Orientadores: Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita, André Olmos Simões / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T23:46:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morokawa_Rosemeri_D.pdf: 29597148 bytes, checksum: fcd5c15a946818490b706701fb5b278c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Apocynaceae é a segunda maior família de Gentianales com 366 gêneros e cerca de 5000 espécies, está dividida em cinco subfamílias. Um interessante grupo para estudar aspectos evolutivos e biogeográficos é o clado ViWiTa, que compreende as três maiores tribos (Vinceae, Willughbeieae, Tabernaemontaneae) de Rauvolfioideae, com 42 gêneros e 470 espécies distribuídas principalmente na região tropical do mundo, com exceção de Vinca em região temperada. Os objetivos do presente estudo são: reconstruir a hipótese filogenética de Willughbeieae, testar a monofilia das subtribos, elucidar as relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros e identificar sinapomorfias morfológicas para os clados maiores (Capítulo 1); realizar a datação molecular do clado ViWita, testar hipóteses biogeográficas acerca da disjunção pantropical e testar possíveis padrões vicariantes e rotas de dispersão (Capítulo 2). As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas usando cinco marcadores plastidiais (rpl16, rps16, trnK, trnS-G, matK) para 97 espécimens pertencentes aos 18 gêneros reconhecidos em Willughbeieae. A porcentagem dos representantes amostrados para cada gênero foram acima de 60% em doze gêneros, 50-59% em três gêneros e 30-49% em três gêneros. As idades moleculares do clado ViWiTa foram estimadas a partir da hipótese filogenética de Willughbeieae, aliada as hipóteses filogenéticas existentes de Vinceae e Tabernaemontaneae, usando uma abordagem Bayesiana. A abordagem usada para reconstrução de áreas ancestrais foi a de Máxima Verossimilhança, que implementa o modelo de dispersão-extinção-cladogênise. Nossos resultados corroboram a monofilia da tribo e das subtribos: Lacmelleinae, Leuconotidinae, Landolphiinae, Willughbeiinae. Seis sinapomorfias morfológicas para Willughbeieae são sugeridas: (1) hábito liana; (2) apice da cabeça do estilete indiferenciado; (3) base da cabeça do estilete indiferenciado; (4) ovário sincárpico; (5) placentação parietal; e (6) fruto baga. Os gêneros Ancylobotris, Chamaeclitandra, Clitandra, Cylindropsis, Dyctiophleba, Orthopichonia, Pacouria, Saba e Vahadenia foram sinonimizados em Landolphia. Análises de datação combinados com as análises de reconstrução de área ancestral sugerem uma provável origem do clado no início do Paleoceno na Australásia, seguida de migração via Boreotrópicos e subsequentes eventos de colonização para os neotrópicos, África e Madagascar. Multiplos eventos de dispersão à longa distância foram inferidos, como por exemplo da África para a região Neotropical em Willughbeieae, dos neotrópicos para o Havaí em Vinceae e de Madagascar para Australásia em Tabernaemontaneae / Abstract: Apocynaceae is the second largest family of Gentianles, comprises 366 genera and ca. 5000 species and is divided in five subfamilies. An interesting group to study evolution and biogeography is ViWiTa clade, that comprises representatives of the three largest tribes (Vinceae, Willughbeieae, Tabernaemontaneae) within Rauvolfioideae. ViWiTa comprises 42 genera and 470 species distributed mainly in tropical regions of the world, with only one genus, Vinca, in temperate zone. The aims of the presente study are: to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis of Willughbeieae, to test the monophyly of subtribes, to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among its constituent genera, to identify morphological synapomorphies to the major clades (Chapter 1); to present a molecular dating to ViWiTa clade, to test biogeographical hypothesis about pantropical disjunction and test possible vicariant patterns and dispersal routes (Chapter 2). We performed phylogenetic analyses using chloroplast (rpl16, rps16, trnK, trnS-G and matK) data from 97 specimens that belongs to 18 genera recognized to Willughbeieae. The percentagen of species sampled of each genus were above 60% in twelve genera, 50-59% in three genera and 30-49% in three genera. Molecular age estimates were calculated using a Bayesian approach based on 281 specimens belonging to 42 genera recognized in ViWiTa and five chloroplast markers. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using a maximum likelihood approach that implements the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model. Our study supports the monophyly of Willughbeieae and subtribes. We identified six possible synapomorphies to the tribe: (1) liana habit; 2) style-head body apex undifferentiated; (3) style-head body base undifferentiated; (4) syncarpous ovary; and (5) parietal placentation; and (6) baccate fruits. The genera Ancylobotris, Chamaeclitandra, Clitandra, Cylindropsis, Dyctiophleba, Orthopichonia, Pacouria, Saba and Vahadenia were reduced to Landolphia. Necessary new combinations resulting from merging Landolphiinae genera into Landolphia were made. Dating and ancestral area analyses indicate that ViWiTa clade probably originated on early Paleocene in Australasia followed by migration via the Boretropics and subsequent colonizations to the Neotropics, Africa and Madagascar. Multiple long-distance dispersal events were inferred, such as from Africa to the Neotropics in Willughbeieae, from the Neotropics to Hawaii in Vinceae, and from Madagascar to Australasia in Tabernaemontaneae / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutora em Biologia Vegetal

The purpose of this dissertation is to model biosocial determinants of group-directed altruistic behavior – exploring the nomological net around it. To do this a study will be presented to determine existing associations among various biological and social predictors and test a life-history-derived causal cascade using a partially exploratory and partially confirmatory statistical technique called Sequential Canonical Analysis to ultimately predict living-donor, non-directed kidney donations (NDKD). Toward that end, some important methodological considerations first need to be discussed. The first consideration revolves around the level of analysis and how this frames the cascade model and its interpretation. Following a general discussion, an exercise in some of the general principles is provided – investigating the higher-order factor structure of the Big-5 personality constructs across two levels of analysis. The second consideration is the use of unit-weighted factor scores and their appropriateness. Following the theoretical discussion, a demonstration is provided – deriving an estimate of genetic relatedness from a set of heterogeneous data sets. Once the methodological considerations have been discussed, the primary cascade model is presented in two parts: 1) the measurement model – operationalizing the measures incorporated into 2) the structural model – testing the proposed causal cascade using Sequential Canonical Analysis. A discussion follows in which the results are summarized, limitations are articulated, and further research directions are explored.

Islands have typically been considered isolated entities, patches of habitat surrounded by an entirely inhospitable marine or aquatic environment. However, there is increasing evidence that islands can be linked to the surrounding environment through the influx of subsidies, which may alter the relationship between species richness and island area. Little empirical work has been done to test these hypotheses in productive ecosystems, however. To better understand the effects of the influx of marine subsidies on island ecosystems, I assessed plant community responses to wrack biomass in an observational study on 74 small islands on the Central Coast of British Columbia. In Chapter 2, I focused on 1) how seaweed wrack subsidies affect the diversity of understory plant communities, 2) whether wrack subsidies affect the species-area relationship, and 3) whether the effect of wrack subsidies is mediated by landscape-scale habitat characteristics such as island area and shoreline slope. To assess the support for these hypotheses, I used selected from models that combined plant community data, remotely-sensed habitat characteristics, and shoreline wrack biomass. I used hierarchical models to provide further insight into the cross-scale influence of these factors on plot-scale responses. I found that wrack subsidies were associated with increased island-scale plant species richness. Although wrack subsidies did not alter the relationship between species richness and area on these islands, I found that smaller islands had higher levels of marine-derived nitrogen, indicating a greater influence of marine subsidies on the nitrogen pool of smaller islands. My results add to the weight of evidence that marine subsidies are drivers of large-scale patterns of species richness, and that the linkage between islands and the surrounding environment has implications for island communities. / Graduate

Invasive species are becoming more common as human interactions within coastal waters and the aquarium trade continues to increase. The establishment of the invasive lionfish complex Pterois volitans and P. miles from the Indo-Pacific to the Western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea has had significant negative effects on reef fish biodiversity and economically important species. Their rapid colonization and success has been attributed to their biological and ecological life history traits as well as their absence of predation. Past research has highlighted these characteristics; however, there is a knowledge gap in lionfish parasitism. This research explored the enemy release hypothesis as a key success factor in rapid establishment in the invaded range on a biogeographical scale. The diversity of lionfish parasitism was compared among 15 geographically diverse sites within the invaded range, incorporating the time of introduction at each site. Eight new parasites are described for the first time in the invasive lionfish: (1) a Cymothoid isopod: Rocinela stignata, (2) four nematodes: Raphidascais sp., Contraceacum sp., Paracuria adunca and Hysterothylaceum sp., (3) one digenean: Tergestia sp., (4) two acanthacephalans: Serracentis sp. and Dollfusentis sp., and (5) two cestodes: Nybelinia sp. and Tentacularia sp. Lionfish from the east coast of Florida exhibited the highest abundance in parasite fauna while other invaded areas yielded low abundance and diversity. Comparisons between lionfish parasitism from the past native range studies and the invaded range suggest that vectors of time, life history traits, and trophic interactions structure the lionfish parasite community. Lionfish in the Western Atlantic and Caribbean were found to be host for generalists parasite species within the coastal ecosystem. Consequently, lionfish have relatively low parasite abundance, supporting the enemy release hypothesis and its direct relation to their invasion success.

Les Néotropiques représentent un réservoir exceptionnel de biodiversité mais l'origine de cette diversité ainsi que les patrons de diversification in situ restent peu compris. La compréhension des histoires évolutives des lignages commence par celle de leur phylogénie, et cela est souvent une étape critique. Sur la base de deux familles de plantes à fleurs tropicales : les Chrysobalanaceae et les Humiriaceae, nous avons mis en évidence l'utilité des génomes chloroplastiques complets dans la résolution de relations phylogénétiques particulièrement difficiles à inférer. Ces phylogénies ont permis une avancée des connaissances concernant l'histoire biogéographique de ces familles mais représentent surtout un cadre solide pour de futures études. L'approche développée devrait permettre d'éclaircir les relations phylogénétiques d'autres clades restées irrésolues jusque là. / The Neotropics represent a vast reservoir of biodiversity but the origin of this diversity and patterns of in situ diversification remain poorly understood. The understanding of evolutionary histories of lineages begins with the understanding of their phylogeny, ani this is often a critical step. On the basis of two tropical flowering plant families: the Chrysobalanaceae and Humiriaceae, we highlighted the usefulness of full plastid genomes to resolve phylogenetic relationships particularly difficult to infer. These phylogenies allowed to go further concerning the understanding of the biogeographical history of these families but represent, above all, a robust framework for future studies. The approach developed should allow to clarity phylogenetic relationships of other clades remained unresolved up to now.

The Tropical Andes make up Earth's most species-rich biodiversity hotspot for both animals and plants. Nevertheless, the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying this extraordinary richness remain uncertain. Here, we examine the processes that generate high richness in the Tropical Andes relative to other regions in South America and across different elevations within the Andes, using frogs as a model system. We combine distributional data, a newly generated time-calibrated phylogeny for 2,318 frog species, and phylogenetic comparative methods to test the relative importance of diversification rates and colonization times for explaining Andean diversity at different scales. At larger scales (among regions and families), we find that faster diversification rates in Andean clades most likely explain high Andean richness. In contrast, at smaller temporal and spatial scales (within family-level clades within the Andes), diversification rates rarely explain richness patterns. Instead, we show that colonization times are important for shaping elevational richness patterns within the Andes, with more species found in habitats colonized earlier. We suggest that these scale-dependent patterns might apply to many other richness gradients. Recognition of this scale dependence may help to reconcile conflicting results among studies of richness patterns across habitats, regions, and organisms.

Meteorites were not acknowledged as truly extraterrestrial until in the 19th century. In this report, the ability of organisms to colonize meteorites was examined with classical and molecular biological methods. A table of organisms found on meteorites was constructed from published data and compared with phylogenetic trees based on a molecular biological database containing small subunit ribosomal gene sequences from different meteorite studies. Statistical analyzes between the southern and northern hemisphere were made using Mann-Whitney U test on the data in the table of organisms. Microbiological growth was also examined on the surface of four different meteorites from the desert of Oman. Twenty-one isolates were selected for further characterization of gram-properties, microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The table of organisms contains a wide variety of organisms associated with meteorites, e.g. angiosperms, lichens and different types of microorganisms. The phylogenetic trees for all three domains show that most gene sequences obtained from so far published studies belong to several different phyla. The FISH results of own experiments showed that 62 % of the 21 isolates belong to Actinobacteria, 9 % to Firmicutes and 5 % to Betaproteobacteria. The statistical analysis shows that there is no significant difference between the southern and the northern hemisphere. The number of studies is however too low to allow proper conclusions about correlations between meteorites and colonizing organisms, though the results so far suggest that organisms associated with meteorites often represent novel, unknown genera.

Tynanthus Miers inclui 14 espécies distribuídas desde o sul do México até o sul do Brasil, que ocorrem predominantemente em áreas de florestas úmidas. Todas as espécies de Tynanthus são lianas, com flores pequenas e corola fortemente bilabiada, frutos com margens proeminentes e cheiro semelhante ao de cravo-da-índia em órgãos vegetativos. Esta tese compreende um estudo detalhado do gênero, abrangendo aspectos taxonômicos, evolutivos, biogeográficos e ecológicos. No primeiro capítulo, é apresentada a filogenia de Tynanthus, reconstruída com base em três marcadores moleculares (ndhF, rpl32-trnL e pepC). A filogenia de Tynanthus corroborou o monofiletismo do gênero e contribuiu com informações importantes para a circunscrição de espécies de delimitação confusa. Além disso, a filogenia também permitiu um melhor entendimento dos padrões de evolução morfológica no grupo, além de ter constituído a base para um estudo da história biogeográfica do gênero. No segundo capítulo, são apresentadas as descrições de duas espécies novas de Tynanthus, reconhecidas com base em caracteres morfológicos e corroboradas pelas análises filogenéticas moleculares. No terceiro capítulo, é apresentada uma monografia do gênero, incluindo descrições morfológicas detalhadas para todas as espécies reconhecidas, dados de fenologia, distribuição geográfica, comentários taxonômicos, ilustrações e uma chave para a identificação de todas as espécies. No quarto capítulo, é apresentado um estudo da evolução do nicho ecológico de Tynanthus, contribuindo com informações importantes para um melhor entendimento dos padrões biogeográficos observados / Tynanthus Miers includes 14 species distributed from southern Mexico to southern Brazil, that occur predominantly in rainforests. All species of Tynanthus are lianas with small flowers and a strongly bilabiate corolla, fruits with raised margins and a smell of cloves in vegetative portions. This thesis comprises a detailed study of the genus, including taxonomic, evolutionary, biogeographical and ecological aspects. The first chapter presents the phylogeny of Tynanthus, reconstructed based on three molecular markers (ndhF, rpl32-trnL and pepC). The phylogeny of Tynanthus corroborated the monophyly of the genus and contributed important information for the circumscription of species with confusing delimitation. In addition, this phylogeny also led to an improved understanding of morphological evolution in the group, as well as provided the basis for a study on the biogeographical history of the genus. The second chapter presents the description of two new species of Tynanthus recognized based on morphological features and corroborated by the molecular phylogenetic analyses. The third chapter presents a monograph of the genus, including detailed morphological descriptions for all species recognized, as well as information on phenology, geographical distribution, taxonomy, illustrations and a key for the identification of all species. The fourth chapter presents a study on the evolution of the ecological niche of Tynanthus, contributing important information for a better understanding of the observed biogeographic patterns

Lundia DC. (Bignoniaceae, tribo Bignonieae) se caracteriza pelo hábito lianescente, pelas glândulas interpeciolares, anteras e ovários vilosos, e pelos tricomas simples na margem do estigma. Além disso, o gênero não apresenta o disco nectarífero que está localizado na base do ovário da maior parte dos representantes da tribo Bignonieae. Neste trabalho são reconhecidas 13 espécies de Lundia, das quais uma é nova (L. laevis). Para a compreensão do parentesco filogenético entre as espécies do gênero, foi reconstruída a filogenia de Lundia com base em um marcador de cloroplasto (ndhF), um marcador nuclear ( PepC), e caracteres morfológicos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando parcimônia e metodologia bayesiana, os quais reconstruíram topologias congruentes. Em todas as análises, Lundia emergiu como grupo monofilético, com alta sustentação de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. Além disso, todas as espécies amostradas múltiplas vezes também formaram grupos monofiléticos, exceto no caso de L. nitidula a qual emergiu como parafilética, com L. obliqua inserida no clado L. nitidula; no entanto, o parentesco entre os indivíduos inseridos no clado L. nitidula + L. obliqua apresentou baixa resolução. A filogenia de Lundia contribuiu com informações importantes para uma melhor circunscrição das espécies e elaboração de uma revisão taxonômica do gênero que incluiu descrições, chaves de identificação, comentários taxonômicos e mapas de distribuição para as 13 espécies reconhecidas. Entre as mudanças taxonômicas resultantes da revisão estão o reconhecimento de um táxon previamente sinonimizado (L. nitidula), a sinonimização de duas outras espécies (L. cordata em L. corymbifera e L. glazioviana em L. virginalis), e o ajuste na utilização de um nome mal aplicado (L. longa). Além disso, a filogenia do gênero também serviu como base para um estudo biogeográfico de Lundia, o qual indicou que o gênero originou-se no Mioceno, em uma área que atualmente agrega a sub-região Amazônica e a região Andina. O primeiro evento de diversificação dentro de Lundia ocorreu quando o Mar de Pebas (uma extensa área submersa na Amazônia Oriental) ainda existia. Aparentemente, o Mar de Pebas serviu como uma barreira geográfica que isolou uma linhagem de Lundia exclusivamente Andina (L. spruceana) de uma linhagem amazônica. Este evento vicariante foi seguido de diversos eventos de dispersão em direção às sub-regiões Paranaense e Caribenha. / Lundia DC. (Bignoniaceae, tribe Bignonieae) is characterized by the liana habit, interpetiolar gland fields, villose anthers and ovary, and by the simple trichomes at the stigma margins. Furthermore, the genus lacks the nectary disc that is located at the base of the ovary of most other representatives of tribe Bignonieae. This study recognizes 13 species of Lundia, one of which is new (L. laevis). In order to gain a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships between the species included in the genus, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Lundia based on a chloroplast (ndhF) and a nuclear marker (PepC), and morphological characters. The data was analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian methods, both of which reconstructed congruent topologies. In all analyses, Lundia emerged as monophyletic, strongly supported by morphological and molecular characters. Furthermore, all species sampled multiple times also emerged as monophyletic, except for L. nitidula which was paraphyletic, with L. obliqua nested within the L. nitidula clade; however, relationships between individuals within the L. nitidula + L. obliqua clade were poorly supported. The phylogeny of Lundia contributed important information for a better circumscription of species and for the preparation of a taxonomic revision of the genus that included descriptions, identification keys, taxonomic comments and distribution maps for all 13 recognized. The taxonomic changes proposed in the revision included the recognition of a previously synonymized taxon (L. nitidula), the synonymization of two other taxa (L. cordata under L. corymbifera and L. glazioviana under L. virginalis), and the correction of a misapplied name (L. longa). Furthermore, the phylogeny of the genus also served as basis for a biogeographic study of Lundia, which indicated that the genus originated during the Miocene, in an area that is currently occupied by the Amazonian sub-region and Andean region. The first diversification event within Lundia occurred when the Pebas System (an extensively submerged area in Western Amazonia) was still present. Apparently, the Pebas System served as a geographic barrier that isolated an exclusively Andean lineage of Lundia (L. spruceana) from an Amazonian lineage. This vicariant event was followed by multiple dispersal events towards the Paranaense and Caribean sub-regions.

Orientador: Fábio Pinheiro / Banca: Julio Antonio Lombardi / Banca: Evandro Marsola de Moraes / Resumo: O Quaternário é marcado por grandes pulsações climáticas, com longos intervalos de tempo geológico sob regime glacial intercalados com curtos períodos mais quentes, onde grandes transformações na paleovegetação se deram em consequência dessas oscilações climáticas. Existem fortes evidências de que os padrões de distribuição da diversidade existente na Floresta Atlântica atual podem ser explicados, em grande parte, pelas alterações climáticas ocorridas durante esse período. Ainda assim, existem muitas lacunas e divergências na literatura quanto aos padrões de ocupação que essas vegetações desenvolveram durante essas mudanças ambientais. Através da utilização de uma espécie de cacto epifítico (Lepismium cruciforme) - com ampla distribuição na Floresta Atlântica - como modelo para estudos filogeográficos, realizamos análises intraespecíficas em oito populações ao longo de remanescentes florestais em unidades de conservação e manchas florestais urbanas para responder as seguintes questões: a) Podemos identificar multiplas linhagens de L. cruciforme entre diferentes populações localizadas na Floresta Estacional Semidecidual? b) Caso detectadas, essas diferentes linhagens estariam associadas a algum tipo de isolamento geográfico? c) As populações de L. cruciforme sofreram oscilações demográficas históricas? d) Existe um gradiente longitudinal continente/oceano de diversidade genética? Através do marcador molecular nuclear (ITS), analisamos 71 sequências de 638 locus e identificamos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Quaternary period is well-known for its great climatic pulsations, that intercalates between long glacial regimes and shorter warmer periods which lead to significant changes in the paleovegetation occurred as a consequence of these climatic oscillations. Strong evidence that the diversity distribution patterns in the current Atlantic Forest can be largely explained by the climatic changes in this period. Nevertheless, there are many gaps and divergences in the literature regarding the occupancy patterns that these vegetations developed during these environmental changes. Using of an epiphytic cactus species (Lepismium cruciforme) - widely distributed in the Atlantic Forest - as a model for phylogeographic studies, performed intraspecific analyzes in eight populations along forest remnants in conservation units and urban forest spots to answer the following questions: a) Can multiple lineages of L. cruciforme among different populations in the seasonal semideciduous forest, be identified? b) If detected, would these different lineages be associated with some sort of geographical isolation? c) Have populations of L. cruciforme suffered from historical demographic fluctuations? Is there a growing genetic diversity in the continental/oceanic longitudinal gradient? d) Through the nuclear molecular marker (ITS), 71 sequences of 638 loci and identified nine different haplotypes. Highly diversified lineages were identified in Pontal do Paranapanema and Campos Gerais regions. In the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre