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Dans les pays de l’Afrique sub-saharienne, la situation énergétique, le fort taux d’accroissement des aires urbaines, l’inadaptation des techniques de construction et le climat offrent un grand potentiel pour la démarche bioclimatique et la construction durable notamment sur le plan énergétique. Cependant ce potentiel est faiblement exploré. Pour ce faire, cela passe par une bonne connaissance du comportement des bâtiments et par leur adaptation au contexte climatique. Dans le cadre de notre contribution à cette problématique, une étude sur le comportement thermique des bâtiments est initiée grâce à la simulation. En effet la simulation des performances énergétiques du bâtiment devient de plus en plus incontournable dans les processus de conception et d’analyse des bâtiments à travers le monde. Dans ce travail les outils de simulation des performances énergétiques ainsi que les outils d’optimisation sont utilisés pour mener des investigations sur un bâtiment type construit en matériaux conventionnels au Burkina Faso suivant deux principales approches. Dans la première approche le modèle numérique du bâtiment est confronté aux mesures issues de l’expérimentation sur le bâtiment réel. Une méthodologie de calibration basée sur l’analyse de sensibilité et l’optimisation des paramètres a été appliquée pour la comparaison des résultats. Cela a permis de caler le modèle et des études diagnostiques sont réalisées. Dans la seconde approche, des investigations sur des solutions d’amélioration des performances du bâtiment sont réalisées à travers l’application de la simulation dynamique comme outils d’aide à la conception. Les techniques d’interopérabilité et d’optimisation sont utilisées pour implémenter les solutions de refroidissement passif dont les impacts sur le bâtiment étudié sont évalués. Enfin dans ce travail, des techniques d’analyse du bâtiment et des critères de performance sont utilisées pour caractériser et formuler des recommandations sur la conception des bâtiments dans notre contexte climatique. / In sub-Saharan African countries, the energy context, the high urban growth, inadequate construction techniques and climate offer great potential for bio-climatic approach and sustainable construction particularly on the energy level. However, this potential and the use of passive cooling techniques are weakly explored. To do so, it requires a good knowledge of building’s behaviour and their adaptation to the climatic context. As part of our contribution to this issue, a study on the thermal behaviour of buildings is initiated by numerical simulation. Indeed the building’s energy performance simulation tools are becoming more essential in the building’s design processes and analysis. Investigations are conducted on a building built with typical materials in Burkina Faso by following two main approaches. In the first approach a model of the building is faced with measurements from field experiments on the building. A calibration methodology based on the sensitivity analysis and optimization has been applied for the comparison of results. This helped to calibrate the model and diagnostic studies are performed.In the second approach, investigations on methods which can help to improve the building performance are realized through the application building performance simulation as a design aid tool. Interoperability and optimization techniques are used to deal with passive cooling techniques and their impacts on the building thermal behaviour are assessed. Finally in this work analysis techniques and performance criteria are used to characterize and make recommendations on building designs for the tropical climate context.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmandoCCF_DISSERT.pdf: 5877955 bytes, checksum: 170df9e33842b01af35ae7a67bcb3d45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research presents a study investigating the correlation between the environmental-physycal charcateristics of cities and the formation of its micro-climates. The study was conducted in the central area of Fortaleza characterized as a stable and consolidated area, where the city originated and currently faces serious problems in its urban dynamics. The points of measurements were determined by the elaboration and analysis of topography maps, height of buildings, land use, type of surface coating and vegetation, following the methodology of Katzschner (1997). A zoning map was then determined, according to common morphological characteristics of the 12 measurement points, which were based on a set of Romero s (2001) bioclimatic criteria. Air measurements, temperature, humidity, intensity and direction of winds were made in transect form in two different circuits in the study area, with six points of data collection in each area, in three different times: 6:00 am, 1:00pm and 7:00pm, during two periods of the year: August 2008 and March 2009. The results verified the influence of different environmental-physical types in the behavior of the climatic variables that were collected. A verticaliza??o t?o condenada em algumas situa??es se bem equilibrada e controlada pode reduzir as temperaturas do ar atrav?s do sombreamento dos espa?os urbanos e possibilidade de maior permeabilidade a ventila??o natural. The highest average air temperature and lower humidity were recorded at the point I at all times. This situation may have been in result of the high density, poor vegetation and extended paving of the ground. According to the results, it s clear the positive influence vegetation has on easing air temperature. Another indicator observed that areas with a greater variation in building heights tend to present decreased average air temperature. High rise structure, planned in accordance to urban air quality parameters, can reduce air temperatures by the shading of urban spaces and the possibility of greater penetration of natural ventilation / Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo que investiga a correla??o entre os componentes f?sico-ambientais das cidades e a forma??o dos seus micro-climas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na zona central de Fortaleza caracterizada como uma ?rea j? consolidada onde se originou a cidade e que atualmente enfrenta s?rios problemas em sua din?mica urbana. Os pontos de medi??es foram determinados a partir da elabora??o e an?lise de mapas da topografia, altura das edifica??es, uso do solo, tipo de revestimento de superf?cie e vegeta??o seguindo a metodologia de Katzschner (1997). Em seguida se determinou um zoneamento de acordo com caracter?sticas morfol?gicas em comum relativas aos 12 pontos de medi??o que foram caracterizados a partir de uma ficha bioclim?tica elaborada com base na metodologia de Romero (2001). As medi??es de temperatura do ar, umidade do ar e intensidade e dire??o dos ventos foram realizadas na forma de transectos em dois circuitos diferentes na ?rea de estudo, com seis pontos de coletas de dados em cada um deles, em tr?s hor?rios do distintos: 6:00h, 13:00h e 19:00h e em dois per?odos do ano agosto de 2008 e mar?o de 2009. Os resultados constataram a influ?ncia das vari?veis f?sico-ambientais no comportamento das vari?veis clim?ticas coletadas. As maiores m?dias de temperatura do ar e menor umidade foram registradas no ponto I em todos os hor?rios. Est? situa??o pode ter ocorrido pela alta densidade constru?da, pouca cobertura vegetal e alto ?ndice de pavimenta??o do solo. De acordo com os resultados apresentados destacou-se a influ?ncia da cobertura vegetal na ameniza??o da temperatura do ar. Outro indicador observado nos resultados recomenda que ?reas que oferecem maior varia??o na altura das edifica??es tendem a redu??o nas m?dias de temperatura do ar. A verticaliza??o planejada de acordo com os par?metros de qualidade do clima urbano pode reduzir a temperatura do ar atrav?s do sombreamento dos espa?os urbanos e maior rugosidade do tecido urbano para permeabilidade da ventila??o natural

Les règles et usages actuels de conception des bâtiments sont essentiellement basés sur la minimisation des déperditions thermiques, ce qui se traduit par la prédominance de l’isolation thermique comme solution d’enveloppe. Or cette logique n'est pas nécessairement la plus pertinente car des ressources énergétiques existent dans l'environnement, et leur apport mériterait d'être pris en considération. Certaines technologies bioclimatiques, et surtout solaires, existent déjà mais leur utilisation n'est pas du tout généralisée à cause d'un manque de repère sur leurs performances. Pour considérer la démarche bioclimatique, il est nécessaire de pouvoir évaluer à la fois la "qualité énergétique" de l'environnement, et l'aptitude des bâtiments à exploiter cet environnement. La méthodologie présentée dans cette thèse est basée sur le calcul d'indicateurs de performance bioclimatique issus de simulations numériques de bâtiments dans diverses conditions climatiques. La simulation permet de supprimer facilement une ressource pour pouvoir obtenir les besoins d'un bâtiment non impacté par la ressource. Ces besoins peuvent alors être comparés à chaque instant au potentiel de la ressource afin de déterminer un potentiel utile, valorisable par le bâtiment. Il est également possible de comparer les besoins du bâtiment dans la simulation sans et avec la ressource et d'en déduire la quantité d'énergie provenant de la ressource réellement utilisée par le bâtiment pour couvrir ses besoins. Un jeu d'indicateurs est ainsi défini pour toutes les ressources et tous les besoins d'un bâtiment, et adapté plus particulièrement aux besoins de confort thermique (chauffage et rafraîchissement) et à trois ressources de l'environnement (le soleil, la voûte céleste et l'air extérieur). Un cas d'étude est alors choisi pour appliquer cette méthode et les résultats sont analysés à l'échelle du bâtiment tout entier ainsi qu'à l'échelle de chaque paroi. Une première analyse globale, sur toute l'année, permet de fixer des points de repères sur l'état des ressources et l'exploitation qui en est faite par les bâtiments. Dans un second temps, les résultats instantanés sont analysés de manière dynamique, et montrent que ces nouveaux indicateurs permettent de bien caractériser le comportement d'un bâtiment dans son environnement. Enfin, les indicateurs sont utilisés dans une approche de conception des bâtiments, et plusieurs pistes sont explorées. Une étude paramétrique est tout d'abord menée et permet d'observer l'influence du niveau d'isolation sur les indicateurs de potentiel et de performance. Puis ces indicateurs sont utilisés pour évaluer la performance bioclimatique de solutions d'enveloppe solaires. Dans un troisième temps, une optimisation de l'enveloppe est menée selon deux critères : un critère classique de minimisation du besoin, mais également un critère bioclimatique de maximisation de l'exploitation du potentiel solaire. / With the current issues concerning the potential savings in the building sector, reducing building energy consumption is a key point. Up to now, efforts have been focused on insulation to separate the inner ambiance from the fluctuation of the outside air temperature. However, insulating a building from its environment deprives it from the renewable free energy sources which exchange with the envelope, either they are heating or cooling sources. Using the building envelope to exploit these resources is the very principle of the bioclimatic architecture. But bioclimatic systems have never been evaluated regarding the amount of available energy they could use, partly because the energy exchanges between the resources and the building have never been really qualified regarding to the building needs, neither quantified in terms of available energy capacity to meet these needs. The aim of this thesis is thus to propose a method to assess both: - the capacity of the environmental resources to cover the building needs, - the ability of the building to exploit the available energy resources. The method is mainly based on energy simulation and the basic data is a comparison of the behaviour of a building with and without a given environmental resource. The building energy needs without the resource can be compared to the resource potential and this comparison give the useful potential of the resource. Moreover, by comparing the building energy needs in the simulation with and without resource, we can get the amount of energy actually used by the building. From these two quantities, the useful and the exploited potential, a set of indicators can be defined and adapted to thermal comfort (heating and cooling needs) and three resources (sun, sky and air). The indicators are then applied to a study case and the results are analysed not only at the scale of the building, but also at the scale of each part of the envelope. A first analysis of the global results over the year is performed to get a first understanding of the state of the resources and the building performances. In a second step, the values are analysed at each time step, to characterize the behaviour of the building towards the environment. Finally, the indicators can be used to design buildings, in several ways. We performed a parametric analysis of the insulation level over the potential and performance indicators. Then, we used them to assess the bioclimatic performances of existing solar technologies. In a final step, the indicators have been used as criteria to optimize the building envelope parameters. Thus, the envelope parameters are optimized according to the minimization of the energy need, but also according to the maximization of the exploited potential.

In Brazil, the lack of meteorological data is an issue in order to apply a bioclimatic approach for building design. As one of the consequences, designers frequently apply general climate data from one region to another rather than specific data for design strategies purposes. However, this general climate data not necessarily represent accurately microclimatic conditions for different cities even when they are part of the same region. Facing this, this work discusses design strategies for bioclimatic housing in Maceió, Palmeira dos Índios and Pão de Açúcar, located in different geographical mesoregions in Alagoas, in order to adapt to local climate, to thermal comfort, energy efficiency and sustainability of the living space. The methodological steps were: choice of cities, field research, meteorological data evaluation and buildings design recommendations discussion. Meteorological data for approximately ten years was used, obtained from INMET (National Institute of Meteorology) and processed by statistical analysis and the methods of Test Reference Year (TRY) and Project Typical Day. The results showed that there are differences between the cities, especially about annual temperature range, precipitation and direction of winds. The main bioclimatic strategies recommended were: shading, ventilation and protection from rain for Maceió; shading, ventilation, protection from rain and high-mass in daily use rooms for Palmeira dos Índios and shading, ventilation, high-mass in daily use rooms and evaporative cooling for Pão de Açúcar. Besides that, inconsistencies between the recommendations made by the NBR 15220-3 for cities and the data analyzed were found. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No Brasil, a escassez de dados meteorológicos ainda é um desafio e em conseqüência disto, muitas vezes, o clima é desconsiderado ou adotado de maneira generalista na prática arquitetônica. Diante disto, o presente trabalho discute estratégias bioclimáticas para habitação nas cidades de Maceió, Palmeira dos Índios e Pão de Açúcar, localizadas nas diferentes Mesorregiões Geográficas do Estado de Alagoas, de forma que se adaptem ao clima local, visando conforto térmico, eficiência energética e sustentabilidade do espaço habitado. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram: escolha das cidades; pesquisa de campo; tratamento e análise de dados meteorológicos e discussão das recomendações de projeto. Foram utilizados dados meteorológicos de um período de aproximadamente dez anos, obtidos junto ao INMET (Instituo Nacional de Meteorologia), tratados através de análise estatística e das metodologias de Ano Climático de Referência e Dia Típico de Projeto. Os resultados mostraram que, existem diferenças climáticas entre as cidades, em especial quanto à amplitude térmica anual, precipitação e direção dos ventos. As principais estratégias bioclimáticas recomendadas para as cidades foram: sombreamento, ventilação e proteção contra as chuvas para Maceió; sombreamento, ventilação, proteção contra as chuvas e massa térmica para resfriamento em ambientes de uso diurno para Palmeira dos Índios e sombreamento, ventilação, massa térmica para resfriamento em ambientes de uso diurno e resfriamento evaporativo para Pão de Açúcar. Além disto, foram identificadas contradições entre as recomendações feitas pela NBR 15.220-3 para as cidades e os dados analisados.

Los manglares representan un área natural que ofrece distintas oportunidades de simbiosis entre varios elementos de la naturaleza y personas. En el caso de Perú, el Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes y sus zonas colindantes que comparten el mismo ecosistema son la única área de manglar en todo el país por lo que su puesta en valor es importante. Así también como lo es la oportunidad de generar un espacio que promueva su conservación. El proyecto busca representar y responder a esta necesidad y así generar un impacto positivo de acuerdo a los requerimientos del lugar en relación a las amenazas existentes y con la participación conjunta de las áreas del gobierno encargadas de la preservación de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas. El centro de interpretación reúne los espacios necesarios para crear una participación conjunta entre los diferentes actores que buscan el cuidado del manglar y los que pueden aprender sobre la importancia de la protección de este. La educación sobre esta biósfera es clave para evitar su depredación y conocer las oportunidades que ofrece. Desde la apreciación de su entorno desde un punto de vista turístico hasta su capacidad de ser un sistema de alta producción biológica. El proyecto se emplaza con espacios establecidos de modo que se mantenga una constante conexión con el entorno natural en donde se sitúa y promueva un circuito de integración entre naturaleza y aprendizaje. / A mangrove ecosystem offers different opportunities for symbiosis between various elements of nature and with people. In Peru, “El Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes” sanctuary and protected area as well as its adjacent zones that share the same type of ecosystem are the only mangrove in the entire country. Therefore, its enhancement is significant, and the opportunity to create a space that promotes its conservation. The project seeks to represent and respond to this demand and thus generate a positive impact according to the place’s requirements concerning existing threats and with the joint participation of the government areas in charge of the preservation of Protected Natural Areas. The visitor center gathers the spaces required to set a collective participation between the different users who seek to care for the mangrove and those who can learn about the importance of protecting it. Education about this biosphere is vital to avoid its predation and knowing the opportunities provided from the appreciation of nature from a tourist point of view to its capability to be a high biological production system. The project is located with spaces arranged to maintain a constant connection with the natural environment and promote an integrated circuit between nature and information. / Tesis