The thesis records a study of difference - the difference between reading and hearing biblical texts. It shows that the types of interpretation people make when reading such texts often differ from those they make when they are hearing the same texts read aloud. The extent of the difference is demonstrated in ten studies where theories relating to reading and hearing are applied to the Greek text of Mark 6:30-8:27a. The biblical texts used in the studies vary in the size, as do the themes and issues investigated. Despite this diversity the results are consistent across all ten studies. Almost all the assessments made in these studies are verified by independent data, such as the published opinions of biblical scholars and literary analyses of the Greek text. As elucidated in the thesis; the results attained, the method utilised and the theories employed are relevant for assessing the types of interpretation people are likely to make when reading and listening to other biblical stories. Because the research encompasses a literary issue and concerns the processes that are used in communication, the approach adopted is a literary one and the methodology incorporates media criticism and audience criticism. Other techniques, such as narrative criticism, rhetorical criticism, and reader response criticism are utilised extensively in the various analyses and assessments. The ten studies are preceded in the thesis by data as to the processes people use in reading texts and in listening to non-reciprocal speech. Such data includes information relating to experiments and studies into the communicative processes that have been carried out over the past fifty years. There is also data as to the theories that have been developed by scholars based on the results of such experiments and studies. These are the theories that are used in this thesis. There are also several analyses in the thesis which collectively demonstrate that texts used in Church liturgies should be those that have been specifically translated to meet the needs of listeners. This is a very important issue, because, even in very literate communities, there are still more Christians who listen to biblical texts being read than those who read such texts for themselves.

This thesis attempts to explore the understanding of borders of ancient Israel and their extent based on biblical account. The starting point is exploring the very term "border" and its meaning in the Old Testament. This thesis operates with both geographic and cultural or ethnic boundary based on archeological finds and material culture. In comparing biblical and non-biblical material it attempts to discover how closely do various texts describing Israel's boundary reflect possible historical reality. In the cases where the boundary delineated by the text seems to be rather symbolic this thesis considers various possible reasons for such a delineation of ancient Israel and attempts to find likely influences of political or religious agenda, historical situation or myth on respective delineations.

A presente pesquisa foi elaborada com o intuito de despertar a atenção para a importância do texto bíblico, neste caso o livro dos Provérbios. Diante da diversidade de textos que são trabalhados atualmente no ensino da Língua Portuguesa, considera-se interessante propor mais este gênero, apresentando-o como proposta de análise dessa forma de discurso. O trabalho foi desenvolvido observando figuras de linguagem, especificamente a metáfora, a metonímia, a comparação metafórica e a personificação encontradas nessa obra. Para o corpus, selecionamos os cinco primeiros versículos de cada capítulo, desse total, escolhemos os que apresentavam figuras e iniciamos a análise. Optamos por fazer análise retórica, tendo em vista o teor apelativo das mensagens. O processo de análise foi feito comparando os traços comuns visando a ajudar o aluno a compreender, a identificar, a interpretar a mensagem figurada, entre o sentido literal e o sentido figurado de um determinado provérbio. Convém lembrar que desconsideramos como figuras, para análise, aquelas palavras cujo sentido, apesar de demonstrar aparente teor conotativo, já deixaram de ter essa carga semântica dada ao uso e ao consequente desgaste desse uso como figura. Ficou evidente que o conteúdo das mensagens proverbiais é atemporal, ou seja, podem-se aplicar os conselhos que integram esse livro até os dias de hoje, sem correr o risco de se tornar anacrônico ou cometer incoerência semântica. / This research was conducted with the aim of raising awareness of the importance of the biblical text, in this case the book of Proverbs. Given the diversity of texts that are currently worked in the teaching of Portuguese language, consider proposing more interesting this genre, presenting it as draft analysis of this form of speech. The study was conducted by observing figures of speech, specifically metaphor, metonymy, personification and metaphorical comparisons found in this work. For the corpus, we selected the first five verses of each chapter, this total, choose those with figures and started the analysis. We chose to do rhetorical analysis considering the content of the messages appealing. The process of analysis was done comparing the commonalities in order to help students understand, identify and interpret the message figuratively, between the literal and figurative meaning of a particular proverb. Remember that figures such disregard for analysis, those words whose meaning, despite seeming to demonstrate connotative content, has ceased to have that semantic load placed on the use and the consequent wear and use this figure. It was evident that the content of the messages proverbial is timeless, ie, one can apply the advice that make this book until the present day, without running the risk of becoming anachronistic or commit semantic inconsistency.

La tesi intende fornire un contributo agli studi sulle modalità di lettura e di analisi dei testi messe in atto dagli autori cristiani del secondo secolo, in costante confronto con le stesse pratiche applicate dai contemporanei rappresentanti delle élites intellettuali non cristiane. La testualità riveste un ruolo centrale nel processo di formazione di un’identità cristiana e nella costruzione di un discorso che ne sia espressione e legittimazione. Ci si propone, dunque, di approfondire se e quanto la definizione di una normatività testuale, specificamente cristiana, sia debitrice a un confronto che si svolge a livello della lettura come base per l’interpretazione di un testo. I passi selezionati seguono la scansione dei diversi momenti di analisi testuale propri della τέχνη γραμματική: i dibattiti in merito alle variae lectiones, agli errori grafici e alle interpolazioni volontarie dei copisti, l’uso della tropologia, le riflessioni sulla dispositio e sull’ordo verborum, lo studio degli etimi, le valutazioni morfologiche e sintattiche. Questo metodo favorisce un tentativo di campionatura dei testi volto a far emergere l’utilizzo delle modalità di lettura tradizionali nelle opere degli autori cristiani del secondo secolo. / This thesis aims at contributing to the studies on reading practices of text analysis applied in the second century by Christian authors, in comparison with the same tools used by contemporary non-Christian intellectuals. Textuality had a key role in the process of formation of Christian identity and construction of the discourse through which Christianism was expressed and legitimized. It is therefore important to examine how textual debates influenced the constitution of a normative canon of Scriptures. The selected passages are gathered according to the different steps of text analysis in ancient grammar: discussions on variae lectiones, graphic errors and voluntary interpolations made by copyists, the use of tropology, reflections on dispositio and ordo verborum, studies in etymology, morphological and syntactic analysis. This method fosters an attempt to textual sampling in order to identify the use of traditional reading practices in the works of second-century Christian authors.

The theme of the thesis, which you hold in your hands is particular situation of sermon on the occasion of December 26th with its specific topic about the first Christian martyr St. Stephen. The aim of this work is to explore, in discussion with experts and current Protestant preachers, the homiletic possibilities of how such specific situation should be addressed. Master thesis has four main parts. The first part investigates how available homiletic literature operates with the key terms: preaching, celebration and Stephen. New Testament biblical texts associated with Stephen are processed in this part as well. The second, more practical part, deals with particular sermons of contemporary Slovak and Czech ministers, and invites them into a conversation about a particular situation of both St. Stephen and the listener who is being addressed with these sermons. The third part of the thesis provides conclusion. The annex is important as well, for it provides a collection of sermons on this particular subject. Keywords Biblical text Listener Martyr Sermon Situation St. Stephen St. Stephen's Day Witness

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giuliana Andrea Niedhardt Capella Santos.pdf: 453544 bytes, checksum: 7f8b24cd38de9896910e0c6e8bc6a043 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-17 / This very dissertation unveils, from the point of view of the theoretical framework of enunciation, procedures used in the elaboration process of an exegetical text which collaborate with the genre s function of bringing the reader near to a given text by the perspective of the exegete. The chosen exegesis presents an interpretation of the Book of Esther part of the Bible , a historical-like text whose main enunciative mechanisms used in order to cause effects of objectivity and distance are briefly presented along the exposure of the theoretical framework working as examples to this last one. The exegesis, If I Perish, I Perish, by Major W. Ian Thomas, is analyzed from the perspective of discursive syntax and discursive semantics. Differently from the biblical text, the exegetical text presents many mechanisms that cause the effect of subjectivity and proximity. The analysis will circumscribe three types of such mechanisms: the relation between enunciator and enunciatee (which reveals how the enunciatee is brought near to the enunciator); the relation between the enunciator and the biblical text, often mentioned in the exegetical text (which reveals how the enunciatee is brought near to the exegetical text); and figurativization (which reveals how the enunciatee is brought near to the biblical text). The results of the analysis are not prescriptive, but descriptive. They reveal existing enunciative mechanisms with approximating function, so that they can be tools to a conscious use by those who seek to bring the enunciatee near to them or to the text. / A presente dissertação, sob o ponto de vista do quadro teórico da enunciação, desvela procedimentos na construção de um texto exegético que contribuem com a função do gênero de aproximar o leitor de determinado texto sob a perspectiva do exegeta. A exegese escolhida interpreta o livro de Ester contido na Bíblia de caráter histórico, cujos principais mecanismos enunciativos empregados com a finalidade de produzir efeito de objetividade e distanciamento são brevemente explicitados dentro da apresentação do quadro teórico, com a finalidade de exemplificação dos conceitos. A exegese, If I Perish, I Perish, de autoria de Major W. Ian Thomas, é analisada sob a perspectiva da sintaxe e semântica discursivas. Diferente do texto bíblico, o texto exegético possui diversos mecanismos que visam produzir o efeito de subjetividade e proximidade. A análise abrangerá três categorias desses mecanismos enunciativos: a relação entre enunciador e enunciatário (que expõe como o enunciatário é aproximado do enunciador); a relação do enunciador com o texto bíblico, muitas vezes referido no texto exegético (que expõe como o enunciatário é aproximado do texto exegético); e a figurativização (que expõe como o enunciatário é aproximado do texto bíblico). A análise não pretende normatizar, mas apenas desvelar processos enunciativos de efeito de sentido de aproximação, a fim de que sejam ferramentas conscientes nas mãos daqueles que buscam aproximar o enunciatário de si ou do texto.

Cette thèse montre que, dans les Sermones in Matthaeum, les interprétations scripturaires développées par Augustin d’Hippone ont fait l’objet d’un choix, que justifie une adaptation pastorale au double contexte historique et liturgique de la prédication. Établi à partir du classement thématique des Mauristes, le « corpus » regroupe des sermons prêchés en différents lieux, entre 393 et 430 ; il se prête donc à une évaluation de ces adaptations.Le chapitre 1 propose une synthèse critique des données contextuelles (historiques, géographiques, sociologiques et liturgiques) concernant ces sermons, comme autant de pierres d’attente à d’éventuelles adaptations ; le chapitre 2 montre que leur texte biblique, souvent vieux latin, a parfois un substrat africain. Les chapitres 3 à 6 analysent l’exégèse d’une vingtaine de sermons choisis pour leur dimension réflexive afin de questionner, de manière inductive, les motifs des adaptations exégétiques. Les études comparent les interprétations du texte commenté à celles présentes dans les autres œuvres augustiniennes et dans la tradition patristique, et intègrent une approche rhétorique. Homilétique, cette exégèse se situe, comme les sermons qui la développent, à l’intersection entre Parole de Dieu (chapitres 3 et 4) et réponses des hommes (chapitres 5 et 6). Elle assume la situation historique dans laquelle elle est élaborée pour, en s’insérant dans la dynamique de la liturgie dont elle reçoit la matière du commentaire et la finalité qui l’oriente, faire en sorte que la res qu’elle transmet de façon quasi sacramentelle par les uerba du prédicateur, fructifie chez les auditeurs.Cette thèse comprend aussi une bibliographie et quatre annexes : un fichier signalétique sur les Sermones in Matthaeum et son résumé, les relevés des occurrences augustiniennes des citations étudiées et la liste des lectures liturgiques de l’Évangile de Matthieu. / This doctoral thesis shows that in Sermones in Matthaeum the biblical interpretations developed by Augustine of Hippo were selected in order to comply with a pastoral adaptation to the double historical and liturgical preaching context. Established on the basis of the Maurists’ thematic classification, the corpus contains sermons preached in different places between 393 and 430; it is therefore suitable for evaluating these adaptations. Chapter 1 gives a critical survey of the contextual data (historical, geographical, sociological and liturgical) concerning these sermons, to be taken as potential, adaptable building blocks; chapter 2 shows that the biblical text, often in Old Latin forms, has an African substrate. Chapter 3 to 6 analyse the exegesis of about twenty sermons selected for their reflexive dimension, in order to inductively question the reasons for the exegetical adaptations. The analyses compare the interpretations of the commented text with those present in other Augustinian works and in the Patristic tradition, and integrate a rhetorical approach. Like the sermons which develop it, this homiletic exegesis lies at the intersection of God’s Word (chapter 3 and 4) and men’s answers (chapter 5 and 6). It assumes the historic context in which it is developed and penetrates the dynamic of the liturgy from which it gets the subject of its comment and the aim of its orientation, so that the res which it conveys in a quasi sacramental way through the uerba of the preacher bears fruit within the listeners. This doctoral thesis also includes a bibliography and four annexes: an identification file about the Sermones in Matthaeum and its summary, a summary table of Augustinian occurrences to be found in the analysed quotations and the list of the liturgical readings from Matthew’s Gospel.

The main aim of this thesis is to show the didactic potential of the Apocryphal Tales by Karel Capek as well as to suggest the possible ways to include it in the high school literature education. The theoretical part of this thesis mainly deals with the author - Karel Capek and the concept of the Apocryph. These theoretical chapters study the Apocryphal Tales in detail, especially, focusing on the origin of the book and the existing editions, content and formal analysis, author's work with the intertexture and artistic progress used by Karel Capek. The special part is dedicated to the possible reasons of underestimation of the Apocyrph within author's other works. The practical part targets the didactical potential of the Apocryph. There are described the possibilities of the work with all the texts and possible ways how to work with the idea of Apocryph. The crucial part shows the detailed analysis of the didactical potential of seven selected texts integrated with extended commentary to the structure of this chapter. Another very important part pursues the verification of didactical potential of one of the Apocryph in the framework of secondary school education. This part contains the commented version of the preparation for the high school lecture and its concluding reflection that comments on the...

The first part of this thesis informs about the Bible in general, its origin, division, language and translations. Translations into the Czech language are looked at in greater detail as well as various adaptions that are at disposal of Czech high school teachers. One of the chapters discusses biblical phrases and shows the way they have infiltrated Czech culture. The Intertextuality and the Bible chapter looks at all the literary works that have their origins in the Bible. It also offers a text which may be used during literature classes. The second part of the thesis discusses school documents and text books as related to the Bible. After Czech general educational programs analysis, the thesis offers options on various ways of implementing some of the general educational programs targets during classes, both in Language and Communication or Man and Society educational area. There follows an analysis of three individual school educational programs, each of which addresses the Bible differently, works with it in a different grade and in different areas. Chapters concerning textbooks discuss what information and texts are made available to the students and evaluate these. The practical part of this thesis covers an analysis of a minor survey which was carried out among the fourth grade high school...