Orientador: Sônia Regina da Cal Seixas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:26:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_RebecaVeiga_M.pdf: 2716800 bytes, checksum: c40ec2413efce94e05918f3a87d06cd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A questão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) no município de Caraguatatuba, assim como nos outros municípios do Litoral Norte Paulista, vem sendo bastante discutida, uma vez que a região não possui um aterro licenciado e, portanto, destina todo o lixo a aterros privados localizados no Vale do Paraíba. Caraguatatuba desde 2007 destina o seu lixo a um aterro privado, em Santa Isabel - SP, localizado a 140 km de distância. Nesse sentido, existem algumas propostas para a problemática do lixo na região. Dentre elas está a implantação de um aterro sanitário regional. Além desse impasse, a partir da década de 1950, Caraguatatuba vem sofrendo um processo crescente de ocupação do solo e uso turístico desordenado, sendo que atualmente a região se encontra em grande processo de transformações socioambientais, o que poderá ocasionar uma grande expansão urbana. Com o propósito de contribuir para os estudos que vêm sendo realizados no Litoral Norte Paulista, em especial o projeto Urban Growth, vulnerability and adaptation: social and ecological dimensions of climate change on the coast of São Paulo (processo n.2008/58159-7), esse trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma análise energética e ambiental sobre o atual modelo utilizado em Caraguatatuba, em relação à coleta e disposição final dos RSU e a proposta da implantação de um aterro sanitário para a região. Essa análise teve como base o levantamento realizado no município de Caraguatatuba, durante o período de setembro de 2009 a novembro de 2010. Verificou-se que no ano de 2010, foram coletados em média 3.531 t/mês de RSU, com um gasto anual de R$ 8.430.834. Durante o transporte do lixo para o aterro sanitário em Santa Isabel - SP, são emitidas em média 24.360 t/CO2 na baixa temporada e 49.560 t/CO2 na alta temporada. Verificou-se também, diante dos cálculos realizados no trabalho, que se for considerada a utilização da tecnologia de aproveitamento do biogás, seria possível gerar energia equivalente a 60.480 MJ/dia, suficiente para abastecer 2.546 residências no município / Abstract: The issue of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Caraguatatuba, as well as other cities in the North Coast of São Paulo, has been widely discussed, since the region lacks a licensed landfill and designed all the garbage in private landfills located in the Vale do Paraiba. Caraguatatuba designed the city's garbage in a private landfill located in Santa Isabel - SP, situated 140 km away, beginning in the year 2007. There are some proposals being discussed for the solid waste problem in the region. Among them is a regional landfill for the North Coast of São Paulo. Beyond this impasse, Caraguatatuba is experiencing a process of increasing land use and disordered tourism starting on the decade of 1950, and nowadays, the region is in a great socioenvironmental change process, which may lead to a major urban expansion. Aiming to contribute with studies that have been done on the São Paulo's North Coast, in special the project: Urban Growth, vulnerability and adaptation: social and ecological dimensions of climate change on the coast of São Paulo (process n.2008/58159-7), this study aims to analyze environmental and energy on the current model used in Caraguatatuba, regarding the collection and disposal of municipal solid waste and the proposed deployment of a landfill for the region. This analysis was based on a survey conducted in the city of Caraguatatuba, during the period from September 2009 to November 2010. It was found that in 2010, was collected an average of 3,531 t/month of MSW, with an annual expenditure of R$ 8,430,834. When the garbage is transported to the landfill in Santa Isabel -SP, it emits an average of 24,360 t/CO2 in the low season and 49,560 t/CO2 in high season. It was verified through the calculations, that using the landfill gas technology, it would be possible to generate 60,480 MJ/day, enough energy equivalent to power 2,546 homes in the city / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Egle Novaes Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:18:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AguirreMorales_ManuelLuis_M.pdf: 10188161 bytes, checksum: b4b606bb6c38de233ce896076211663a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O tratamento do Resíduo Sólido Urbano (RSU) ou "lixo", geralmente, segue a estratégia de se livrar do lixo ao menor custo possível; normalmente é um sistema custoso de adquirir, instalar, operar e manter, para satisfazer aos requisitos ambientais. O sistema AAA tem a meta de aproveitar todo o RSU, de forma sustentável, pela venda de produtos comerciais, sem poluir e gerando receita. Por outro lado, os sistemas comerciais de simulação, de propósito geral, são custosos, complexos e requerem longo tempo de aprendizado. Usando uma modelagem matemática simples e acessível, como ferramenta para a simulação do sistema AAA, é possível quantificar, para casos reais, o que pode-se esperar em cada etapa de implantação. Iniciando desde o mais simples diagrama de blocos, se pode, na presente simulação, ter uma idéia real do faturamento que se pode obter do RSU, baseado numa implementação por etapas, para transformar o resíduo em matéria prima secundária e, finalmente, em produtos comerciais de qualidade. A modelagem é abordada em forma simples, para ver como funciona, e progressivamente, vai-se integrando capacidades, segundo necessário. Para visualizar a complexidade da depuração, são estudadas diferentes configurações, simulando o desempenho, para dados hipotéticos e valores dos parâmetros de depuração, o que permite, num caso real, dispor de uma idéia de quanto material será rejeitado para se obter uma dada pureza versus a seletividade dos equipamentos de depuração. O modelo matemático desenvolvido, usando a planilha Excel, permite imediata aplicação, entrando com os dados locais, para simular o faturamento esperado da comercialização dos produtos com demanda local. O modelo é aberto e flexível o que permite sua adaptação a diferentes situações e pode ser completado progressivamente. Um estudo de caso (Ribeirão Preto) foi usado para a aplicação com dados reais / Abstract: The acquisition, installation and operation of an urban waste treatment normally are very expensive to satisfy legal requirements. The AAA system has the goal to be self-sufficient by using all the waste through the commercialization of quality products, without polluting and instead, creating profit. On the other hand, the commercial simulation systems are complex and a long training time is necessary in order to master their use. By using simple and accessible mathematical modeling as a tool to simulate the AAA system, it is possible to quantify, as in real life case, what could be expected at each implementation step. Starting from scratch, from the simplest block diagram, it is possible, by simulation step by step, to have a glimpse of how much money can be gotten from treated waste to quality products commercialization. The modeling starts as simple as possible, to see how it works, then, progressively adding capacities as necessary. To understand the complexity of a cleaning system, different configurations are studied; simulating the performance for hypothetical data, in order to have an idea of how much material is necessary to reject to get a desired cleanness in the real world, based on cleaning equipment selectivity. The mathematical model, developed in Excel chart, permits immediate use by entering the local data, to simulate the expected money profit from the commercialization of locally demanded products. The model is open and flexible, so it can be adapted to different situations and it can be completed in progressive form. A case study (Ribeirão Preto) was the first application with real data / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Das Interesse an der Biogastechnologie in der Landwirtschaft bezüglich der Vergärung von Feststoffen stieg insbesondere mit der Novellierung des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes (EEG) im Jahr 2004 deutlich an. In diesem wurde unter anderen das Ziel verankert, den Anteil erneuerbarer Energien an der Stromversorgung in Deutschland deutlich zu erhöhen. Biomasse hat das Potential einen deutlichen höheren Beitrag zur Deckung der Energieversorgung zu leisten als bisher. Dieses Potential kann durch verschiedenste Verfahren nutzbar gemacht werden, wozu auch die anaerobe Fermentation von Biomasse zu energiereichem Biogas zählt. Die derzeit in konventionellen Anlagen größtenteils eingesetzten Rührkesselreaktoren sind nur begrenzt für Reststoffe aus der Landwirtschaft geeignet, da sich ihr Durchmischungsaufwand mit der Feststoffzufuhr deutlich erhöht. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, das Substrat Pferdemist auf Strohbasis in einem für die Feststofffermentation entwickelten Verfahren, dem Aufstromverfahren, zu erproben. Dazu wurde der Einfluss von zwei Betriebssystemen und von zwei Temperaturniveaus unter Erhöhung der Raumbelastung auf den Fermentationsprozess überprüft. Des Weiteren wurde die überaus wichtige Fragestellung nach der Generierung klimarelevanter Gase (N2O, CH4, CO2) bei der Lagerung von Gärresten in unterschiedlichen Behandlungsformen untersucht. Mesophile Vergärung im Aufstromverfahren Das kontinuierlich betriebene, undurchmischte Aufstromverfahren ist durch seine Funktionsweise besonders für die Vergärung von Feststoffen geeignet. Dieses beruht auf dem Dichteunterschied zwischen den organischen Feststoffpartikeln und der Prozessflüssigkeit. Die abzubauenden Feststoffpartikel steigen aufgrund einer geringeren Dichte und durch Anlagerung von Gasbläschen im Reaktor auf, worauf sich der Name des Verfahrens und des Reaktors, des Aufstromfeststoffreaktors (AFR) bezieht. In diesem zweiphasigen System aus fester und flüssiger Phase, wird die Prozessflüssigkeit durch den Feststoffpropfen geleitet, wobei gelöste Intermediate abtransportiert werden. Die Flüssigkeit wird beim 1-stufigen System dem AFR wieder zugeführt. Bei dem 2-stufigen System wird der AFR durch einen Festbettreaktor (FBR) erweitert, welcher mit Aufwuchsträgern befüllt ist und in welchem die gelösten Intermediate abgebaut werden. Der erste Teilbereich dieser Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der generellen Erprobung des Aufstromverfahrens mit dem Substrat Pferdemist bei mesophilen Temperaturen (37°C). Dazu wurden beide Betriebssysteme eingesetzt und die Raumbelastung der Reaktoren stufenweisen erhöht. Das im Prozess entstehende Biogas wurde auf sein Volumen sowie auf die Zusammensetzung überprüft und auf Normbedingungen korrigiert. Im Verlauf des Versuches, welcher bei einer Raumbelastung von 2,5 g organischer Trockensubstanz pro Liter Reaktorvolumen und Tag (goTS L-1 d-1) begann und auf 4,5 goTS L-1 d-1 erhöht wurde, wurden die Menge an zugeführtem Substrat analog erhöht. Die täglich ermittelten Methan-Produktionsraten zeigten einen signifikanten Anstieg (P<0,05) mit jeder Erhöhung der Raumbelastungsstufe. Ein Unterschied zwischen dem 1- und 2-stufigen System konnte nicht ermittelt werden. Schlussfolgernd zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass das Aufstromverfahren für die Vergärung von Pferdemist auf Strohbasis bei mesophilen Temperaturen durchaus geeignet ist und dass das 2-stufige Verfahren gegenüber dem 1-stufigen Verfahren bei den getesteten Raumbelastungen keinen Vorteil brachte. Thermophile Vergärung im Aufstromverfahren Ein weiterer Bestandteil dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss von thermophilen Temperaturen auf den Biogasprozess zu testen. Dazu wurde der Versuchsaufbau beider Betriebssysteme übernommen und die Reaktoren auf 55°C geheizt. Die Raumbelastung wurde ebenfalls stufenweise von 2,5 auf 5,5 goTS L-1 d-1 erhöht. Die produzierte Menge an Biogas sowie dessen Zusammensetzung wurde täglich ermittelt und auf Normbedingungen korrigiert. Wie auch im mesophilen Versuch verzeichneten die Methan-Produktionsraten einen signifikanten Anstieg (P<0,05) mit der Erhöhung der Raumbelastung bei beiden Betriebssystemen. Das 2-stufige Verfahren erreichte dabei nahezu gleich hohe Methanraten wie das 1-stufige. Der Vergleich der Methanraten zwischen dem mesophilen und thermophilen Durchgang verdeutlicht, dass diese durch die Erhöhung der Betriebstemperaturen hochsignifikant (P<0,0001) um 58,1% gesteigert werden konnte. Die Teilversuche haben gezeigt, dass es möglich ist Pferdemist und Stroh kontinuierlich im Aufstromverfahren bei mesophilen und thermophilen Temperaturen zu vergären. Den größten Einfluss auf die Methan-Produktion nahmen dabei die Raumbelastung und die Temperatur ein. Die Erweiterung durch einen Festbettreaktor im 2-stufigen Aufbau führte bei den geprüften Raumbelastungen zu keinen Vorteilen gegenüber dem 1-stufigen System. Effekt der Gärrest-Stabilisierung auf Treibhausgasemissionen während der Lagerung Eine weitere Problemstellung dieser Arbeit war die Ermittlung von treibhaus- und klimarelevanten Emissionen bei der Lagerung von Gärresten. Bei der Vergärung von Biomasse entsteht ein Anteil an Gärrest, welcher beim Prozess nicht abgebaut werden kann. Der Anteil ist abhängig von der Zusammensetzung des eingesetzten Substrats. Der durch den Einsatz von Pferdemist und Weizenstroh generierte Gärrest wurde in einer weiteren Untersuchung über 30 Tage in gasdichten Behältern gelagert und dessen Emissionen untersucht. Die eingesetzten Varianten wurden zuvor bei 60°C und verschiedenen Haltezeiten (6h, 12h, 24h) thermisch stabilisiert. Des Weiteren wurde unbehandelter Gärrest als Kontrolle getestet und jeweils eine Charge mit den Additiven Biokohle und Zeolith versetzt. Innerhalb der 30 Tage Lagerdauer wurden stündlich aus jeder Lagertonne Gasproben genommen und auf folgende Gase untersucht: NH3, CH4, N2O, CO2 und H2O. Die thermische Stabilisierung des Gärrests durch 24 h Trocknung bei 60°C erreichte die größte Minderung bei den gemessenen Treibhausgasen. Alle anderen Varianten (6- und 12h Trocknung, Zugabe von Biokohle und Zeolith) reduzierten die auftretenden Emissionen im Gegensatz zum unbehandelten Gärrest ebenfalls. Die Zugabe von Zeolith und Biokohle zeigte sich besser geeignet für die Kurzzeit-Lagerung der Gärreste (10-20 Tage). Die thermische Stabilisierung zeigte insgesamt den größten Minderungseffekt, solange die benötigte Wärme für die Trocknung aus dem eigentlichen Biogasprozess gedeckt werden kann. Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass das Substrat Pferdemist für die Produktion von Biogas in höchstem Maße geeignet ist. Beim Einsatz in Aufstromfeststoffreaktoren konnten keine prozesstechnischen Probleme festgestellt werden, sodass sich das Betriebssystem als geeignet herausstellte. Da das Verfahren derzeit noch keine Anwendung in der Praxis findet, ist die Erforschung zur Vergärung von Pferdemist und der Gärrestbehandlung unter Praxisbedingungen essentiell.

Avloppsreningsverket Sundet i Växjö har en rötningsanläggning som producerar biogas. Anläggningen består idag av två rötkammare och en maskin för avvattning som substratet går igenom efter rötningen. Substratet som används i rötningsprocessen är avloppsslam från Växjö. Planer finns på att utöka processen med en tredje reaktor i vilken det rötade slammet ska återrötas. Detta för att få ut mer biogas ur slammet. Det rötade slammet från reaktor 1 och 2 planeras genomgå tre förbehandlingssteg i form av fasseparering, sönderdelning och hygienisering innan det går till den tänkta reaktor 3. I arbetet genomförs ett rötningsförsök av rötat slam från Sundet med hjälp av satsvisa reaktorer som ska representera den planerade tredje reaktorn. Syftet med arbetet är därmed att undersöka hur mycket mer biogas det går att utvinna genom en andra rötningsprocess. Beräkningar på hur mycket energi det kommer gå åt i förbehandlingsstegen och hur mycket extra energi som går att utvinna i form av biogas från rötningsförsöket utfördes i arbetet. Resultaten visar att det går att utvinna mer metanrik biogas ur slammet och att förbehandlingsstegen fasseparering och sönderdelning kostar små mängder energi i förhållande till hur mycket extra energi som den extra biogasen ger. Hygieniseringen beräknas kosta förhållandevis mycket energi jämfört med den energin från den producerade biogasen. / The municipal waste treatment plant Sundet in Växjö currently has a digestion plant producing biogas. The facility consists of two digesters and a machine that dewaters the sludge after the reactors. The substrate that is used in the reactors consists of sewage sludge from Växjö. There are plans to expand the process with a third reactor in which the digested sludge will be digested a second time in order to extract more biogas. The digested sludge from reactor 1 and 2 is planned to undergo three pretreatment steps in the shape of phase separation, decomposition and sanitation before it reaches reactor 3. In the thesis a digestion process is carried out with digested sludge from Sundet in batch reactors that represents the planned third reactor. The purpose is to analyze how much extra biogas that can be extracted with a second digestion process. Calculations of how much energy that is necessary for the pretreatment stages and how much extra energy that can be extracted in the shape of biogas from the digestion process was made in the thesis. The results from the experiments shows that it is possible extract more methane rich gas from the sludge and that the pre treatment stages phase separation and decomposition use small amounts of energy compared to how much energy the extra gas gives. The sanitation process is estimated to cost quite a lot of energy compared to the energy extracted through biogas.

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema Queimador Registrador de Baixas Vazões de Biogás que permite a queima de biogás em miniestações de tratamento de esgoto, em que o aproveitamento energético não é viável devido à baixa e inconstante vazão de biogás. Este sistema vai ao encontro das necessidades mundiais de redução na emissão dos gases do efeito estufa, em especial o gás metano, presente no biogás produzido por meio da digestão anaeróbica do esgoto sanitário, que é aproximadamente vinte e uma vezes mais impactante à atmosfera que o gás carbônico. O princípio se baseia no armazenamento do biogás em um gasômetro volumétrico, tipo telescópio, que depois de cheio libera o biogás que é queimado automaticamente, podendo o volume queimado ser quantificado para posterior obtenção de créditos de carbono. O sistema de controle é de baixo custo e pode ser absorvido por instalações de pequeno porte. Para que o módulo de controle tenha capacidade de monitorar e quantificar o volume de biogás queimado, foram utilizados: um sensor para detecção do nível do gasômetro cheio, um sensor para detecção do nível do gasômetro vazio, uma válvula para controle da entrada de gás e um centelhador semelhante ao utilizado em um fogão de cozinha para a queima do biogás. Também foi utilizado um contador que permite o sistema quantificar o número de vezes que o gasômetro foi esvaziado e contabilizar o volume de biogás queimado. / This work presents a system Burner Recorder Low Flows Biogas which allows the burning of biogas in sewage treatment small stations, in which the energy use is not feasible due to the low and unstable flow of biogas. This system meets the needs of global reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly methane, present in the biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of sewage, which is approximately twenty-one times more damaging to the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. The principle is based on biogas storage in a volumetric gasometer, a kind of telescope, which after full releases biogas which is automatically burned, making it possible to be quantified to subsequently carbon credits attainment. It is a low cost system and can be absorbed by small installations. In order to enable the control module to monitor and quantify the volume of biogas burned, it was necessary to use a sensor for level detection of the full gasometer, a sensor for level detection the level of the empty gasometer, a valve to control the entry of gas and a spark-gap similar to that used in a kitchen stove for biogas burning. It was also utilized a counter which allows the system to quantify the number of times the gasometer was emptied and to measure the volume of biogas burning.

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Resumo: As demandas por energia e alimento aumentarão com as projeções do crescimento populacional mundial. O Brasil está entre os países com o desafio de atender essas demandas. O tratamento dos resíduos gerados na agropecuária tem potencial para produção de biogás e biofertilizante por meio de biodigestores, insumos essenciais para alavancar a produção de alimentos e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Com isso, analisou-se a viabilidade técnica e econômica da codigestão de cama de frango com batata doce ou mandioca visando aumentar a produção de energia e reciclagem de nutrientes dos resíduos da produção de frangos. A utilização de culturas energéticas para codigestão anaeróbia é uma inovação para geração de energia renovável em propriedades rurais e tem ganhado atenção em economias emergentes, que tem como desafio suportar a produção de alimentos com sustentabilidade. O ensaio foi realizado com três tratamentos, cama de frango, cama de frango com batata doce e cama de frango com mandioca. A codigestão com as culturas energéticas foram mais eficientes que a monodigestão. A mandioca superou a batata doce em 17,09% no rendimento médio de biogás diário e reduziu 12 e 3,32% mais sólidos totais e voláteis, respectivamente. No entanto, o potencial de biogás da batata doce 0,449 m3 kg-1SVad e da mandioca 0,457 m3 kg-1SVad não apresentaram diferença significativa, assim como os teores de metano com 61,92 e 61,79%, respectivamente, demonstrando o potencial equivalente das duas culturas na geraç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Demand for energy and food will increase with projections of world population growth. Brazil is among the countries with the challenge of meeting these demands. The treatment of waste generated in agriculture has the potential to produce biogas and biofertilizer through biodigesters, essential inputs to leverage food production and sustainable development. With this, the technical and economic feasibility of codigestion of chicken with sweet potatoes or manioc was analyzed in order to increase energy production and recycling nutrients from chicken production residues. The use of energy crops for anaerobic codigestion is an innovation for the generation of renewable energy in rural properties and has gained attention in emerging economies, which have the challenge of supporting sustainable food production. The trial was carried out with three treatments, chicken bed, chicken bed with sweet potato and chicken bed with cassava. Codigestion with energy crops was more efficient than monodigestion. Cassava exceeded sweet potatoes by 17.09% in the average daily biogas yield and reduced 12 and 3.32% more total and volatile solids, respectively. However, the biogas potential of sweet potato 0.449 m3 kg-1SVad and cassava 0.457 m3 kg-1SVad did not show any significant difference, as well as the methane contents with 61.92 and 61.79%, respectively, demonstrating the equivalent potential of both cultures in the generation of bioenergy. In addition to the generation of renewable energy, th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Studien utfördes på uppdrag av Öresundskraft och handlar om nya offentliga biogasdrivna multifunktionsmoduler som kommer att placeras i Helsingborgs nya stadsdelar i H+ området. Arbetet utfördes delvis i Helsingborg där en enkät fördelades inom stadsdelarna som omfattar H+ området.  Syftet med studien har varit att utforska hur multifunktionsmodulerna borde utformas för att kunna främja de 16 svenska miljökvalitetsmålen, för att vara attraktiva och hållbara och för att kunna främja energibeteendet hos användare. Resultaten visar att det finns olika tolkningar kring vad som gör en offentlig plats attraktiv och hållbar. Slutsatsen är att utformningen av de nya offentliga uterummen borde kunna främja måluppföljningen av de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen, om designen stödjer de. Dock behöver multifunktionsmodulerna stödjas av resterande utformning av H+ området och H+ områdets miljöprofil, för att kunna bidra till det. / The study was conducted on behalf of Öresundskraft and is about new public biogas-driven multifunctional modules that will be located in Helsingborg's new districts in the H + area. The study was carried out in Helsingborg, where a survey was distributed within the areas that comprise the H + area. The purpose of the study has been to explore how the multifunctional modules should be designed to promote the 16 Swedish environmental quality objectives, to be attractive and sustainable, and to promote the energy behavior of users. The results show that there are different interpretations of what makes a public place attractive and sustainable. The conclusion is that the design of the new public space should be able to promote the goal to follow-up the Swedish environmental quality objectives, if the design supports them. However, the multifunction modules need to be supported by the remaining design of the H + area and the H + area's environmental profile, in order to contribute to it.

This work deals with bio gas cleaning by a PSA method and modernizing of a laboratory unit. Raw bio gas contains many unwanted elements like carbon dioxide mostly which lowers its energy potential then. To extend the possibilities of usage of bio gas it is necessary to remove such elements. One of the well-known method for eliminating CO2 out of the bio gas is the method called Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA). This work describes PSA method and compares it with other methods for cleaning the bio gas. In the following part of my work I am introducing the original laboratory PSA unit which is placed in the laboratory of UPI institution for research purposes. The modernization of the method was made by changing the manual valves for electromagnetic ones and there was also designed a new control system unit for two control modes. For manual and for automatic. The essential function is based on remote controlling the valves either by switches or by a program. The electric control panel was created for such required modes. The automated process was controlled by Arduino programming platform which was integrated into the panel. In the case of the next measurement and reading there was created a detailed description for user on how to operate the control panel and also the comments for control program of automatization.

This diploma thesis deals with the bioreactor system and its use for the production of heat and biogas. The bioreactor uses the composting and metanogation process of fermentation that humanity has known for hundreds of years, but the combination of these processes is a relatively unexplored area. The theoretical part of the thesis analyzes the existing possibilities of utilization of the heat generated in the compost, and also describes the used technology of small biogas stations and other small systems for biogas production. It follows the practical part of the work, when it was the task to design a bioreactor working at low temperatures during the winter. Part of the solution is the initial design and testing of the basic test structure of the bioreactor, followed by the implementation of a more advanced and more complex system, including a control and measuring center realized by a microcontroller.

The master’s thesis is focused on the possibility of using biodegradable materials (animal manure, energy crops, crop waste) in a biogas plant. The first part deals with the mechanism of production of biogas. Described are factors which affect the production of biogas, its composition, properties, utilization and potential substrates. The next chapter deals with the technologies of biogas plants. The main part of the thesis is devoted to a proposal of a specific biogas plant in the Slovak Republic in the Novozámocký district. Included is the processing of design proposal, selection of components and proposal of the layout of biogas plant. The economic evaluation includes quantifying capital and operating costs and profits from the sale of electricity and compost.