendo também demonstrar que as ideias de Russell que conduzem ao problema acima noticiado sobrevivem ao abandono da teoria da denotação. Se é verdade que, a partir da publicação de On Denoting (OD), Russell adota uma perspectiva mais "desconfiada" acerca da transparência semântica da linguagem natural — o que implica a recusa da análise proposta em PoM, onde expressões denotativas são expressões às quais se pode legitimamente atribuir significado isoladamente —, também é verdade que Russell (i) continuará a pensar no funcionamento de linguagens logicamente mais nítidas à maneira antiga, segundo a qual o significado das expressões dessas linguagens reduz-se, em última análise, à satisfação das duas condições mencionadas no parágrafo anterior; (ii) permanecerá concebendo os constituintes do mundo, que conferem significado às expressões da linguagem, como entidades objetivas, no sentido de não serem constituídas pela atividade mental; e (iii) que continuará dentro de uma perspectiva epistemológica segundo a qual o vínculo epistêmico entre sujeito e mundo é de contato ou direto, isto é, não-mediado por ideias ou representações. / This thesis has two aims: the first and the main one is to try to verify an hypothesis concerning Bertrand Russell's reasons to frame his first theory of denoting, which he presents in The Principies of Mathematics (PoM). The theory of denoting is an anomalous (within Russell's semantics) account of the meaning of denoting expressions of natural language, expressions formed by any one of the six following words: "all", "any", "every", "some", "a"and "the". I present Russell's theory as a solution to a problem, and according to my hypothesis the problem arises from the conjunction of three theses Russell held at the time he wrote PoM. I argue that Russell's theses concerning (i) the relation between the expressions of natural language and their meanings, (ii) the nature of the constituents of the world and (iii) the epistemic relation between mind and world are incompatible with the statement that sentences containing denoting expressions are intelligible or meaningful. Russell's ideas imply that understanding the meaning of a denoting expression — and understanding the meaning of any of the shortest semantically active expressions of language — requires two conditions to be satisfied: there must exist some entity in the world that the expression stands for and there must be a direct epistemic relation between the mind and this entity. If both conditions are to be satisfied, it must be the case that as I apprehend the meaning of a denoting expression like "all men", for example, I am in a direct epistemic relation, acquaintance, with ali men, which is clearly impossible. If acquaintance with the meaning of a certain class of expressions is impossible (as in the example above), a propositional constituent other than the denoted entity must be posited, such that it will account for the expressions' meaningfulness. Russell's first theory of denoting is grounded in the postulate according to which there are such constituents, the "denoting concepts", bridging the gap between denoting expressions and entities in the world. The second aim of the thesis is to provide evidence of the preservation of the abovementioned ideas in Russell's thought after his abandonment of the theory of denoting. Although it is certainly true that after On Denoting (OD) Russell grows increasingly suspicious about the "transparency"of natural language — which implies the departure from the PoM style of semantic analysis, according to which denoting expressions have meaning in isolation it is nevertheless true that Russell keeps thinking that (i) the meaning of an expression in a logically adequate language is secured by the satisfaction of the two conditions mentioned in the preceding paragraph; (ii) the constituents of the world are objective, in the sense that they are not the outcome of the "work of the mind"; and (iii) the basic epistemic relation between mind and world is that of acquaintance, i. e., it is not mediated by ideas or representations.

Le présent travail vise à établir comment l’artiste français Bertrand Lavier (1949) définit et exprime le réel dans son travail. Il s’agit aussi de fournir une réponse historique et critique à l’une des thématiques-clés de l’histoire de l’art contemporain, le rapprochement entre l’art et la vie. Ainsi, nous avons abordé les séries créées par l’artiste depuis la fin des années 1960 à nos jours, d’où émergent des interrogations récurrentes : l’ontologie de la représentation, le problème de la définition de la peinture ou la sculpture, que l’artiste s’emploie à rebâtir. Il y effectue également une critique systématique du langage en tant que constituant fiable du réel, relevant ses limites, amorçant ainsi un divorce avec l’art conceptuel, paradigme dominant de l’époque, et une conversion à la volonté de rematérialisation de l’art, redonnant une bonne place à l’esthétique, au sensible, et à l’instinct, après le règne du cérébral et de l’immatériel. Ensuite, cherchant à contextualiser son travail, nous avons établi une chronologie précise de la formation de Lavier, avant de le confronter à deux grandes figures de l’histoire du siècle, chacune ayant développé une idée précise des rapports de l’art au réel, Duchamp et Warhol, ceci à fin de nous donner des éléments de réponses quant à la place historique du travail de Lavier quant à cette problématique. Enfin, nous avons associé Lavier à deux pensées, le postmodernisme et la philosophie de Nietzsche, afin d’éclairer sa vision relative et morcelée du réel, vu comme amoral et subjectif, et d’expliquer la nécessité de le réorganiser esthétiquement, actant l’art comme remède au réel chaotique et réenchantement du quotidien. / This study aims to establish how French artist Bertrand Lavier (1949) defines and expresses reality in his work. In addition, we wanted to provide a historical and critical answer to a key problematic of contemporary art's history, the link between art and life. First, we dealt with several Lavier's series, from the late 1960s till nowadays, from which emerge recurring topics : representation ontology, the problem of paintings and sculptures definition, which the artist employs himself to rebuilt. Furthermore, he also makes a methodical critic of language as a reliable component of reality, pointing its limits and flaws, acting his divorce with then dominant conceptual art, converting himself to the rematerilization of art, bringing back aesthetics, perception and instinct, after the reign of immateriality and intellectualism. Then, trying to contextualize his work, we established a detailed chronology of the artist's education, before confronting him with two 20th Century key figures, both having developed a strong vision of connections between art and reality, Duchamp and Warhol, in order to precise the historical place of Lavier's work regarding this topic. Eventually, we linked Lavier to two thinkings, Postmodernism and Nietzsche's philosophy, allowing us to shade light on his vision of a relative and fragmented reality, seen as amoral and subjective, and to explain the necessity of its aesthetical reorganization, presenting art as the remedy of a chaotic reality, and the everydays re-enchantement.

In May 2021 the Swedish government decided to establish a trial period for an environmental bonus within the swedish reimbursement system, with the purpose to reduce the emissions of antibiotics and carbon dioxide from the pharmaceutical industry. This thesis examines the effect of the bonus on the pharmaceutical market and whether the goal set by the government can be met based on economic theory. By an in-depth analysis of the generic market, the implementation of the environmental premium is examined on the basis of the Bertrand model. The thesis finds that the environmental bonus will give different outcomes depending on the number of competing firms on the market. The main conclusion is that an environmental bonus will, in most cases, lead to higher prices for medicines. The thesis also finds that the bonus would probably give the best results in the substitution groups where many firms compete. / I maj 2021 beslutade regeringen att ett försök till miljöpremie ska implementeras i läkemedelsförmånssystemet. Syftet med miljöpremien är att minska utsläppen av främst restprodukter till antibiotika men även utsläppen av koldioxid vid produktionen. Denna uppsats undersöker vilka effekter denna miljöpremie kan tänkas ge på läkemedelsmarknaden utifrån nationalekonomisk teori samt om det mål som regeringen satt upp kan tänkas uppfyllas. Genom att djupgående analysera generikamarknaden undersöks implementeringen av miljöpremien utifrån Bertrandmodellen. Uppsatsen finner att miljöpremien troligtvis kommer ge olika utfall inom marknaden beroende på antal konkurrerande företag per utbytesgrupp. Analysens huvudsakliga slutsats är att en miljöpremien i de flesta fall kommer leda till högre priser på läkemedel samt att möjligheten för företag att upprätthålla tysta prissamordningar kan tänkas minska. Slutligen finner uppsatsen att en miljöpremie troligtvis får flest läkemedelsföretag att ställa om till grönt när den implementeras i utbytesgrupper med flera konkurrenter.

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There are three main chapters in the dissertation which fall in the areas of industrial organization and international economics. After the introduction and the literature review, I present two different models that highlight how the degree of substitutability between differentiated products on a market affects a new entrant's entry decisions. I further extend the benchmark model to discuss the implications of the government trade policy on the competition strategies. The last chapter investigates how the bilateral trade flows in various industries between the United States and China respond to Yuan/Dollar exchange rate fluctuations and a few other key variables. In the second chapter, I extend the Singh and Vivies (1984) model and the Hackner (2000) model by allowing for a multi-product duopoly, a domestic incumbent and a foreign entrant, with asymmetric costs in producing two differentiated products: high- and low-quality. If they engage in Cournot competition, in the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, the foreign entrant will choose to supply both products when two varieties are more heterogeneous. If two varieties are more homogeneous, the foreign entrant tends to supply only one product. After extending the model to consider the tariff imposed on foreign imports, the simulation results suggest that, to increase domestic welfare, the government should allow cost-effective foreign entrants to enter, but keep cost-ineffective ones out of the domestic market. In the third chapter, I provide a thorough analysis of the Bertrand model with a setup that is similar to the Cournot model. When firms compete on prices, the SPNE differs significantly from that of the Cournot model. Depending on the relative marginal cost between two firms, there are circumstances under which the foreign entrant would choose to only enter into the low- or the high-quality market regardless of the degree of substitutability between two varieties. Furthermore, when the domestic government imposes a tariff on the foreign imports, the foreign entrant's entry decision changes with the tariff level. In the last chapter, unlike the existing literature which mainly look at the relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance at the aggregate level, I attempt to investigate the short-run and the long-run impact of the Yuan/Dollar exchange rate on the US trade balance at the commodity level using a new methodology, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Testing approach. As most articles found no short-run and long-run relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance at the aggregate level ("aggregation bias"), I argue that different commodities may respond to the exchange rate fluctuations differently. Therefore, this study would offer us a better understanding on which US industries are more vulnerable to the Yuan/Dollar exchange rate fluctuations and which ones are strong players against Chinese competitors. In addition, I further explore other possible contributors to the US trade deficit such as income levels, China FDI inflow, and the US FDI outflow. / Economics

A large part of the empirical work on differentiated products markets has focused on demand estimation and the pricing behavior of firms. These two themes are key inputs in important applications such as the merging of two firms or the introduction of new products. The validity of inferences, therefore, depends on accurate demand estimates and sound assumptions about the pricing behavior of firms. This dissertation makes a contribution to this literature in two ways. First, it adds to previous techniques of estimating demand for differentiated products. Second, it extends previous analyses of pricing behavior to models of price leadership that, while important, have received limited attention. The investigation focuses on the U.S. brewing industry, where price leadership appears to be an important type of firm behavior. The analysis is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the recent Distance Metric (DM) method devised by Pinkse, Slade and Brett is used to estimate the demand for 64 brands of beer in 58 major metropolitan areas of the United States. This study adds to previous applications of the DM method (Pinkse and Slade; Slade 2004) by employing a demand specification that is more flexible and also by estimating advertising substitution coefficients for numerous beer brands. In the second stage, different pricing models are compared and ranked by exploiting the exogenous change in the federal excise tax of 1991. Demand estimates of the first stage are used to compute the implied marginal costs for the different models of pricing behavior prior to the tax increase. Then, the tax increase is added to the these pre-tax increase marginal costs, and equilibrium prices for all brands are simulated for each model of pricing behavior. These "predicted" prices are then compared to actual prices for model assessment. Results indicate that Bertrand-Nash predicts the pricing behavior of firms more closely than other models, although Stackelberg leadership yields results that are not substanitally different from the Bertrand-Nash model. Nevertheless, Bertrand-Nash tends to under-predict prices of more price-elastic brands and to over-predict prices of less price- elastic brands. An implication of this result is that Anheuser-Busch could exert more market power by increasing the price of its highly inelastic brands, especially Budweiser. Overall, actual price movements as a result of the tax increase tend to be more similar across brands than predicted by any of the models considered. While this pattern is not inconsistent with leadership behavior, leadership models considered in this dissertation do not conform with this pattern. / Ph. D.

Un film qui dérange et qui déclenche des réactions violentes dit forcément quelque chose de la société qui le rejette. Pour prendre la mesure du scandale, le Festival de Cannes est un bon repère car c’est la caisse de résonance du cinéma. Les quatre scandales qui nous servent de point de départ ont eu lieu entre 1986 et 1999. Ces quatre films Tenue de soirée (Blier, 1986). Sous le Soleil de Satan (Pialat, 1987) De Bruit et de Fureur (Brisseau, 1988) et L’Humanité (Dumont, 1999) ont tous obtenus des prix à Cannes. Le trouble que ces films provoquent, relève du corps : un corps perçu comme marginal (l’enfant des cités), grossier puis risible (une star masculine grimée en femme puis en mystique), ou indigne (l’acteur amateur). Au cinéma, le trouble se base sur la gêne, le désir, le malaise. Le spectateur, face à une image qui ne répond pas à ses attentes est décontenancé et perd ses repères. Le trouble cache également toute une série de problèmes. Un corps hors norme qui ne correspond pas à ce que l’on a l’habitude de voir, un corps difficile à classer. Au cinéma, l’authenticité peut être troublante tant elle ressemble à la vie. Comment un corps authentique peut-il être troublant alors que le cinéma est affaire d’artifice ? C’est pourtant de cela dont il est question quand la vérité surgit dans le cadre, elle peut déranger voire devenir insupportable.Par la mise en scène, le cinéma peut-il rendre visible les corps délaissés par la société et ses images ? Comment aborde-t-il les questions qui dérangent en produisant des images troublantes ? Dans notre approche esthétique et socioculturelle nous allons analyser comment Brisseau, Dumont, Blier et Pialat rendent les corps troublants. Cette thèse s’articulera autour de trois idées motrices : le corps perçu comme obscène (une œuvre qui provoque des émotions contradictoires), le corps de l’exclu (les personnages démunis tentent d’échapper à l’entropie qui les menace) et le corps de l’acteur (le trouble physique qui traverse l’acteur dirigé par le réalisateur). / A film, which disturbs and triggers violent reactions, obviously illustrates the society that rejects it. In order to measure the scandal, the Cannes festival is a good reference because it is the sounding box of cinema.The four scandals we use as a starting point took place between 1986 and 1999. Those four films, Menage by Blier in 1986, Under the Sun of Satan by Pialat in 1987, Sound and Fury by Brisseau and Humanity by Dumont were all rewarded in Cannes.The confusion induced by these films is connected to the human body: a body perceived as of marginal importance (the housing estate child), coarse then ridiculous (a male star made up as a female then as a mystic). In a film, the confusion is based on embarrassment, desire, and uneasy feelings. The spectator, confronted with unexpected images, feels confused and lost.That confusion also hides all sorts of problems. An abnormal body we are not used to see, a body difficult to classify.In a film, authenticity can be disturbing by being so much like life. How can a genuine body be disturbing when cinema means artifice ? However that is exactly the point when truth appears in the setting, it can disturb and even become unbearable.Can cinema make bodies abandoned by society and its pictures visible again ? How does it tackle the questions which upset by producing disturbing images ? Through our aesthetic and sociocultural approach we are going to analyze how Brisseau, Dumont, Blier and Pialat make bodies disturbing. This thesis will hinge upon three leading ideas: the body perceived as obscene (a work which provokes conflicting emotions), the body of the excluded (weak characters try to escape the entropy which threatens them) and the body of the actor (the physical disorder which goes through the actor guided by the director).