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Covid-19 pandemin har orsakat ett stort antal sjukdom- och dödsfall i Sverige. Människors beteende är avgörande för smittspridningens utveckling och blir därför värdefullt att undersöka. Aktuell studie testade huruvida Femfaktormodellens personlighetsdimensioner respektive självbetjänande attributionsfelen, bättre-än-medel-effekten och orealistisk optimism, samvarierar med och predicerar smittförebyggande beteenden vid covid-19 pandemin. En enkät besvarades av 126 högskolestudenter från Mellansverige. Resultatet visade inget signifikant samband mellan någon personlighetsdimension och smittförebyggande beteenden. Personlighet kan inte predicera risk- respektive smittförebyggande beteenden. Samtliga mätningar av bättre-än-medel-effekter och orealistisk optimism visade positiva samband med smittförebyggande beteenden varav enbart bättre-än-medel-effekten vad gäller den egna förmågan att skydda sig mot smitta kunde förklara variation i smittförebyggande beteenden. Intressant för framtida studier är att undersöka vad som ligger till grund för dessa resultat samt vidare undersöka vad annat som kan förklara människors beteenden vid pandemiska kriser.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21724号 / 工博第4541号 / 新制||工||1708(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一, 教授 平石 哲也, 准教授 川池 健司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The concept of behavioural finance has taken more ground concerning the traditional finance paradigm during the last decade. A vital part of the behavioural finance theorem is the subject of behavioural biases and the mistakes these biases have on private stock investors. The authors of this study focused on the bias of overconfidence due to numerous studies indicating the consequences overconfidence has on society and more specifically private investors. The initial focus departed from what might help investors overcome the overconfidence bias. Additionally, the research claiming low financial literacy among young Swedish individuals further caught the authors attention. From this, it was therefore decided to investigate financial literacy's effect on overconfidence among young Swedish individuals to potentially help young individuals understand the risk of overconfidence and what might help reduce the emotional and increase the rational decisions made in investment environments.  With the usage of a questionnaire, we were able to collect quantitative data and thereafter perform three different regressions. The three regression was based on three different measurements of overconfidence; better-than-average effect, miscalibration, and trading frequency. The questions used in the questionnaire were heavily influenced by famous previous literature when it comes to measuring overconfidence and financial literacy. It was also decided to check for different demographic variables and their effect on overconfidence, more precisely previous experience, age, gender, and level of education.  From our study it was found that financial literacy has a negative effect on overconfidence, meaning that the more financially literate an individual is, the less prone to fall victim to overconfidence. More specifically, all three regressions showed this result, indicating a strong relationship. In addition, it was also found that the more experience an individual has the less inclined the individual is to display overconfident behaviour. Lastly, it was found that men tend to be more overconfident than women.  With this study, we are able to contribute to the behavioural view of finance by proving that overconfidence partially exists and that by becoming more financially literate individuals decreases the risk of being overconfident. By being aware of this, we contribute to a healthier investment environment. In addition, this study also contributes to the previous literature on partially overconfidence and financial literacy each on their own but more importantly the effect financial literacy has on overconfidence.

LGBTQ individuals have many risk factors and have difficulty navigating going through school because of all the social issues. This study is an autoethnography that looks into the perceived protective factors of a gay male educator. I was challenged to change my dissertation to share my story of being a teacher and dealing with many different risk factors. My committee introduced me to autoethnography and shortly after, I was speaking with a student when the topic of the “It Gets Better” campaign came up. The student said to me, “Prove it.” My dissertation has been a living document with many changes. However, this is my truth of having to navigate being an educator in a small town and being gay. While risk factors are always present for LGBTQ individuals, the focus here is on the positive. The underlying explorations involve going back into the closet for my job, reflections, support systems, and how/why my life is perceived to be better.

The better-than-average effect (BTAE) är tendensen att skatta sina förmågor, egenskaper och attribut över genomsnittet. Självkänsla har samband med BTAE och kontrollokus men forskning om relationen mellan BTAE och kontrollokus saknas. Studiens syfte var att fördjupa kunskapen gällande relationen mellan BTAE, självkänsla och kontrollokus inom högre utbildning. En enkät innehållande etablerade och ett egen konstruerat mätinstrument användes för att mäta BTAE, självkänsla och kontrollokus. Enkäten besvarades av 98 universitetsstudenter, därav 72 kvinnor. Resultatet visade att BTAE uppstod och att det fanns signifikanta samband mellan BTAE, självkänsla och kontrollokus. Att förklara sina framgångar med interna faktorer var betydande för förklaring av variation gällande BTAE.Studenter som ser sig som bättre än genomsnittet tenderar att ha högresjälvkänsla och tror sig personligen styra situationer och händelser både i skolan och i livet. Vidare forskning behövs för att koppla studenters BTAE till objektiva mått som exempelvis betyg och studier som baseraspå normvärden. / The better-than-average effect (BTAE) is the tendency to estimate one's abilities, characteristics and attributes above average. Self-esteem is related to BTAE and Locus of Control, but research on the relationship between BTAE and Locus of Control is lacking. The purpose of the study was to deepen the knowledge regarding the relationship between BTAE, self-esteem and Locus of Control in higher education. A questionnaire containing established, and a self-constructed measuring instrument was used to measure BTAE, self-esteem and Locus of Control. The survey was answered by 98 university students, of which 72 were women. The results showed that BTAE occurred and that there were significant relationships between BTAE, self-esteem and Locus of Control. Explaining their success with internal factors was significant in explaining variation regarding BTAE. Students who see themselves as better than average tend to have higher self-esteem and believe they personally control situations and events both at school and in life. Further research is needed to link students' BTAE to objective measures such as grades and studies based on standard values.

<p>Video poker is a casino game based on five-card draw poker played on a computerized console. Video poker allows players an opportunity for some control of the random events that determine whether they win or lose. This means that making the right play can increase a player's return in the long run. For that reason, optimal strategy hand-rank tables for various types of video poker games have been recently published and established to help players improve their return (Ethier, 2010). Ethier posed a number of open problems in his recent book, <em>The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilitistic Aspects of Gambling</em> among which were some in video poker. In this thesis we consider the most popular video poker games: Jacks or Better, Double Bonus, and Joker Wild. Ethier produced an optimal strategy hand-rank table for Jacks or Better. We expand on his method to produce optimal hand-rank tables for Double Bonus, and Joker Wild. The method involves enumerating all possible discards, computing the expected returns, and then finding a way to rank them according to optimal discard based on the payoffs. The methodology combines combinatorics with probability and C++ programming. For Double Bonus and Joker Wild new terminologies are introduced in order to illustrate how different cards can affect the magnitude of expected return of a particular hand. Furthermore, ranks whose organization and specification are noteworthy in the hand-rank tables are examined and provided with in-depth explanations and supporting examples. The final result is a hand-rank table for use by the player. The player chooses that discard which ranks highest in the hand-rank table corresponding to potential final hands.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Yes / Acute hospital admission is distressing for care home residents. Ambulatory care sensitive conditions, such as respiratory and urinary tract infections, are conditions that can cause unplanned hospital admission but may have been avoidable with timely detection and intervention in the community. The Better Health in Residents in Care Homes (BHiRCH) programme has feasibility tested and will pilot a multicomponent intervention to reduce these avoidable hospital admissions. The BHiRCH intervention comprises an early warning tool for noting changes in resident health, a care pathway (clinical guidance and decision support system) and a structured method for communicating with primary care, adapted for use in the care home. We use practice development champions to support implementation and embed changes in care. Methods and analysis: Cluster randomised pilot trial to test study procedures and indicate whether a further definitive trial is warranted. Fourteen care homes with nursing (nursing homes) will be randomly allocated to intervention (delivered at nursing home level) or control groups. Two nurses from each home become Practice Development Champions trained to implement the intervention, supported by a practice development support group. Data will be collected for 3 months preintervention, monthly during the 12-month intervention and 1 month after. Individual-level data includes resident, care partner and staff demographics, resident functional status, service use and quality of life (for health economic analysis) and the extent to which staff perceive the organisation supports person centred care. System-level data includes primary and secondary health services contacts (ie, general practitioner and hospital admissions). Process evaluation assesses intervention acceptability, feasibility, fidelity, ease of implementation in practice and study procedures (ie, consent and recruitment rates). / UK NIHR grant number RP-PG-0612-20010.

Yes / An unplanned hospital admission of a nursing home resident distresses the person, their family and nursing home staff, and is costly to the NHS. Improving health care in care homes, including early detection of residents’ health changes, may reduce hospital admissions. Previously, we identified four conditions associated with avoidable hospital admissions. We noted promising ‘within-home’ complex interventions including care pathways, knowledge and skills enhancement, and implementation support. Objectives: Develop a complex intervention with implementation support [the Better Health in Residents in Care Homes with Nursing (BHiRCH-NH)] to improve early detection, assessment and treatment for the four conditions. Determine its impact on hospital admissions, test study procedures and acceptability of the intervention and implementation support, and indicate if a definitive trial was warranted. Design: A Carer Reference Panel advised on the intervention, implementation support and study documentation, and engaged in data analysis and interpretation. In workstream 1, we developed a complex intervention to reduce rates of hospitalisation from nursing homes using mixed methods, including a rapid research review, semistructured interviews and consensus workshops. The complex intervention comprised care pathways, approaches to enhance staff knowledge and skills, implementation support and clarity regarding the role of family carers. In workstream 2, we tested the complex intervention and implementation support via two work packages. In work package 1, we conducted a feasibility study of the intervention, implementation support and study procedures in two nursing homes and refined the complex intervention to comprise the Stop and Watch Early Warning Tool (S&W), condition-specific care pathways and a structured framework for nurses to communicate with primary care. The final implementation support included identifying two Practice Development Champions (PDCs) in each intervention home, and supporting them with a training workshop, practice development support group, monthly coaching calls, handbooks and web-based resources. In work package 2, we undertook a cluster randomised controlled trial to pilot test the complex intervention for acceptability and a preliminary estimate of effect. Setting: Fourteen nursing homes allocated to intervention and implementation support (n = 7) or treatment as usual (n = 7). Participants: We recruited sufficient numbers of nursing homes (n = 14), staff (n = 148), family carers (n = 95) and residents (n = 245). Two nursing homes withdrew prior to the intervention starting. Intervention: This ran from February to July 2018. Data sources: Individual-level data on nursing home residents, their family carers and staff; system-level data using nursing home records; and process-level data comprising how the intervention was implemented. Data were collected on recruitment rates, consent and the numbers of family carers who wished to be involved in the residents’ care. Completeness of outcome measures and data collection and the return rate of questionnaires were assessed. Results: The pilot trial showed no effects on hospitalisations or secondary outcomes. No home implemented the intervention tools as expected. Most staff endorsed the importance of early detection, assessment and treatment. Many reported that they ‘were already doing it’, using an early-warning tool; a detailed nursing assessment; or the situation, , assessment, recommendation communication protocol. Three homes never used the S&W and four never used care pathways. Only 16 S&W forms and eight care pathways were completed. Care records revealed little use of the intervention principles. PDCs from five of six intervention homes attended the training workshop, following which they had variable engagement with implementation support. Progression criteria regarding recruitment and data collection were met: 70% of homes were retained, the proportion of missing data was < 20% and 80% of individuallevel data were collected. Necessary rates of data collection, documentation completion and return over the 6-month study period were achieved. However, intervention tools were not fully adopted, suggesting they would not be sustainable outside the trial. Few hospitalisations for the four conditions suggest it an unsuitable primary outcome measure. Key cost components were estimated. Limitations: The study homes may already have had effective approaches to early detection, assessment and treatment for acute health changes; consistent with government policy emphasising the need for enhanced health care in homes. Alternatively, the implementation support may not have been sufficiently potent. Conclusion: A definitive trial is feasible, but the intervention is unlikely to be effective. Participant recruitment, retention, data collection and engagement with family carers can guide subsequent studies, including service evaluation and quality improvement methodologies. Future work: Intervention research should be conducted in homes which need to enhance early detection, assessment and treatment. Interventions to reduce avoidable hospital admissions may be beneficial in residential care homes, as they are not required to employ nurses. / This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 9, No. 2. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

The presented work contains a survey of the so far known results about the operator inequalities of the type "good λ", "better good λ" and "rearranged good λ" on the function spaces over the Euclidean space with the Lebesgue measure and their corollaries in the form of more complex operator inequal- ities and norm estimates. However, the main aim is to build similar theory for the Riesz potential operator on the function spaces over the quasi-metric space with the so-called "doubling" measure. Combining the corollaries of this theory with the known norm estimates we obtain the boundedness for the Riesz potential operator on the Lebesgue and Lorentz spaces.