Idag planerar och exploaterar vi allt mer i städer och samhällen. Vi har behov av bostäder eftersom Sveriges befolkning ökar och kommunens planering sker därför därefter. Men vi har också ett behov av grönytor, ur flera hälsoperspektiv behövs natur och grönska för vårt välmående. Både grönytor och bostäder är ett allmänt intresse som behöver tillgodoses vid planering och utveckling av områden, men hur planerar man för dessa viktiga intressen och behov? Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera turistkommuners planering av bostäder och grönytor och jämföra två turiststarka kommuners planering av dessa. Kommunerna som jämfördes var kustkommunen Tanum och fjällkommunen Malung-Sälen. För att svara på uppsatsens frågeställningar genomfördes granskning av översiktsplaner, detaljplaner samt offentliga tryck som är relevanta i ämnet. Utöver det genomfördes semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med planchef eller motsvarande i respektive kommun för att samla så mycket kunskap som möjligt. I arbetet spelar också miljökvalitetsmålen en betydande roll då målet god bebyggd miljö har motsvarande fundament som de som undersöks i uppsatsen. I slutsatsen kan man se att de turiststarka kommuner som granskats inte har samma problem i planeringen. De har båda olika förutsättningar vilket kan bidra till det skiftande resultatet. Då båda kommuner redan har stora grönområden utanför planeringsytorna anses inte frågan om att grönytor försvinner i tätorterna som ett problem. Att bostäder blir fritidshus istället för permanenta är ett problem som är närmast obefintligt i Malung-Sälen till skillnad från Tanum. Miljökvalitetsmålet bearbetas inte heller medvetet i planerna på den lokala nivå som behövs för att bromsa upp dagens förlust av biologisk mångfald, dock finns metoder i planeringen som är till miljöns fördel men som inte benämns som just miljökvalitetsmål. Om kommunernas olikheter beror på de olika förutsättningarna och kommunernas uppbyggnad eller om turistkommuner generellt har olika planeringsmetoder kan inte med säkerhet avgöras utifrån endast två kommuner. Men fastställas kan att förevarandes planeringsmetoder skiljer sig åt. / Today we are planning and developing a lot in cities and villages. Due to Sweden's increasing population our needs for housings is increasing and the counties planning befall thereafter. But we do have a need of green areas as well, both seen to health in several perspectives but also for our well-wellbeing. Both green areas and housings are common interest that needs to accommodate in every planning, but how do you plan for those? The purpose for this thesis is to analyse and compare two counties with a lot of tourists in their planning of green areas and housings. The comparing counties are west coastal Tanum and the mountain filled Malung-Sälen. To answer the questions in the thesis the counties overview plans, detailed plans and public prints that was relevant to the subject was studied. Also interviews in a semi structured qualitative method was held with the plan managers in both counties. These was held to gather knowledge and understanding. In the thesis the environmental quality goals is also up-to-date specially the goal good built environment since it has similar grounds as the thesis has focused on. The conclusion is that the counties that has been reviewed have different issues in planning. They both have different prerequisites which could contribute to the varied results. Since both counties already have bigger green areas outside the planning side, they do not believe that the question regarding green spaces disappearing in the conurbation is a problem. The fact that housings is utilized as secondary residences instead of permanent is nearby nonexistent in Malung-Sälen while it is a challenge in Tanum. The environmental quality goal is not intentional processed on local level which is necessary in order to slow the loss of biodiversity that we have today, however they have both methods that works in environmental advantage but is not mentioned as environmental quality goal in specific. If the differences in the counties planning are due to their different prerequisites and their structure or if the counties in general have different planning methods cannot with absolute certainty be determined from without only two counties. But it can be determined that these do differ.

In Sweden, the environmental quality goal 13 for A Varied Agricultural Landscape, that combines environment, food production and rurality and aims at keeping the agricultural landscape open, was considered as not achieved in 2016. One of the reasons for this non-achievementis the agricultural intensification and specialisation and in turn the decrease in number of pastures during the 20th century, threating thus habitats, diversity and values resulting from a continuous, traditional use of the land commonly called ‘biological heritage’. This study focuses on the traditional and sustainable animal husbandry using pastures, contributing to both the preservation of biological heritage and the production of high-quality food. It relies upon the assumption that the link between artisan food production and biological heritage is not well understood nor highlighted by the different actors taking part into the process of producing, selling, buying and consuming artisan food products in the rural areas of mid-northern Scandinavia, and therefore the study attempts to contribute with knowledge about how biological heritage is understood, described and communicated within this context. For such purposes the study takes a phenomenographic approach with biological heritage, pastures and artisan food products as the conceptions to be tested, and consists of semi-structured interviews of three agencies and surveys of artisan food producers and consumers. It adopts an environmental communication theoretical framework where a model is suggested for investigating actors’ learning process of biological heritage, from agencies to producers to consumers. The results reveal three phenomenographic categories showing that agencies and producers understand biological heritage in terms of (1) cared habitat and cared species, (2) historical and cultural know-how and (3) animals and their tasteful diet, and it is showed that the necessity of a continuous, traditional human use was less put forward than the cultural dimension of biological heritage. Also producers communicate about biological heritage to consumers through both their products and their actions. Furthermore the results show that consumers’ understandings of biological heritage are similar to the agencies’ and producers’ phenomenographic categories and that they could make a link between artisan food production and biological heritage, but only to some extent. Finally, in order to create an economic value for such products, a sense of place for pastures is argued to be a basis for people’s willingness to take care of and safeguard pastures. This study can be the starting point for further research, especially for investigating how producers actually interact with consumers about biological heritage when selling their products.

Studien utfördes på uppdrag av Öresundskraft och handlar om nya offentliga biogasdrivna multifunktionsmoduler som kommer att placeras i Helsingborgs nya stadsdelar i H+ området. Arbetet utfördes delvis i Helsingborg där en enkät fördelades inom stadsdelarna som omfattar H+ området.  Syftet med studien har varit att utforska hur multifunktionsmodulerna borde utformas för att kunna främja de 16 svenska miljökvalitetsmålen, för att vara attraktiva och hållbara och för att kunna främja energibeteendet hos användare. Resultaten visar att det finns olika tolkningar kring vad som gör en offentlig plats attraktiv och hållbar. Slutsatsen är att utformningen av de nya offentliga uterummen borde kunna främja måluppföljningen av de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen, om designen stödjer de. Dock behöver multifunktionsmodulerna stödjas av resterande utformning av H+ området och H+ områdets miljöprofil, för att kunna bidra till det. / The study was conducted on behalf of Öresundskraft and is about new public biogas-driven multifunctional modules that will be located in Helsingborg's new districts in the H + area. The study was carried out in Helsingborg, where a survey was distributed within the areas that comprise the H + area. The purpose of the study has been to explore how the multifunctional modules should be designed to promote the 16 Swedish environmental quality objectives, to be attractive and sustainable, and to promote the energy behavior of users. The results show that there are different interpretations of what makes a public place attractive and sustainable. The conclusion is that the design of the new public space should be able to promote the goal to follow-up the Swedish environmental quality objectives, if the design supports them. However, the multifunction modules need to be supported by the remaining design of the H + area and the H + area's environmental profile, in order to contribute to it.

The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturvårdsverket) has overseen the implementation, evaluation and development of the environmental political decisions in Sweden since 1967. In 1999 one “generation goal” (the general direction of the environmental politics) and fifteen “environmental quality goals” was installed to guide their work, in 2005 a sixteenth goal was instated. These goals (except for one) are supposed to be met in 2020. This is a study from a communication perspective of these goals and The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s role based on the theoretical concepts issue arena, stakeholder thinking, network, translation and mass communication. The method used is critical discourse analysis which focuses on how we understand, relate to and value different aspects of reality. The way political goals about the environment are written has implications on our relationship with nature and how we choose to govern it. The analysis shows, in line with previous studies on environmental policy documents, that the economical and human-centred discourses dominate. Ecological metaphors and expressions are mostly allowed within the discourse ecological modernisation. What differs from previous studies is that the growth discourse and the neo-liberal discourse are somewhat challenged and that the economical and human-centred discourses are questioned in some cases. The main conclusions are that more ecological discourse should be implemented in the translations of the political goals to gradually change the way we value and relate to nature and thereby create solutions that are sustainable long term. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency also should not back away from expressing the ethical responsibilities we have to restore and protect nature.

Den biologiska mångfalden och förlusten av den medför effekter på såväl ekosystem som människan. I jordbruket är mångfald i form av god variation av naturtyper och arter en central del för att tillgodose att ekosystemtjänster som odlingslandskapet är beroende av främjas samt för att uppnå de miljökvalitetsmål som beslutats av den svenska riksdagen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns hinder till att miljömålen “Ett rikt växt- och djurliv” och “Ett rikt odlingslandskap” inte har en positiv utveckling gällande statusen av den biologiska mångfalden i odlingslandskapet. Vad det finns för möjligheter att bemöta de identifierade förklaringarna ska också undersökas. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys tolkas textinnehåll från två kvalitativa intervjuer och två myndighetsdokument. De teoretiska ramverken politisk ekologi och stigberoende används för att relatera till resultatet och bidra till att förklara bakgrunden till varför målen inte nås och således att den biologiska mångfalden missgynnas. Studiens resultat påvisar att det finns strukturella begränsningar som kan förklara varför utvecklingen ser ut som den gör och det härleder till ekonomiska, politiska och sociala hinder. Hindren har uppstått genom utarmningen av jordbruksmark till följd av den historiska utvecklingen, bristande styrmedel och lönsamhetskrav samt individers inställningar. Möjligheter har identifierats men det går inte genom denna studie att säga om dessa är tillräckliga för att bemöta hindren. / Biodiversity and the loss of it have effects on ecosystems as well as humans. In the agricultural landscape, diversity in the form of a good variety of natural types and species is a key part to ensure that ecosystem services that the agricultural landscape depends on are promoted and to meet the environmental quality goals decided by the Swedish Parliament. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are explanations or obstacles to why the environmental goals "A rich plant and animal life" and "A rich agricultural landscape" do not have a positive development regarding the status of biodiversity in the agricultural landscape. What the possibilities are that can respond to the identified explanations must also be investigated. Textual content has been interpreted from two qualitative interviews and two official documents with the help of a qualitative content analysis. The theoretical frameworks of political ecology and path dependence have been used to relate to the results and help explain the background of why the goals are not reached and thus biodiversity is disadvantaged. The study's results demonstrate that there are structural limitations that can explain why the development looks the way it does and that it originates from economic, political and social obstacles. The obstacles have emerged from the depletion of agricultural land as a result of historical development, lack of policy instruments and regulations, profitability and the attitudes of individuals. Opportunities have been identified but it is not possible with this study to say whether these are sufficient to address the obstacles at hand.