Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 karam_fh_me_mar.pdf: 734702 bytes, checksum: 805919bf812f51c5ec62cb417f61c75e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como e por que se formou, nas reuniões da Organização Mundial do Comércio, da Convenção da Diversidade Biológica e da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual uma agenda de negociações relacionada à proteção dos conhecimentos tradicionais e dos recursos biogenéticos a eles associados com a intenção de controlar as suas apropriações. A agenda não se esgota nas próprias negociações. Elas têm estabelecido as bases conceituais sobre as quais o tratamento sul americano e internacional do respectivo tema tem se estruturado no decorrer da década de 1990 e no limiar do século XXI. Tais negociações, pela pluralidade e heterogeneidade de seus interlocutores, tem espelhado um aglomerado de posições e interesses conflitantes que demandam dos países menos influentes e com maior potencial de desenvolvimento sustentável, caso dos países ricos em biodiversidade, variados esforços diplomáticos na obtenção da revisão do acordo de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPs), com o intuito de torná-lo incapaz de promover a interpretação restritiva dos dispositivos da CDB e de uniformizar o tratamento desta problemática nas distintas organizações internacionais. Analisar como se organizaram e quais os elementos precípuos de antagonismo e de cooperação entre os países desenvolvidos e os países em desenvolvimento liderados pelo Brasil e pela Índia no que tange a esta problemática no interior do Regime Internacional de Propriedade Intelectual, constitui, por conseguinte, o escopo central deste trabalho. / The objective of this work is to describe how and why it was formed, in the meetings of the World Trade Organization, of the Convention On Biological Diversity and of the World Intellectual Property Organization, an agenda of negotiations related to the protection of the traditional knowledge and the biogenetic resources associated to them with the intention of controlling its appropriations. The agenda is not sold out in the proper negotiations. They have established the conceptual bases on which the South American and international treatment of the respective subject has structuralized in elapsing of the 1990’s decade and in the threshold of XXI century. Such negotiations, by the plurality and difference in kind of its interlocutors, have inspired an accumulation of positions and conflicting interests that demand of the less influent countries and with greater potential of sustainable development, case of the megabiodiverse countries, varied diplomatists efforts in the attainment of the revision of the TRIPs agreement, aiming to make it unable to promote the restrictive interpretation of the CDB devices and to unify the treatment of this problematic in the distinct international organizations. To analyze how they were organized and the main questions of antagonism and cooperation among the developed countries and the megadiverse countries led by Brazil and India which refers to this problematic issue, it is, therefore, the central target of this work.

This paper seeks to discern the political factors that determine the results of negotiations in international cooperation. On the one hand, it makes a contribution to the broader theoretical debate on international regimes by combining regime theory and theories on globalisation into an integrated framework for the analysis of international policy results, or in this case treaties (theoretical objective). More generally, globalisation theory will help us understand why it has become important to initiate international cooperation, and regime theory to elucidate how these international cooperations emerge. To many observers, it is the large transnational corporations of the rich North, which have done best out of free trade. Through the huge influence they wield over governments at the WTO (World Trade Organisation), these corporations have won the freedom to move around the globe without restriction, making use of cheap labour, and locating wherever they can best tap into the largest and most lucrative markets. Suprastate global governance, such as the WTO and its TRIPs (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) regime, is the response to deal with the reality in which we live - the globalised reality. But global governance comes to a price. States have lost their supreme sovereignty in the face of globalisation and the power of the globalised economy and transnational corporations. This paper presents evidence that it does not seem likely that the parties to both the TRIPs Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity, in reality, can meet the obligations set out by these two agreements. Furthermore, this study points to those negative impacts the TRIPs Agreement poses to an enhancing of biological diversity and protection of indigenous knowledge.

Orientador: Flavio Antonio Maes dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T16:34:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda-Melo_AnelizadeAlmeida_D.pdf: 26708598 bytes, checksum: 92412a838a8b46457938c15a64a10605 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Uma das questões básicas em ecologia é tentar entender quais são e em quais escalas os fatores ambientais influenciam a distribuição das espécies. Assim, as variações espaciais da distribuição de espécies arbóreo-arbustivas e da diversidade, bem como suas relações com fatores do ambiente (umidade do solo, propriedades trsico-quimicas do solo, topografia do relevo e condições de luz na floresta) foram estudadas em diferentes escalas, nas Florestas Ciliares das microbacias do rio Brejinho (16°52'51"-16"53'05"8; 43°32'56"- 43°33'52'W) e do rio Piedosa (16°51'42"-16°52'14"8; 43°31'54"- 43°31'55"W), e entre essas microbacias. A composição floristica e as variáveis ambientais foram medidas no periodo de janeiro/2005 a março/2006 em 26 parcelas de 20 x 30 m por mjcrobacia, distantes entre si de 17 até 711 m, no sentido nascente-foz, e de cerca de 2120 m entre microbacias. No capitulo 1, ocorreu diferença temporal da umidade do solo e da luz entre as estações do ano nas respectivas microbacias, mas as diferenças temporais em cada área não afetaram as relações de diferença no espaço. Variações topográficas locais, bem como textura do solo, foram as responsáveis pela heterogeneidade dos recursos ambientais disponiveis em diferentes escalas, uma vez que fertilidade e umidade estiveram correlacionadas a esses fatores, regional, entre microbacias, e localmente, ao longo da microbacia. Nem sempre essa variação ambiental esteve relacionada aos gradientes estabelecidos entre a nascente e a foz dos rios, podendo também ser entre margens. Além disso, as amostra~ em uma mesma comunidade foram mais semelhantes entre si que as de diferentes comunidades, ainda que ocupem a mesma localização no gradiente topográfico nascente-foz. No capitulo 2, no geral, as variações topográficas, bem como fatores a elas interligados, como a fertilidade e umidade, foram os responsáveis pela estrutura da vegetação e distribuição das espécies na escala local e regional. Assim, os padrões ecológicos que ocorrem em pequenas escalas resultantes das variações ambientais locais possivelmente são os determinantes da distribuição das espécies local e regionalmente. No capitulo 3, a diversidade entre parcelas e margens numa mesma microbacia, ou seja, localmente, foram as que mais contribuiram para a diversidade total. Logo, os padrões de diversidade observados em escalas menores determinam o padrão observado em escalas maiores, e a diversidade em escala maior, regional, é dependente de processos ecológicos locais, como variabilidade ambiental, resultando em variação da composição de espécies entre locais, onde a variabilidade topográfica, e também a textura, e fatores a elas correlacionados, como umidade, foram os responsáveis pela diversidade. Assim, somente através de estudos em diferentes escalas é possivel identificar a escala de atuação e/ou a extensão dos efeitos da variabilidade local, bem como, saber quais fatores ambientais são relacionados à distribuição e a diversidade das espécies. / Abstract: One of the basic issues in ecology is to try to understand which are and on which scales the environmental factors influence the distribution of species. Thus, the spatial variations of the trees-shrubs species distribution and diversity, as well as their relationship with environmental factors (soil humidity, soil physiochemical properties, topography and light conditions in the forest) were studied on different scales, in the Ciliar Forests of the microbasins of the Brejinho (16°52'51"-16°53'05"8; 43°32'56"- 43°33'52"W) and Piedosa rivers (16°51'42"-16°52'14"8; 43°31'54"- 43°31 '55"W) , and among these microbasins. The floristic composition and environmental variables were measured in the period of January/2005 to March/2006 in 26 plots of 20 x 30 m per microbasin, distant from one another from 17 to 711 m, in the spring-mouth direction, and about 2,120 m among microbasins. In Chapter 1, there was a temporal difference in soil humidity and light among the seasons in the respective microbasins, but the temporal differences in each area did not affect the difference relationships in space. Local topographic variations, as well as soil texture, were responsible for the heterogeneity of the environmental resources available on different scales, once fertility and humidity were correlated to these factors, regional, among microbasins, and along the microbasin. That environmental variation was not always related to the gradients established between the spring and the mouth of the rivers, being also found among the riverbanks. Moreover, the samples in the same community were more similar among one another than those from different communities, despite occupying the same site in the spring-mouth topographic gradient. In Chapter 2, in general, the topographic variations, as well as factors interconnected with them, such as fertility and humidity, were responsible for the vegetation structure and species distribution on local and regional scale. Thus, the ecological patterns which occur on small scales resulting from local environmental variations are likely to be the determinants of the distribution of species local and regionally. In Chapter 3, the diversity among the parcels and banks in the same microbasin, i.e., locally, were those that contributed the most to the total diversity. Therefore, the diversity patterns observed on smaller scales determine the pattern observed on larger scales, and the diversity on larger scale, regional, is dependent on the local ecological processes, such as environmental variability, resulting in variation of the species composition among the sites, where the topographic variability, and also the texture, and factors correlated with them, such as humidity, were responsible for the diversity. Therefore, only through studies on different scales it is possible to identify the action scale and/or the reach of the effects of the local variability" as well as to know which environmental factors are related to the species distribution and diversity. / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

How do newly established species interact with existing assemblage members to alter local biodiversity? This question is especially topical given growing concerns about increased temporal turnover levels relative to background rates. My PhD thesis concerns young, isolated pines Pinus elliottii invading the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) as a study system to test the hypothesis that the impact of newly established individuals varies across habitat layers. I sampled both vegetation layers (shrub and grass) of two distinct habitats, the shrub-dominated campo sujo and the grass-dominated campo úmido. My results show that the pine is changing α diversity in the dominant vegetation layer of each habitat: the shrub layer of campo sujo and the grass layer of campo úmido. The shape of the diversity v. establishment time relationship is habitat dependent; there is a hump shaped relationship between diversity and pine size in the grass layer but a linear one in the shrub layer. β diversity metrics – which take species composition into account - reveal marked differences in species composition between the habitats in the shrub layer, whereas the corresponding pair of invaded and control sites of the same habitat and layer is more similar than expected (in both vegetation layers). The degree of similarity between sites also changes as the invasion proceeds. In the campo sujo habitat, sites become more compositionally distinct, whereas in the grass layer of campo úmido sites get more similar. This suggests that the timing of changes in species composition is habitat-dependent and reinforces the need to remove the invader individuals from the area. My results show that, though complex, the consequences for local biodiversity of non-native species establishment are not haphazard. As such they contribute to the understanding of species coexistence and help explain why species invasion can lead to very different biodiversity outcomes.

Verificar o estado da biodiversidade e as intervenções que provocaram ou provocam a sua destruição ou a sua conservação implica problematizar aspectos fundamentais do fenômeno da vida, das relações entre saúde e ambiente. Na dinâmica ecológica, a freqüência de determinados seres vivos depende em grande medida da freqüência de outros seres vivos. Também na saúde, a história de cada doença é dependente da história de todas as doenças, da história natural e dos homens. A emergência e reemergência de doenças infecto-contagiosas põem em evidência a fragilidade do equilíbrio ambiental. Tais problemas colocam a necessidade de reposicionar o limiar crítico das relações do homem com a natureza, do biológico com o social. Articular a interface dessas categorias por meio da Epidemiologia, disciplina estrutural da Saúde Pública no Brasil, possibilita desvendar as implicações ecológicas desta prática social. / Verifying the biodiversity and the human interventions, which causes and determine their destruction or conservation implies considering the phenomenon of life, the relationship between environment and health. In ecological processes, the frequency of plants, animals and humans depends on the frequency of all alive entities. The same happens in health, where a history of one disease depends on the history of all diseases. It depends on the natural and on the human history. The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases demonstrates the environmental fragility balance. These problems replace the critical threshold between men and nature relationship, also between biological and social categories. Disclosing the connection between these categories through the Epidemiology, a structural discipline of Public Health in Brazil, allow to disclose the ecological consequences of this social practice.

Due to degrading marine environments and loss of biological diversity, marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly utilized to protect living marine resources. Unfortunately, effective management of these areas is often held back by conflicts between conservation and user interests, together with the limited knowledge on the functioning of marine ecosystems. As a way of reducing tensions and closing knowledge-gaps, collaborative arrangements between stakeholders and decision-makers are increasingly sought and comprised into policy guiding the establishment of MPAs. Despite the rising scholarly interest in these matters, little has been written about whether the commitments to collaboration expressed in policy are fulfilled in practice. Pursuing this question, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the resemblance between policy and practice in the context of collaboration between decision-makers and stakeholders during the establishment of MPAs. A case study of the Swedish Skånska Kattegatt, a marine protected area on the west coast of Sweden, reveals a discrepancy between policy and practice during the early stages of the process, regarding the construction of the knowledge base of the decision. The study identifies a possible cause to be lacking resources at the County administrative board responsible for the establishment, a crucial aspect to which more attention needs to be directed in similar, future settings.

Studiens syfte är att synliggöra barns meningsskapande och handlingskompetens i en undervisningssituation om bin och binas relation till människa och samhälle. Studien analyseras utifrån praktisk epistemologisk analys (PEA) och ramverket Action Competence for Insect Conservation (ACIC). Resultatet i föreliggande studie visar hur barns meningsskapande och samtalets innehåll både påverkas och omformas genom barns språkliga handlingar. Språkliga handlingar visar sig genom det barnen säger, frågar om och diskuterar med varandra. Barnen visar på en utveckling i de språkliga handlingar som utförs och även tillämpning av olika strategier för biets levnadssätt. Genom att testa att placera ut mat, blommor och även bin tillämpar barnen handlingskompetenserna i linje med ACIC-ramverket. Studien bidrar med ett didaktiskt språk baserad på barnens handlingar, som kan kombineras med ACIC-ramverket och skapa en gemensam röd tråd för förskolans utbildning inom insekters biologiska mångfald. En röd tråd i form av ett gemensamt språk för förskollärarprofessionen inom undervisning om insekters biologiska mångfald. / The purpose of this study is to emphasize the meaning-making and action competence of children in a teaching session regarding bees and their relationship to humans and society. The study is analyzed based on practical epistemological analysis (PEA) and the Action Competence for Insect Conservation framework (ACIC). The result of the study shows how the meaning-making and subject of conversation is both affected by and shaped through the linguistic actions of children. The linguistic actions are manifested through what the children say, ask about and discuss with each other. The children demonstrate development in linguistic actions as well as in how to apply strategies to conservate the bees. By placing out food, flowers, and other bees the children are applying action competences in line with the ACIC framework. The study contributes with a didactic language based on the actions of the children. This can be used in combination with the ACIC framework to increase coherence in the preschool education regarding the biodiversity of insects. Coherence in the form of a common language within the preschool teaching profession regarding the biodiversity of insects.

No description available.

The Ten Mile Region Sub-watershed study area in the northwest hills of Salisbury and Sharon, Connecticut have been impacted by excessive nitrate fertilization for decades. The sub watershed lakes and in particular Mudge Pond (classified as mesotrophic) is considered degraded by The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. The DEP has concluded that large farming operations near Mudge Pond and its environs were contributing nutrient rich fertilizers in the sub-watershed. An ecological greenway model will be applied to direct the conceptual design. A network of greenway corridors offers a best management plan for the Ten Mile Region Sub-watershed and could enhance both the water quality and biological diversity while offering limited recreation to residents and visitors. The BMP network of greenways was adopted following extensive discussions with <u>local planners, biologists and land owners.</u> / Master of Landscape Architecture

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology: Information Technology, Durban Institute of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2005. / Throughout Africa, growing human populations and resulting loss of wildlife habitat is a critical issue for most animal species. It is more and more common for privately owned small or medium sized farms to reintroduce wildlife on their land and such protected areas are fast becoming the only refuges available to wild animals. However a comprehensive understanding of the complex ecological processes taking place is vital for the effective management of restricted areas and the conservation of biodiversity. Due to the enormous complexity of an ecological system and the long periods of the related dynamics, it is very difficult to analyse the interaction between animals and plant populations without suitable computer models. In this thesis, the dynamics between elephant and trees (a major food source) are considered using computer simulations. / M