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Capacidade de regeneração óssea de biomateriais em defeito crítico de calvária: análise histológica e microtomografia computadorizada / Bone regeneration in critical-size defects using hydroxyapatite, mineralized bovine tendon and Bio Oss: a three-dimensional micro-computed tomographic and histological studyMauricio Bordini do Amaral 01 March 2013 (has links)
O elevado número de cirurgias de enxertia óssea impulsiona o desenvolvimento de novos biomateriais de preenchimento. Materiais a base de hidroxiapatita sintética e tendão bovino mineralizado foram preparados para servirem de arcabouço para regeneração óssea. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a osteocondutibilidade desses materiais, comparando-os ao Bio-Oss/Geistlich. Foram criados defeitos de tamanho crítico (circular / 8 mm) na calvária de ratos Wistar, preenchidos com os biomateriais e, após 30 dias, ocorreu o sacrifício, análise não invasiva por microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT/ microtomógrafo SkyScan 100kV - 100\'mü\'A) com reconstituição de imagem em três dimensões (3D) e análise histológica convencional para avaliar a neoformação óssea e comparar os métodos. Os resultados da micro-CT mostraram que o Bio-Oss apresentou maior volume, densidade e porcentagem de tecido ósseo que os demais grupos. Nas imagens reconstituídas em 3D notou-se no grupo Bio-Oss as menores taxas de reabsorção, permanecendo em maior quantidade no interior do defeito aos trinta dias. No grupo da hidroxiapatita sintética notou-se uma intensa reabsorção do material e uma leve neoformação óssea nas margens do defeito, deixando-o com um contorno irregular. O grupo do tendão bovino mineralizado apresentou discretíssima neoformação óssea e o material foi totalmente reabsorvido. Já na avaliação da presença do material, de vasos sanguíneos e das células osteoblásticas no interior do defeito obtidos através da análise histológica, os grupos Bio-Oss e hidroxiapatita sintética obtiveram resultados semelhantes e maiores que o tendão bovino mineralizado. Constatou-se através da análise histológica que a hidroxiapatita sintética mostrou-se presente no interior do defeito exibindo propriedades osteocondutoras semelhantes a marca comercial Bio-Oss. Já o tendão bovino mineralizado não teve boa osteocondução, sendo contra-indicado na manutenção do espaço ósseo. Na comparação dos dois métodos, constatou-se que a micro-CT apresenta baixa especificidade, ou seja, não foi capaz de distinguir o tecido ósseo do Bio-Oss e alta sensibilidade, pois quantifica de uma forma muito precisa os valores com alta resolução. Já a análise histológica consegue distinguir com precisão os materiais e o tecido adjacente, porém não consegue quantificá-los de maneira fácil e precisa. Portanto, conclui-se que a hidroxiapatita sintética tem grande potencial de ser utilizada no preenchimento de defeitos ósseos, diferentemente do tendão bovino mineralizado. Quanto aos métodos de avaliação, eles são complementares e novos aprimoramentos devem ser feitos na técnica de micro-CT para melhorar sua capacidade de distinguir diferentes materiais. / Biodegradable bone grafts have been widely employed on bone regeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osteoconductive potential of hydroxyapatite, mineralized bovine tendon and Bio-Oss/Geistlich in a rat critical-size calvaria defect model through non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) micro-tomographic (\'mü\'CT) imaging and histological evaluation. Two experimental biomaterials were developed: synthetic hydroxyapatite (particles size < 0,2 mm) and mineralized bovine tendon. Bio-Oss/Geistlich was employed as a control group. A critical size defect (8 mm) was created in the skull of Wistar rats (weight 200 - 300 g) and treated with the biomaterials and one group was left untreated in the control group (n = 5). After 30 days, the animals were killed and the calvaria removed for \'mü\'CT and histological analysis. No adverse reactions were noted. No bone repair was observed in untreated surgical defects. The results of micro-CT showed that BioOss showed higher volume, density and percentage of bone tissue than the other groups. In the images reconstructed in 3-D was noted in the group Bio-Oss the lowest rates of resorption, staying in larger quantities within thirty days of the defect. In the group of synthetic hydroxyapatite noticed an intense resorption of the material and a slight bone formation at the margins of the defect, leaving him with an irregular contour. The bovine tendon mineralized group presented discreet bone formation and the material was completely resorbed. In the evaluation of the presence of the material, blood vessels and osteoblastic cells within the defect obtained by histological analysis, the groups Bio-Oss and synthetic hydroxyapatite showed similar results and larger than the mineralized bovine tendon. We verified by histological analysis that the synthetic hydroxyapatite is present within the defect displaying osteoconductive properties similar to trademark BioOss. Already the mineralized bovine tendon, again, did not have good osteoconduction and is contraindicated in maintaining the bone. When comparing the two methods observed that the micro-CT has low specificity, ie, was not able to distinguish the bone tissue to Bio-Oss and high sensitivity, as quantified in a very accurate values with high resolution. Already histological analysis can accurately distinguish materials and tissues, but can not quantify them easily and accurately. Therefore, we conclude that the synthetic hydroxyapatite has great potential to be used to fill bone defects, unlike mineralized bovine tendon. When comparing the methods, we found that still are complementary and new enhancements must be made in micro-CT technique to improve their ability to distinguish different materials.
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Préparation et caractérisation de surfaces poreuses ordonnées en polymères en vue d'applications médicales. / Preparation and characterisation of ordered porous polymere surfaces for potential medical applicationsChennell, Philip 16 November 2018 (has links)
Les stents urétéraux et les sondes de néphrostomie sont constitués de silicone ou de polyuréthane thermoplastique (TPU). Afin de limiter les risques infectieux lors de leur implantation, une modification topographique par création de pores permettrait de limiter l’adhésion des bactéries et de former des réservoirs pour une libération in situ de substances antiinfectieuses. Ce travail vise à préparer des surfaces en polymère ayant un motif poreux tubulaire ordonné. Une réplication en deux temps à partir de surfaces ordonnées poreuses d’oxyde d’aluminium (PAAO) préparées par 2 méthodes (double anodisation douce et double anodisation dure/douce) a été mise en œuvre pour reproduire le motif initial sur des surfaces en silicone et TPU. Pour le moule intermédiaire trois matériaux ont été testés (acrylonitrile butadiène styrène, polystyrène et résine polyacrylate). Les surfaces ont toutes été caractérisées par des techniques microscopiques et spectroscopiques. Les surfaces en PAAO préparées par double anodisation douce possédaient des pores d’environ 50 nm de diamètre et 100 nm de profondeur, alors que celles obtenues après mise au point de la méthode dure/douce étaient de taille supérieure, d’environ 125 nm de diamètre et ayant des profondeurs de quelques centaines de nanomètres. La surface du moule intermédiaire est constituée de picots. Une adhésion latérale de ceux-ci a été observée pour certaines conditions. La meilleure réplication du motif a été obtenue pour le TPU. Les surfaces ainsi obtenues pourront être utilisées et optimisées lors de l'étude ultérieure de l'adhésion du biofilm. / Ureteral stents and nephrostomy catheters are made of silicone or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A topographical modification creating an ordered porous surface could limit the infectious risks during their implantation, by reducing bacterial adhesion and creating a loading platform from which anti-infectious compounds could be released.In this work, a two-steps replication method was used to create ordered porous polymer surfaces (silicone or TPU) using porous anodic aluminium oxide (PAAO) as master template. The PAAO surfaces were prepared by double mild or double hard/mild anodization. Three intermediate mould materials were tested (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polystyrene, polyacrylate resin). The polymer material (silicone or TPU) was then moulded onto the intermediate mould surfaces that possessed freestanding pillar arrays, to imprint pores. The obtained surfaces were characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic methods. The initial PAAO surfaces prepared by double mild anodization possessed pores of about 50 nm diameter and 100 nm depth, whereas those prepared after development of the double hard/mild anodization method were bigger, of about 125 nm diameter and several hundred nanometers deep. The intermediate mould structure possessed freestanding arrays, but instabilities (lateral adhesion) were noted for certain conditions. The best pattern replication was observed for TPU. In conclusion, these novel porous polymeric surfaces could be optimized and tested for an anti-biofilm effect.
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Recherche de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques des métastases osseuses : utilisation de la chimiokine CX3CL1 ou de ciments chargés en bisphosphonates / Research of new therapeutic strategies for bone metastases : use of CX3CL1 or bisphosphonate-loaded calcium phosphate cements as new therapeutic toolsAl-Sahlanee, Rasha 28 October 2016 (has links)
Malgré les avancées thérapeutiques récentes, le pronostic des patients porteurs de métastases osseuses (MO) reste faible, ce qui incite à chercher des nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Les chimiokines sont des acteurs majeurs de la réponse immune, et apparaissent comme des cibles potentielles de l’immunothérapie anti-cancéreuse. Nous avons recherché à définir si la chimiokine CX3CL1 pouvait représenter un axe thérapeutique efficace dans le contexte des MO. Pour cela nous avons développé des modèles murins de MO de cancer du rein et du poumon. Dans le modèle de MO de cancer du poumon, notre travail a démontré que l'expression de CX3CL1 inhibe la croissance tumorale. L’analyse transcriptomique des tumeurs a montré que CX3CL1 diminue (i) l’ostéloyse via un effet sur la triade OPG/RANKL/RANK (ii) l'expression de certains checkpoints, en faveur d’une réponse immune antitumorale. En revanche, dans le modèle de MO de cancer du rein, l’expression de CX3CL1 stimule le développement tumoral et l'ostéolyse via une action sur la triade OPG/RANKL/RANK et inhibe la réponse immune antitumorale via une augmentation de l'expression de certains checkpoints immunitaires. Les bisphosphonates (BPs) sont des agents utilisés pour le traitement des MO. Afin de réduire leurs effets indésirables, nous avons utilisé des ciments de phosphate de calcium (CPC), pour délivrer localement dans l’os des BPs (alendronate, ALN). Notre travail a mis en évidence que (i) ces ciments chargés en ALN relarguent en continue les BPs, (ii) le relarguage d’ALN est efficace pour induire des effets cytotoxiques et pro-apoptotiques vis à vis des cellules de cancer du sein / Despite recent therapeutic improvments, the prognosis for a patient with bone metastases (BM) remains poor, this situation prompting the research of new therapeutic strategies. Chemokines are central players in the immune response, and appear as potential targets in anti-cancer immunotherapies. We are interested to determine whether the CX3CL1 chemokine exerted pro or anti-tumor actions within the bone metastatic context. To address this issue, we developed mouse models of lung or renal cancer BM. In lung cancer BM model, our work demonstrated that CX3CL1 expression led to tumor growth inhibition. Tumors transcriptomic analysis revealed that CX3CL1: (i) impacted bone metabolism by modulating the OPG/RANKL/RANK triad (ii) decreased the expression of certain immune checkpoints, this up-regulating the anti-tumor immune response. By contrast, in renal cancer BM model, CX3CL1 expression stimulated bone tumor development and transcriptomic analysis showed that CX3CL1 (i) promoted osteolysis through an action on the OPG/RANKL/RANK triad (ii) -induced tumor development correlated with an increased expression of certain immune checkpoints, this down-regulating the anti-tumor immune response. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are targeted agents used for BM treatment. In order to reduce their side effects, we used resorbable calcium phosphate cements (CPC), which are frequently used as bone void fillers, as platform for a local delivery of BPs (alendronate, ALN). As a whole, our in vitro data demonstrated that: (i) ALN-CPC cements continuous released ALN; (ii) this ALN release was effective in inducing cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects in breast cancer cells
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Distinguishing autocrine and paracrine signals in hematopoietic stem cell culture using a biofunctional microcavity platformMüller, Eike, Wang, Weijia, Qiao, Wenlian, Bornhäuser, Martin, Zandstra, Peter W., Werner, Carsten, Pompe, Tilo January 2016 (has links)
Homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the mammalian bone marrow stem cell niche is regulated by signals of the local microenvironment. Besides juxtacrine, endocrine and metabolic cues,
paracrine and autocrine signals are involved in controlling quiescence, proliferation and differentiation of HSC with strong implications on expansion and differentiation ex vivo as well as in vivo transplantation.
Towards this aim, a cell culture analysis on a polymer microcavity carrier platform was combined with a partial least square analysis of a mechanistic model of cell proliferation. We could demonstrate the discrimination of specific autocrine and paracrine signals from soluble factors as stimulating and inhibitory effectors in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell culture. From that we hypothesize autocrine signals
to be predominantly involved in maintaining the quiescent state of HSC in single-cell niches and advocate our analysis platform as an unprecedented option for untangling convoluted signaling mechanisms in complex cell systems being it of juxtacrine, paracrine or autocrine origin.
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Preklinické využití a kritické zhodnocení mikro-CT z pohledu orální a maxilofaciální chirurgie. / Preclinical use and critical evaluation of micro-CT from the perspective of oral and maxillofacial surgery.Bartoš, Martin January 2020 (has links)
The preclinical imaging method micro-CT (microtomography) allows the visualization and quantification of the structure of samples at a resolution of micrometers. Its' importance is increasing globally. In addition to several advantages (non-destructive, the possibility of direct 3D analysis, time efficiency, etc.), micro-CT also has some significant limitations (problematic validation of results, image artifacts, significant influence of image modifications, etc.). This thesis focuses on the application of micro-CT in the field of research and development of metallic and non-metallic materials promoting bone healing with their possible clinical applications. The first part addresses the limitations of micro-CT through several studies. A comparison of pore sizes in biomaterials utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-CT was performed, and the complications of pore size evaluation were presented. SEM image analysis leads to significantly higher values than micro-CT (approximately three times), which allows for comparison of the studies using only one of these methods. Validation of micro-CT 3D analysis results based on calibration phantoms with complex structure, to date, is not possible. We therefore developed software generating phantom datasets of 3D objects with well-defined...
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Porous ß-type Ti-Nb alloy for biomedical applicationsZhuravleva, Ksenia 20 June 2014 (has links)
One of the most important factors for a successful performance of a load-bearing implant for hard tissue replacement is its mechanical compatibility with human bone. That implies that the stiffness should be close to that of a bone and the strength of the implant material must be high enough to bear the load applied under physiological conditions. The Young´s modulus of most of the commonly used biomedical alloys is larger than that of a human bone (around 100 GPa for cp Ti, 112 GPa for Ti-6Al-4V versus 10-30 GPa for cortical human bone). A stiffness reduction of Ti alloys can be achieved by two approaches: (i) selecting an alloy composition with low Young´s modulus i.e. a ß-type alloy and (ii) introducing a reasonable amount of porosity. The composition of Ti-40Nb was chosen for the present work, as it allows to stabilize a single ß-type phase with low Young´s modulus at room temperature.
The samples were produced by a powder metallurgical approach. The Ti-40Nb alloy powder was obtained by ball-milling of elemental Ti and Nb powders. The influence of the milling parameters on the oxygen content in the milled powder was studied. Powders with a lowest oxygen content of 0.4 wt.-% had an almost single ß-type phase after heat treatment and quenching.
Porous samples were produced by loose powder sintering, hot-pressing and sintering with NaCl as a space-holder. The influence of the different processing routes and different porosities on the mechanical properties of the alloy was studied. The samples produced by loose powder sintering had mechanical properties close to those of cortical human bone (Young´s modulus 20 GPa, compression strength 150 MPa) and the samples produced by loose sintering with space-holder materials had mechanical properties close to those of human spongy bone (Young´s modulus 0.2-2 GPa, compression strength 50 MPa). Porous Ti-40Nb samples were coated with bone-like hydroxyapatite by an electrochemical deposition method in order to improve the osseointegration of the samples with bone tissue. The experiments were carried out with samples produced by different routes and a correlation between the deposition parameters and the morphology of the hydroxyapatite needles was found.
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Bio-inspired structured composites for load-bearing bone graft substitutionGalea, Laetitia 03 March 2015 (has links)
Natural composites, in particular nacre, often combine high strength and toughness thanks to highly ordered architectures and controlled geometries of the reinforcement components. However, combining strength, toughness and resorbability in synthetic materials remains a challenge in particular in the field of bone graft substitutes. In the present study, calcium phosphate-(CaP-)based materials with designed architectures inspired from natural composite materials were achieved. CaP platelets obtained by precipitation in organic medium were first aligned in chitosan matrices by solvent casting in ambient conditions. Efficient strengthening was obtained with 15 vol-% ceramic, reaching cortical bone strength (150 MPa) and preserving good ductility (5 % deformation). In a weak magnetic field, high spatial arrangement without percolation was maintained up to 20 vol-%. With directional freezing, good alignment of the platelets could be pushed up to 50 vol-%. In parallel, in situ recrystallization of CaP blocks in hydrothermal conditions led to hierarchical structures. The strength and the work-of-fracture were enhanced (300%) thanks to a change of failure mode.:Acknowledgements v
Summary vii
Background vii
Thesis outline viii
Part I: “Brick-and-mortar” structures with discrete reinforcement components ix
Part II: “Textured” structures with continuous reinforcement components x
Zusammenfassung xi
Hintergrund xi
Doktorarbeit Gliederung xii
Teil I: “Ziegelmauer-Architektur” mit diskreten Verstärkungskomponenten xiii
Teil II: “ Texturierte” Strukturen mit kontinuierlichen Verstärkungskomponenten xiv
Chapter 1: General introduction 1
Bone grafting 1
CaP ceramics 1
How to improve toughness of CaP ceramics? 2
Importance of structure design: bio-inspiration 2
What mechanical properties should be reached? 5
Specific aims 5
Two general approaches to reach the goal 6
Nacre-inspired “brick-and mortar” structures (Part I) 6
Textured ceramic monoliths (Part II) 6
References 7
Chapter 2: Theoretical calculations 11
Introduction 12
Theoretical tensile strength of β-TCP platelets and critical size for flaw tolerance 13
Optimal aspect ratio 15
Composite strength and stiffness 17
Limitations 19
References 19
PART I: NACRE-INSPIRED “BRICK-AND-MORTAR” STRUCTURES
Chapter 3: Synthesis of sub-micrometer calcium phosphate platelets 23
Introduction 24
ii
Materials and Methods 25
Precipitation method 25
Reaction parameters 25
Characterization 26
Statistical analysis of results 28
Results 28
Reproducibility of standard experiments 28
Increase of the reagent volume to increase the productivity 30
Increase of the precursors concentration to increase the productivity and modify the
particles 30
Increase of titration rate to simplify the process 32
Influence of temperature on the particles 35
Effect of the pH value on the particles 37
Effect of a longer reaction time on the particle stability 40
Study of the influence of variations of the Ca/P molar ratio 42
Discussion 43
Reproducibility 43
Productivity 44
CaP crystal shape 45
Crystal purity 47
Aspect ratio 48
Critical thickness 49
Uniformity of primary particles 50
Non agglomerated 51
General points 52
Conclusions 52
References 53
Chapter 4: Kinetics study of the calcium phosphate platelets growth 57
Introduction 58
Theory 58
Materials and methods 60
Materials and sample preparation 60
Characterization methods 61
Results 62
Visual observations during manipulations 62
SEM observations 62
XRD results 66
Size measurements 68
Kinetics calculations 70
Discussion 74
Nucleation and assembly mechanism 74
Reaction kinetics 76
Control of size and aspect ratio 76
Conclusions 77
References 78
Chapter 5: Structural design of bio-inspired composites by solvent casting 81
Foreword 82
Introduction 82
Experimental section 84
iii
Synthesis of resorbable ceramic platelets 84
Solvent casting to prove the reinforcement efficiency of DCP platelets 84
Magnetization of the platelets 85
Maintaining the orientation during drying of an hydrogel matrix 86
Results 87
Synthesis of resorbable ceramic platelets 87
Solvent casting to prove the reinforcement efficiency of CaP platelets 87
Magnetization of the platelets 91
Maintaining the orientation during drying of an hydrogel matrix 93
Discussion 95
Detrimental effect of β-TCP platelets in chitosan 95
Efficient reinforcement with DCP platelets up to a given volume fraction 96
Threshold value for strength improvement 97
Fitting the experimental results with theoretical equations 98
Conclusions 101
References 101
Chapter 6: Biodegradable, strong and tough nacre-inspired structures obtained by freezecasting
105
Introduction 106
Experimental section 108
Synthesis of resorbable ceramic platelets 108
Preliminary freeze-casting tests with β-TCP-based slurries 108
Determination of adequate freeze-casting parameters for hydrogels-CaP slurries 108
Integration of CaP platelets and local planar alignment 109
Attempts to globally align porosity in two directions 109
Densification and consolidation 110
Tensile testing 110
Results 111
Preliminary freeze-casting tests with β-TCP-based slurries 111
Determination of adequate freeze-casting parameters for hydrogels-CaP slurries 112
Integration of CaP platelets and local planar alignment 113
Attempts to globally align porosity in two directions 119
Densification and consolidation 121
Tensile testing 121
Discussion 122
Conclusions 124
References 125
PART II: TEXTURED CERAMIC MONOLITHS
Chapter 7: Micro-texturing by recrystallization of calcium phosphate blocks in hydrothermal
conditions 127
Introduction 128
Materials and Methods 130
Samples characterization 132
Results 133
Macroscopic observations 133
Microstructural changes (SEM) 133
Crystalline phase conversion (XRD) 139
iv
Mechanical properties 142
Fractured surfaces 142
Discussion 145
Conclusions 150
References 150
Chapter 8: Toughening of textured calcium phosphate blocks by polymer impregnation 155
Foreword 156
Introduction 156
Materials and Methods 157
Samples preparation 157
Characterization 158
Results 158
Porosity and microstructure 158
Composition 161
Mechanical properties 161
Discussion 162
Conclusions 164
References 164
Chapter 9: Synthesis and outlook 167
Curriculum Vitae 171
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Produktion av polyhydroxyalkanoater (PHA) av avloppsvatten från massa och pappersindustri : En studie kring bakteriernas förmåga att ackumulera PHA beroende på sammansättning av karboxylsyror / Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from wastewater from pulp and paper industry : A study on the ability of bacteria to accumulate PHA depending on the composition of carboxylic acidsAugustsson, Jimmy, Högfeldt, Jonathan January 2020 (has links)
Since the beginning of the 20th century plastic has been a widely used material, which has resulted in large quantities of plastic being produced in the last century. The plastics of today are mainly produced from fossil raw materials, which gives it a high climate impact. Plastic also has a long service life, which creates problems with handling after the new period when new plastic is produced at a faster rate than plastic debris can be recycled or incinerated. One possible approach is to switch from plastic from fossil sources to bioplastics, which is produced by renewable sources. This means a reduction in the environmental impact as the amount of fossil CO2 emissions from combustion of plastics would decrease. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are created by short volatile fatty acids (VFAs) added to bio sludge from a wastewater treatment plant at a pulp and paper mill where there is a lot of bacteria and microorganisms. Some of the bacteria in the sludge have the ability to accumulate PHA when VFA is added in excess and then be able to use it as an energy and carbon source in cases of starvation. This means that PHA produced in this way can be degraded by bacteria making it biodegradable while having similar properties as oil-based plastics. Production of PHA is currently expensive as it is often necessary to purchase VFA for production. To make it economically sustainable to replace oil-based plastics with PHA, the cost of PHA production must therefore be reduced. This can be done by using mixed bacterial cultures from, for example, industrial wastewater treatment plants and by creating their own composition of VFA through fermentation. At the paper mill at BillerudKorsnäs Gruvön there are several process streams that today are led to the water treatment plant, one of which is from PM6 (Paper Machine 6). By fermenting that stream, VFA can be formed with a composition of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. The current may thus be suitable to use as a substrate in PHA production. Another way to produce VFA is to ferment the residual flow from hydrothermal carbonation (HTC) of bio sludge. According to (Samorì et al., 2019), acetic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid are formed, which means that even this stream may be suitable as a substrate for PHA production. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of the composition of VFA on the production of PHA from forest industrial bio sludge. The study covers two different cases, Case PM6 and Case HTC, where two different types of composition of VFA are added to paper sludge from the paper mill. The experiments were performed in cylindrical tanks on three occasions where the first two experiments had a volume of 30 liters and the last experiment a volume of 10 liters. On the first occasion, the maximum accumulation rate in the growth phase was studied. In the second instance, a high accumulation rate was sought, but also survival after the growth phase. The first two trials were batch trials where the sludge was dosed until saturation was achieved. On the third occasion, the possibility of carrying out PHA production with a continuous sludge exchange was studied. The experiments were analyzed by FTIR which provided information on the absorbance of the sludge which shows how the PHA concentration increased during the course of the experiments. Extractions were then performed to obtain the concentration of PHA that eventually accumulated in the sludge. The results show that biomass from BillerudKorsnäs Gruvön's mills accumulated PHA faster with VFA composition from fermented PM6 effluent compared to VFA composition from fermented HTC condensate. Calculations made with input from the experiments indicate that it is possible to produce a larger amount of PHA per year with Case PM6. The conclusion is therefore that Case PM6 is preferable if as large a PHA production as possible wants to be achieved. Case HTC is instead preferred if reduced PHA production can be tolerated in favor of biocarbon production.
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Towards Development of Affinity Polymer-Based Adhesion Barriers for Surgical Mesh DevicesLearn, Greg Daniel 21 June 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Engineering of Elastomeric Biomaterials and Biomimicry of Extracellular Matrix for Soft Tissue RegenerationWade, Mary E. January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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