Les aliments fonctionnels connaissent aujourd’hui un intérêt grandissant. Pour leur formulation, l'encapsulation de bioactifs représente une voie intéressante et les protéines de lactosérum (PS) présentent de bonnes potentialités en tant qu'agents d’encapsulation. Des travaux antérieurs ont démontré que deux PS, la beta-lactoglobuline (BLG) et la lactoferrine (LF), peuvent former spontanément des co-assemblages par coacervation complexe, une technologie d'encapsulation connue. Cette thèse étudie la coacervation BLG-LF pour l'encapsulation d'un bioactif modèle, la vitamine B9. En testant une gamme de pH et de ratios molaires, les conditions optimales de coacervation B9-PS sont obtenues dans l'eau, à pH 5,5, avec un ratio molaire LF:B9:BLG de 1:5:10, permettant d’atteindre des rendements de coacervation de 45 à 55%, et d’encapsulation de B9 de 98 %.L’échelle de production des coacervats est augmentée avec succès du µL au L, avec des solutions protéiques de qualité commerciale et un mélangeur statique. Les rendements de coacervation et d’encapsulation sont conservés, avec l’encapsulation d’environ 4 mg de B9/g coacervats. Par ailleurs, les coacervats montrent un effet protecteur de la forme native de B9 vis-à-vis des UV, de l’oxydation et pendant la lyophilisation. Une étude in vivo chez le rat démontre une augmentation de la biodisponibilité de B9 lorsque administrée sous forme de coacervats. Les coacervats apparaissent stables lorsqu’ils sont resuspendus en gouttelettes dans du lait. Ce travail permet d’approfondir les connaissances sur la coacervation hétéroprotéique et s / Encapsulation of bioactives is relevant for the development of functional foods. Food proteins as encapsulating agents could match the objective of industries to develop “clean label” products. Moreover, whey proteins (WP) exhibit good potentialities as encapsulating agents. Previous works have demonstrated that the WPs, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) and lactoferrin (LF), are able to spontaneously co-assemble by complex coacervation. This study explores the ability of BLG-LF coacervates as a potential carrier for the encapsulation of a model bioactive, vitamin B9. Throughout screening experiments, we determined the domains where B9-WP coacervation occured according to a tested range of pH, proteins and vitamin concentrations and molar ratios. Optimal conditions for coacervation were found in water, at pH 5.5, with LF:B9:BLG molar ratio of 1:5:10, affording coacervation yields of 45 to 55% and B9 encapsulation up to 98%.Coacervation was scaled-up from laboratory to bench scale using commercial-grade protein sources and static mixing. Final efficiencies were obtained with coacervates containing 4 mg of B9/g coacervates. Under degradative conditions (UV light irradiation, oxidation, freeze-drying), WP coacervates provided good protective properties limiting chemical degradation of native B9. In vivo oral administration of B9-WP coacervates in rats enhanced the plasmatic concentrations of B9 compared to unencapsulated B9. In addition, good physical stability over time was found after incorporated and resuspension of formed coacervates in milk. The combined results of this thesis p

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a human disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and it is one of the biggest social, economic and health challenges in the world. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that between 33.4 to 46.0 million people around the world were living with HIV/AIDS in December 2005 and the highest estimates are in the Sub-Saharan Africa (around 25 million). In more developed countries a combined antiretroviral therapy called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is used, which results in reduced progression to AIDS in most patients. Despite the beneficial effects of HAART, significant side effects are experienced by treated patients. In addition, most infected people live in countries where the treatment is very expensive or, in many cases, not available at all. These people therefore rely on medicinal plants for health care. In this study, aqueous extracts from Sutherlandia frutescens and Lobostemon trigonus were screened for potential anti-HIV activities in a series of in vitro enzymatic assays, including reverse transcriptase, HIV-1 protease and glycohydrolases. Two extracts of Sutherlandia leaves (SFL-1 and SFL-2) were prepared that inhibited HIV reverse transcriptase and a Lobostemon leaf extract (LTL) was shown to also inhibit this enzyme. All extracts were assayed at 1.25mg/ml. Tannin content was determined for all active extracts using a tannic acid assay. SFL-1 and SFL-2 were found to contain about 6 percent and 7 percent tannins, respectively, and LTL contained 31% tannins by weight. Tannins were removed using polyamide columns and three fractions were collected for each. The extracts were also fractionated with Sephadex G-25, Amberlite IR 120 and Dowex 1-X8 as size exclusion, cation exchange and anion exchange, respectively. Extracts were also fractionated by preparative thin layer chromatography where two compounds were separated from S. frutescens extract with high activity against reverse transcriptase while showing insignificant inhibition towards other enzymes tested. SFL-BFW-10 and SFL-WEF-7 inhibited reverse transcriptase by almost 100 percent and the IC50 values calculated for these compounds were 0.34 and 0.23mg/ml, respectively. Cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated on Chang liver cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). None of these compounds showed any significant inhibition of cell proliferation. The purity of these compounds could not be confirmed because there was insufficient material to use in the techniques required to show purity and identification. Therefore, TLC was used to determine the nature of these compounds. SFL-BFW-10 was identified as an organic acid and SFL-WEF-7 was identified as flavonoid.

The rising costs of prescription drugs in the maintenance of personal health and wellbeing have increased the interest in medicinal plants. The World Health Organization estimates that 65 percent-80 percent of the world’s population use traditional medicine as their primary form of health care. In this project the focus has been on the use of Leonotis leonurus extracts as a traditional medicine. The major chemical constituent of this plant is marrubiin, which is a diterpenoid labdane lactone formed from a precursor called premarrubiin. Aqueous and acetone extract (AL and OL extract, respectively) of this plant has been found to have an antithrombotic effect, with IC50 values of 3mg/ml and 6mg/ml, respectively. The extracts also have an effect on fibrinolysis, where the lysis time was decreased by more than 50 percent by the organic extract and standard marrubiin. In whole blood ADP-induced platelet aggregation, the organic extract inhibited aggregation by 68 percent at a final concentration of 138μg/ml (equivalent to 7.2μg/ml marrubiin). Marrubiin has also been screened for antithrombotic/anticoagulant activity; no antithrombotic activity has been observed but it increased the rate of fibrinolysis, by decreasing lysis time by 64 percent and also decreasing fibrin formation. From these findings it can be concluded that marrubiin has a fibrinolytic effect and antiplatelet aggregation effect. In the diabetic studies, in hyperglycemic condition, the OL (10μg/ml) extract and standard marrubiin significantly increased insulin secretion by 200 percent (2-fold) and 400 percent (4-fold), respectively, with respect to the control. The OL extract and standard marrubiin stimulated the release of insulin, the stimulatory index was significantly increased by 450 percent (4.5-fold) and 500 percent (5-fold), respectively, with respect to the control. In the apoptotic studies, in the normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, the OL extract decreased the occurrence of apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner, with the lower concentrations inducing apoptosis significantly higher than the relevant controls. Standard marrubiin did not have an effect on apoptosis in hyperglycemic condition, but it decreased the occurrence of apoptosis by 200 percent (2-fold) under normoglycemic conditions. The OL extract increased proliferation by 148 percent (1.48- fold) and 155 percent (1.55-fold) in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, respectively. The same effect was observed for standard marrubiin, where, proliferation was increased by 180 percent (1.8-fold) and 200 percent (2.0-fold) in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, respectively. RT-PCR displayed that standard marrubiin inhibited the expression of insulin by 50 percent under normoglycemic conditions.

Variations in the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and traditional hydrodistillation methods were evaluated. The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 33 compounds with 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl acetate and camphene constituting about 80 percent of the oils throughout the period of investigation, with the solvent-free microwave extraction method generally yielding more of the major components than the hydrodistillation method. Each of the major components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different periods of the year. The method of extraction and time of harvest are of importance to the quantity and quality of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene- 4-ol, linalool, a-terpeneol were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD. However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, a-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans- β-ocimene, γ-teprinene, and cis-sabinene hydrate than SFME extracted oil. Accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and ketones was observed during maturation process of Rosmarinus leaves. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. The essential oils obtained using both methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the SFME extracted oils ranged between 0.23 and 1.88 mg mL-1, while those of the HD extracted oils varied between 0.94 and 7.5 mg mL-1, thus suggesting that the oil obtained by solvent free microwave extraction was more active against bacteria than the oil obtained through hydrodistillation. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay and β- carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH+ assay, while the free radical scavenging activity of the oil obtained by SFME method showed percentage inhibitions of between 48.8 percent and 67 percent, the HD derived oil showed inhibitions of between 52.2 percent and 65.30 percent at concentrations of 0.33, 0.50 and 1.0 mg mL-1, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the percentage inhibition increased with increasing concentration of both oils with a higher antioxidant activity of the oil obtained through the SFME than the HD method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts using three eluent solvent systems of varying polarities i. e. CEF, BEA and EMW and sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the different extracts was similar with the exception of methanol and water extracts which had only one or two visible compounds after treating with vanillin-spray reagent. To evaluate the number of antibacterial compounds present in the fractions, bioautography was used against two most important nosocomial microorganisms. S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). Nearly all the crude serial extraction fractions contained compounds that inhibited the growth of E. coli. The hexane extract had the most lines of inhibition followed by ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation against E. coli was used to isolate antibacterial compounds. The largest number of antibacterial compounds occurred in the hexane fraction. Furthermore we tried to complete the characterization by extracting and studying other biologically important plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus extracts.

Dans ce travail, nous avons élaboré, par voie sol-gel, un nouveau verre bioactif mésoporeux : 92S6 (92% SiO2, 6% CaO, et 2% P2O5). Cette synthèse a été développée en variant les paramètres telles que la température, la nature du tensioactif (ionique (le CTAB) ou non ionique (le P123)) et la longueur de la chaîne carbonée pour chaque type de tensioactif et en étudiant leurs effets sur les propriétés texturales du verre. Des études physico-chimiques et biologiques in vitro ont été menées sur ces biomatériaux. Par la suite, nous avons réalisé une étude structurale de l'eau confinée dans les pores du verre synthétisé qui a révélé une modification de l'ordre locale en comparaison avec l'état massique (bulk). Ceci permet un contrôle de la quantité de principe actif à incorporer dans les pores, du taux d'adsorption et de la cinétique de libération. La diffraction des Rayons X aux petits angles, l'analyse texturale par BET et les images de la microscopie électronique en transmission ont mis en évidence l'influence des paramètres de synthèse sur les propriétés texturales des verres synthétisés. En effet, l'échantillon synthétisé avec le tensioactif ionique (CTAB) présente une structure mésoporeuse non ordonné, alors que l'utilisation du tensioactif non-ionique (P123) favorise l'obtention d'un verre mésoporeux ayant une structure poreuse ordonnée. Dans le cas des verres synthétisés avec les différentes longueurs de la chaîne carbonée des tensioactifs, nous avons démontré que la longueur de la chaîne alkyle du tensioactif ionique détermine la morphologie des particules et les caractéristiques texturales des 3 verres, alors que nous avons noté une absence de différences significatives dans la texture des matériaux dans le cas des 3 verres synthétisés avec les tensioactifs non ioniques. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence l'influence de la température de synthèse sur les propriétés texturales des verres synthétisés. Nous avons démontré que la température de synthèse agit sur le diamètre des pores de manière différente selon la nature du tensioactif. L'augmentation de la température de synthèse conduit à une augmentation de la dimension des cavités dans le cas des verres synthétisés avec le P123, alors que dans le cas des verres synthétisés avec le tensioactif ionique CTAB, l'augmentation de la température de synthèse conduit à une diminution des diamètres des pores. Nous avons démontré que la morphologie des particules et les caractéristiques texturales des verres influent sur la bioactivité de ces derniers. Nous avons obtenu des verres bioactifs comme en témoigne la formation de la couche d'hydroxyapatite à leurs surfaces une fois immergés dans le SBF, ce qui explique l'intérêt des ces verres dans le domaine de la chirurgie orthopédique. / In this study, a new mesoporous bioactive glass 92S6 (92% SiO2, 6% CaO, and 2% P2O5), was prepared by sol-gel method. The purpose of this study was first to investigate the effect of synthesis parameters such as aging temperature, surfactant type and surfactant carbon chain length on the glass textural properties and then to investigate these effect on the glass bioactivity. Then, we conducted a structural study of water confined in the pores of the synthesized glass. This study revealed a change of the local order of confined water in comparison with the bulk. This allows control of drugs to be incorporated into the pores, the adsorption rate and the release kinetics. The small-angle XRD patterns (SAXRD), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies evidence the influence of the structure-directing agent (ionic surfactant CTAB or non-ionic P123) in the generation of unorganized or well ordered pores in the 92S6 glass. We also demonstrated that when we synthesized glasses with a same composition using the same technique (sol-gel), in presence of surfactants with different carbon chain length, there is a direct correlation between the surfactant and textural properties and structural characteristics. As observed from small-angle XRD patterns and TEM images, synthesis at different temperatures lead to the formation of mesoporous glasses. The properties of these glasses are extremely dependent on the synthesis temperature. We demonstrated also that the bioactivity may be significantly modified by a change on glass textural properties. Finally, the samples were analyzed to quantify the apatite formation ability when soaked in SBF solution. The physico-chemical studies showed apatite-like phases formed at the glasses surface when soaked in SBF. So, our mesoporous glasses are bioactive. These characteristic mesoporous glasses will display good future applications in bone tissue repairing and engineering.

Ce travail porte sur la valorisation de sarments de vigne comme source de polyphénols bioactifs. Après purification d’oligomères du resvératrol et hémi synthèse d’analogues du resvératrol, l’activité antifongique de ces molécules a été testée. Le 3,5-diméthoxyresvératrol a montré des activités intéressantes sur douze espèces du genre Candida. Pendant le stockage des sarments, une forte augmentation en E-resvératrol et E-picéatannol a lieu de façon thermo dépendante et l’expression des gènes PAL, C4H et STS participent à la biosynthèse de novo du E-resvératrol. Une infection par le mildiou au vignoble pendant la période de croissance modifie à la fois la composition et la répartition spatiale des stilbénoïdes dans les sarments. L’analyse métabolomique ciblée par UPLC-MS couplée à une analyse PLS-DA permet de discriminer les sarments selon leur génotype et de déterminer des métabotypes. La distance biochimique observée correspond à la distance génétique inter cépage. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel antifongique des stilbènoïdes et permettent d’identifier quelques facteurs clés influençant la composition phytochimique des sarments de vigne. / This work aims at grape cane valorization as a source of bioactive polyphenols. After purifying E-resveratrol oligomers and obtaining E-resveratrol analogues through semi-synthesis, the antifungal activity of the compounds was evaluated. The 3,5-dimethoxyresveratrol exhibited interesting activity against twelves Candida species. During post-pruned grape cane storage, a strong and temperature dependent increase in E-resveratrol and E-piceatannol was observed and the expression of PAL, C4H, 4CL and STS genes contributed to a de novo biosynthesis of E-resveratrol. Downy mildew infection in vineyard during the growing season modified both the composition and the spatial distribution of stilbenoids in grape canes. UPLC-MS-based targeted metabolomics coupled to multivariate statistical analysis discriminates grape canes according to their genotypic origin and determines metabotypes. The observed biochemical distances between genotypes corresponded to genetic distances. Finally, results highlight the antifungal potential of stilbenoids and several key factors affecting the phytochemical composition of grape canes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The nutritional quality of vegetables is related to the management practices adopted in production systems. According to theory Trofobiose conventional production systems may affect the development of plants providing higher levels of free amino acids and soluble sugars making vegetables more vulnerable to attack by pests and disease manifestations by facilitating the availability of nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of production systems on conventional and organic compound levels of primary and secondary metabolism of lettuce groups Lisa Crespa and Americana. Groups of lettuce produced in organic and conventional farms were collected in the wild region of Sergipe in two production cycles. For each production system and cycle were collected 10 heads of lettuce Lisa Crespa and Americana. The data were analyzed levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, total phenols, total organic acids, ascorbic acid, protein, nitrate, ash, fiber and soluble solids, determining the activity of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. The analyzes were performed with five repetitions of each system and the production cycle. It was found in all groups lettuce than the conventional system can reduce the levels of bioactive compounds, and antioxidants, to the time which can provide increased levels of soluble solids. Lettuce American group showed the greatest effects related to production systems having a more severe nutritional quality and thus can be regarded as less suitable conventional production systems compromise by providing a greater degree of vitamins and provitamins. The organic production system contributed to the nutritional potential of lettuce groups Lisa, and American Crespa favoring the levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidants compared to those grown in conventional production system. / A qualidade nutricional de produtos hortícolas está relacionada com as práticas de manejo adotadas nos sistemas de produção. Segundo Teoria da Trofobiose os sistemas de produção convencional podem afetar o desenvolvimento dos vegetais proporcionando maiores teores de aminoácidos e açúcares solúveis livres tornando os produtos hortícolas mais vulneráveis ao ataque de pragas e manifestações de doenças por facilitar a disponibilização de nutrientes. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos sistemas de produção orgânico e convencional sobre os teores de compostos dos metabolismos primário e secundário de alfaces dos grupos Lisa, Crespa e Americana. Os grupos de alface produzidos em sistema orgânico e convencional foram coletados em propriedades rurais da região do agreste sergipano em dois ciclos de produção. Para cada sistema de produção e ciclo foram coletadas 10 cabeças de alface Lisa, Crespa e Americana. As análises realizadas foram os teores de clorofila, carotenoides, fenóis totais, ácidos orgânicos totais, ácido ascórbico, proteínas, nitrato, cinzas, fibras e sólidos solúveis totais, determinação da atividade de polifenol oxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase. As análises foram realizadas com 5 repetições de cada sistema e ciclo de produção. Verificou-se em todos os grupos de alface que o sistema convencional pode reduzir os teores de compostos bioativos e antioxidantes, ao tempo em que pode proporcionar aumento dos teores de sólidos solúveis totais. A alface do grupo Americana apresentou os maiores efeitos relacionados aos sistemas de produção apresentando um maior comprometimento da qualidade nutricional, sendo assim pode ser considerada como a menos indicada aos sistemas de produção convencional por comprometer em maior grau o fornecimento de vitaminas e pró-vitaminas. O sistema de produção orgânico contribuiu com a potencialidade nutricional dos grupos de alface Lisa, Crespa e Americana favorecendo os teores de compostos bioativos e antioxidantes quando comparadas àquelas cultivadas em sistema de produção convencional.

Orientador: Glaucia Maria Pastore / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T06:59:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arruda_HenriqueSilvano_M.pdf: 2437126 bytes, checksum: 9776995b146a9a85c66a8622faee620c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Por apresentar basicamente fórmulas, o Resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The complete Abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Juliana Alves Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T12:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baroni_NaiaraAparecidaFranco_M.pdf: 1466937 bytes, checksum: 5a517dbdb43e197ac98d726b669f3c2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O azeite de oliva virgem extra é considerado um alimento funcional com importantes propriedades biológicas relacionadas à elevada concentração de ácido graxo monoinsaturado. Estudos recentes indicam que os componentes minoritários na composição do azeite têm sido muito associados com benefícios à saúde, muito além do conteúdo de ácido oleico, destacando-se os compostos fenólicos, principalmente hidroxitirosol e tirosol. A região na qual as oliveiras são cultivadas pode ter influência direta na composição do azeite, principalmente no que se refere aos compostos minoritários. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o potencial antioxidante dos azeites de oliva produzidos no Brasil (ArbequinaRS, ArbequinaMG e Maria da Fé) se assemelha ao dos azeites europeus (ArbequinaMed e Gallo®) tradicionais no mercado brasileiro. O perfil de ácidos graxos mostrou que a amostra Maria da Fé assemelha-se à amostra referência Gallo®, apresentando as maiores concentrações de ácido oleico. O teor de tocoferóis foi maior nas amostras ArbequinaRS e Maria da Fé. Quanto à determinação de fenólicos totais, pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu, destacaram-se a ArbequinaRS e ArbequinaMed. Esta também apresentou maior concentração de hidroxitirosol, enquanto que, a referência Gallo® apresentou maior teor de tirosol. A capacidade antioxidante foi avaliada por métodos de sequestro de radicais, ORAC e DPPH, este permitiu identificar diferença estatística entre as amostras testadas. Dentre as amostras de variedade Arbequina, destaca-se o azeite produzido na região Sul do Brasil, equiparando-se estatisticamente ao comercial de origem mediterrânea; foi observada uma correlação positiva entre conteúdo de fenólicos totais e a capacidade antioxidante pelo método de sequestro de radical DPPH. O método ORAC não mostrou diferença estatística significativa entre as amostras. A atividade biológica foi avaliada através da mensuração da atividade de enzimas endógenas, catalase e superóxido dismutase, do arsenal antioxidante de hepatócitos humanos. Após o ensaio MTT de viabilidade celular foram definidas duas concentrações de estudo para os testes enzimáticos: 0,5 e 2mg/mL. De forma geral, nos ensaios de ativação do sistema celular endógeno antioxidante de hepatócitos, dentre os azeites testados os de maior potencial biológico foram os brasileiros, com importante destaque para a variedade Arbequina produzida no Rio Grande do Sul, ArbequinaRS / Abstract: The extra virgin olive oil is considered a functional food with important biological properties related to the high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid. Recent studies indicate that minor components in olive oil composition have been very associated with health benefits, far beyond the content of oleic acid, highlighting the phenolic compounds, especially hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. The region where the olive trees are grown may have direct influence on oil composition, especially with regard to minority compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of olive oils produced in Brazil (ArbequinaRS, ArbequinaMG and Maria da Fé) is similar to European oil (ArbequinaMed and Gallo®) traditional in the Brazilian market. The fatty acid profile showed that the sample Maria da Fé resembles the reference sample Gallo®, with the highest concentrations of oleic acid. The tocopherols content was higher in ArbequinaRS and Maria da Fé samples. The determination of total phenolic by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the highlights were the ArbequinaRS and ArbequinaMed. This also showed a higher concentration of hydroxytyrosol, while the Gallo® reference showed greater tyrosol content. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by sequestration methods of radicals, ORAC and DPPH, this allowed us to identify significant differences between the samples tested. Among the samples of Arbequina variety, stand out from the oil produced in southern Brazil, equating statistically the trade of Mediterranean origin; was observed a positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by DPPH radical sequestration method. The ORAC method was not significantly different between the samples. The biological activity was evaluated by measuring the activity of endogenous enzymes of the antioxidant arsenal of human hepatocytes: superoxide dismutase and catalase. After the MTT assay cell viability was defined two concentrations to study enzyme tests 0,5 and 2 mg/mL. In general, the antioxidant endogenous cellular system hepatocyte activation assays, among the oils tested the highest biological potential were Brazilians, with major emphasis on the Arbequina variety produced in Rio Grande do Sul, ArbequinaRS / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

O interesse na aplicação de embalagens ativas para conservação de alimentos tem aumentado, bem como uma maior demanda por substâncias antimicrobianas naturais, devido à maior consciência dos consumidores quanto aos potenciais riscos à saúde ocasionados pelo consumo de compostos sintéticos. Entre os aditivos naturais, a própolis, por suas propriedades antibacteriana, antioxidante e antifúngica, tem despertado o interesse dos pesquisadores. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da adição do extrato etanólico de própolis (EEP) em filmes à base de gelatina plastificados com citrato de acetiltributila (CA) ou sorbitol (S), nas propriedades funcionais (propriedades mecânicas, solubilidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, parâmetros de cor e opacidade) e a atividade antimicrobiana dos filmes contra Staphylococcus aureus. Para a produção do EEP, 30g de resina de própolis (tipo 12) foram misturadas com 100mL de álcool etílico 80%, e a solução foi mantida sob agitação mecânica (500rpm, 30minutos) a 50ºC, e filtrada após 24horas sob refrigeração. Os filmes foram produzidos por casting com 2g de gelatina/100g de solução filmogênica, 30g de CA ou S/100g de gelatina, 35g de lecitina/100g de plastificante e o EEP nas concentrações de 0, 5, 40 ou 200g/100g de gelatina, e avaliados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas (tração e perfuração), solubilidade em água (Sol), cor e opacidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura, após acondicionamento (5 dias, UR = 58%, T = 25ºC). A atividade antimicrobiana dos filmes contra Staphylococcus aureus foi analisada pelo método da difusão em ágar. A incorporação de EEP causou variação na tensão (T) dos filmes com CA (58,7 a 66,4MPa), mas afetou mais intensamente os filmes com S (31,7 a 50,4MPa). Quanto à elongação (%), os filmes (CA e S) também apresentaram variações. Na perfuração, verificou-se que a adição de EEP não afetou significativamente a força máxima para ambos os plastificantes. Para a solubilidade em água, o filme com CA apresentou aumento significativo (Sol = 18,6%) para 200% de EEP, contudo, os filmes com S praticamente não variaram. Quanto à cor, para ambos os plastificantes estudados (CA e S) o aumento da concentração de EEP promoveu alterações significativas de L*, a*, b*, ΔE* e opacidade. As análises de PVA dos filmes (CA e S) mostraram que o aumento na concentração de EEP aumentou a propriedade de barreira dos filmes. Segundo a análise de FTIR, os filmes aditivados não apresentaram mudanças estruturais em relação ao controle, o que sugere que o EEP encontra-se disperso na matriz. As micrografias mostraram que a adição de EEP causou alterações, principalmente, nos filmes plastificados com S. A atividade contra S. aureus foi observada para os filmes (CA e S) com 40 e 200% de EEP, com aumento significativo do diâmetro de inibição em função do aumento da concentração de EEP. Os filmes mantiveram sua atividade antimicrobiana durante 177 dias de armazenamento. Estes resultados demonstraram a capacidade antimicrobiana dos filmes de gelatina aditivados com própolis, bem como sua estabilidade em função do tempo. / The interest in the use of active packaging for food conservation has increased, along with a higher demand for natural antimicrobial substances, due to higher consumer awareness of the potential health risks caused by synthetic compounds consumption. Among natural additives, propolis, has awaken the interest of the researchers for its antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal properties. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the addition of an ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) to gelatin-based films plasticized with acetyltributyl citrate (AC) or sorbitol (S), on the functional properties (mechanical properties, solubility, water vapor permeability, color parameters and opacity) and the antimicrobial activity of the films against Staphylococcus aureus. For the EPE production, 30g for the propolis resin (type 12) were mixed with 100mL ethyl alcohol (80%), and the solution was maintained under mechanical stirring (500rpm, 30minutes) at 50°C, and filtered after 24hours under refrigeration. The films were produced by casting, using 2g of gelatin/100g of film forming solution, 30g of AC or S/100 g of gelatin, 35g of lecithin/100g of plasticizer and EPE in the concentrations of 0, 5, 40 or 200g/100g of gelatin, and evaluated for their mechanical properties (traction and puncture tests), water solubility (Sol), color and opacity, water vapor permeability (WVP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy, after storage (5 days, relative humidity = 58%, temperature = 25°C). The antimicrobial activity of the films against Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed by agar diffusion method. The EPE addition caused variation of the tensile strength (T) of the films with AC (58.7 a 66.4MPa), but affected more intensely the films with S (31.7 a 50.4MPa). The films (AC and S) also presented variations for the elongation (%). For the puncture force, the addition did not affect significantly the maximum force for any of the plasticizers. For the water solubility, the films with AC presented significant increase (Sol = 18,6%) for 200% of EPE, however the films with S did not vary. For both plasticizers studied (AC and S), the increase of EPE concentration promoted significant changes of the color parameters, L*, a*, b*, ΔE* and opacity. The WVP analysis of the films (AC and S) showed that the increase of the EPE concentration increased the barrier property of the films. According to FTIR analysis, the EPE addition in the films did not present structural changes compared to the control, suggesting that the EPE was disperse in the protein matrix. The micrographs showed that the EPE addition caused changes mainly in films plasticized with S. The activity against S. aureus was observed for the films containing 40 and 200% of EPE, with significant increase of inhibition diameter with increase of EPE concentration. The films kept their antimicrobial activities during 177 days of storage. These results demonstrated the antimicrobial capacity of gelatin-based films added of propolis, and their stability in time.