Neste estudo foi avaliado o fotoenvelhecimento cutâneo dos membros superiores clinica, anatomo e imunohistoquimicamente, em 22 pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade acima de 50 anos, antes e após quatro sessões de esfoliação química com ácido pirúvico 80% com intervalo quinzenal. Clinicamente foram avaliados o envelhecimento cutâneo por meio da elastose clínica, rugas profundas e superficiais; lesões de queratose actinica e melanose solar. As biópsias foram avaliadas pela coloração hematoxilina-eosina e posteriormente coradas pelo marcador imunohistoquímico Ki-67, marcador de proliferação celular. A avaliação anatomopatológica foi embasada no estudo das alterações epidérmicas (hiperqueratose, presença de acantose ou atrofia, atipia celular e retificação da epiderme), enquanto a alteração dérmica foi avaliada pela degeneração basofílica do colágeno. As células coradas pelo marcador imunohistoquímico de proliferação celular, o Ki-67, foram contadas e comparadas antes e após as quatro esfoliações. Concluímos que o ácido pirúvico 80% se mostrou eficaz no tratamento clínico do fotoenvelhecimento (77,3%) e na queratose actinica (72,7%); resultados estatisticamente significantes, porém tanto a avaliação das lesões de melanose solar quanto a avaliação histopatológica epidérmica e dérmica não foram estatisticamente significantes. O Ki-67, marcador da proliferação celular se mostrou aumentado na maioria dos pacientes (52,63%), resultado este também estatisticamente não significante / This study assessed skin photoaging of the upper limbs by clinical, anatomical and immunohistochemical analyses in 22 female patients, aged over 50 years, before and after 4 sessions of chemical exfoliation with pyruvic acid at 80% within quartely intervals. From a clinically perspective, we assessed skin aging by clinical elastosis, deep or superficial wrinkles, actinic keratosis and solar melanosis damage before and after 4 exfoliations. Biopsies were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and later stained with the immunohistochemical marker Ki-67, a marker of cellular proliferation. Clinical pathology analysis was based on the study of epidermal abnormalities (hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and atrophy, cellular atypia and epidermal rectification), whereas dermal abnormalities were assessed by collagen basophilic degeneration. The cells stained by the immunohistochemical marker of cellular proliferation Ki-67 were counted and compared before and after the 4 exfoliations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of pyruvic acid in the treatment of photoaging, assessing its clinical abnormalities, action in actinic keratosis and solar melanosis damage, as well as epidermal and dermal abnormalities in the clinical pathology and the repercussions in cell proliferation. Clinical pathology analysis was based on the study of epidermal abnormalities (hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and atrophy, cellular atypia and epidermal rectification), whereas dermal abnormalities were assessed by collagen basophilic degeneration. The cells stained by the immunohistochemical marker of cellular proliferation Ki67 were counted and compared before and after the 4 exfoliations. We concluded that pyruvic acid at 80% was effective for clinically managing photoaging (77,3%) and actinic keratosis (72,7%). These results were statistically significant whereas the results for dermal and epidermel histopathology assessment of solar melanosis damage were not. Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, was increased in most of the patients (52,63%), but did not result in statistically significant differences

INTRODUÇÃO: O significado clínico das vasculites, lesões isquêmicas, efeito Quilty e da presença de eosinófilos em biópsias endomiocardicas de receptores de transplante cardíaco com rejeições leves não foi ainda estabelecido. OBJETIVOS: Verificar se estes achados histológicos encontrados nas biópsias endomiocardicas (eosinófilos, vasculites, efeito Quilty e lesões isquêmicas) são capazes de predizer rejeição aguda do enxerto acompanhada ou não de grave comprometimento hemodinâmico e morte por rejeição aguda. MÉTODOS: Foram reavaliadas 939 biópsias endomiocardicas consecutivas classificadas como OR ou 1R pela de 2005 da Nomenclatura da Sociedade Internacional de Transplante de Coração e Pulmão e dividimos estas em dois grupos (1) Biópsias preditoras: aquelas que precederam rejeição aguda, rejeição aguda associada à grave comprometimento hemodinâmico ou morte e (2) Biópsias não preditoras aquelas que não precederam eventos clínicos. Comparamos a ocorrência dos seguintes achados histológicos: vasculites, lesões isquêmicas, efeito Quilty e eosinófilos por análise uni e multivariada entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Após análise estatística verificou-se que a presença de vasculite intensa e de eosinófilos como maiores preditores tanto para rejeição aguda futura, apresentando respectivamente as seguintes razões de chance: 10,60 (IC95%: 3,62 31,06. p<0,001) e 6,26 (IC95%:3,16 12,43. p< 0,001) , quanto para rejeição aguda associada á grave comprometimento hemodinâmico, que para este desfecho clínico apresentaram respectivamente as seguintes razões de chance 7,52 (IC95%: 1,45-38,93. p=0,016) e 6,61 (IC95%: 2,38 18,31. p< 0,001), e também para morte em decorrência a rejeição aguda com as respectivas razões de chance: 11,20 (IC95%: 3,53 36,17. p < 0, 001) e 14,50 (IC95%: 2,19 36,17. p = 0,006). CONCLUSÕES: Vasculites intensas e eosinófilos em biópsias do miocárdio são os principais fatores preditores de rejeição aguda, rejeição aguda associada à grave comprometimento hemodinâmico e morte pós - transplante cardíaco / INTRODUCTION: The clinical meaning of vasculitis, ischemic lesions, Quilty effect and the presence of eosinophils in endomyocardial biopsies of transplant recipients with mild rejections have not been established yet. OBJECTIVES: Verify if these histological findings (eosinophils, vasculitis, Quilty effect and ischemic lesions), whose clinical meaning remains unknown so far, are able to predict acute rejection of the transplanted organ, accompanied or not by severe hemodynamic compromise and death due to acute rejection. METHODS: We reevaluated 939 consecutive endomyocardial biopsies classified as 0R or 1R, according to the nomenclature that the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation established in 2005. We divided these biopsies in 2 groups, as they follow: (1) Predictor biopsies, which are preceded by acute rejection, acute rejection associated to severe hemodynamic compromise or death and (2) Non-predictor biopsies that did not precede any clinical events. We compared the occurrence of the histological findings studied (eosinophils, vasculitis, Quilty effect and ischemic lesions) through univariate and multivariate analysis among the groups. RESULTS: After an appropriate statistical analysis, the result obtained was the presence of intense vasculitis and eosinophils as the greatest predictors of future acute rejection, presenting the respective odds ratio: 10,60 (IC95%: 3,62 31,06. p<0,001) and 6,26 (IC95%:3,16 12,43. p< 0,001), as well as acute rejection associated to severe hemodynamic compromise, which presented the respective odds ratio for this clinical outcome: 7,52 (IC95%: 1,45-38,93. p=0,016) and 6,61 (IC95%: 2,38 18,31. p< 0,001) and death due to acute rejection, presenting the respective odds ratio: 11,20 (IC95%: 3,53 36,17. p < 0, 001) and 14,50 (IC95%: 2,19 36,17. p = 0,006). CONCLUSIONS: Intense vasculitis and eosinophils in myocardial biopsies post-cardiac transplantation are the chief factors that can predict acute rejection, acute rejection associated to severe hemodynamic compromise or death

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 biazzi_f_me_botfm.pdf: 253462 bytes, checksum: 8f439a3313345b5ea5641c6b9317256c (MD5) / O surgimento do antígeno prostático específico (PSA) revolucionou o diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento dos pacientes portadores do câncer de próstata (CaP). O limite da normalidade do PSA esta sendo modificado em virtude de um quarto dos CaP serem diagnosticados com PSA menor ou igual a 4,0 ng/ml melhorando o tratamento em virtude do diagnóstico precoce. Estudo retrospectivo com 300 pacientes que foram submetidos ao exame digital da próstata (EDP), PSA e biópsia prostática dirigida pelo ultrassom transretal, com a retirada mínima de 6 fragmentos, em três níveis de PSA, menor ou igual a 4,0 ng/ml, que foram subdivididos conforme os níveis séricos do PSA: menor ou igual a 4,0 ng/ml, entre 4,01 e 10,0 ng/ml e acima de 10,0 ng/ml que compunham respectivamente os grupos 1, 2 e 3.O número e porcentagem de pacientes submetidos a biópsia prostática nos grupos 1, 2, 3 foram 58 (19,3%), 150 (50%) e 92 (30,7%). A taxa de detecção para CaP foi de 32% (96). A taxa de detecção nos G1, G2 e G3 foi 27,6%, 25,3% e 45,6% respectivamente, evidenciando maior positividade no grupo 3 (p=0,003). A idade média nos grupos foi 61±6,5, 64±8,0, 69±9,0 anos com G1,G2<G3 (p < 0,001). O EDP foi normal em 48,7% dos pacientes e em 48,3% (G1), 58% (G2) e (G3) 33,7%, apresentando diferença estatística entre os grupos (p < 0,001). A proporção de fragmentos positivos foi superior no G1 em relação ao G2 (34,5 a 22,7%) mas inferior ao G3 (53,1%). O volume prostático foi menor no G1 (28 cm3) em relação aos demais grupos. Quanto ao escore de Gleason na biópsia, no espécime e no estádio patológico os grupos 1 e 2 foram semelhantes. As principais indicações de biópsia para o G1 foram: EDP alterado: (n= 33) 57%; PSA em elevação isolado (n=19) 32,8%; PSA em elevação e EDP alterado (n= 5) 8,6%; PSA em elevação e relação PSA livre por PSA total menor que 15% (n= 4)... / Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA) changes the diagnoses, treatment, prognoses and follow-up of prostate cancer (PC). PSA cut-off has been changed due to many patients with PSA lower than 4,0 ng/ml will present a probability of 25% chance to have PC. In these cases, the treatment is favorable because of the early diagnosis. Characterize the main pathological and clinical aspects of patients with PSA lower than 4,0 ng/ml submitted to transrectal prostate biopsy guided by ultrasound. In an observational retrospective study, 300 patients were submitted to digital rectal exam (DRE), PSA serum dosage and transrectal prostate biopsy guided by ultrasound. At least six cores in three PSA levels were performed: lower than 4,0 ng/ml, 4,01 to 10,0 ng/ml, higher than 10,01ng/ml which were groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The patients number and percentage submitted to prostatic biopsy in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 58 (19,3%), 150 (50%) e 92 (30,7%). Detection PC rate was 32% (96). Detection PC rate in G1, G2 and G3 was 27,6%, 25,3% and 45,6%, respectively. The age average was 61±6,5, 64±8,0, 69±9,0 years-old with G1,G2<G3 (p < 0,001). The positive cores were higher in G1 than in G2. DRE was normal in 48.7% of all the patients and in 48,3% (G1), 58% (G2) e (G3) 33,7% (p< 0,001). G1 prostate volume was smaller than the others. Prostate biopsy, specimen Gleason Score and the pathological stage were similar between G1 and G2. The main indications for prostate biopsy in G1 were: abnormal DRE (33) 57%; velocity PSA (19) 32,8%; velocity PSA and abnormal DRE (5) 8,6%; velocity PSA and relation of free PSA by total PSA (fPSA/tPSA) less than 15% (4) 6,8%; fPSA/tPSA alone (1) 1,7%; Abnormal DRE and fPSA/tPSA less than 15% (1) 1,7%; Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) (1) 1,7%.The main indication for malignancy positivity were abnormal DRE ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ulisses Frederigue Júnior / Resumo: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de 613 casos de lesões não palpáveis de mama submetidas a punção aspirativa por agulha fina, dirigida por ultra-sonografia (PAAF-US), arquivados em nosso serviço particular de diagnóstico por imagem. Todas as pacientes, antes de realizarem a PAAF-US, submeteram-se a ultra-sonografia mamária para que fossem detectadas e caracterizadas as lesões não palpáveis, a pedido do clínico ou cirurgião dessas pacientes. Antes de iniciarmos a PAAF-US, o imaginologista e o patologista discutiam o caso em questão, analisavam os exames de imagem (mamografia quando havia, e o US das mamas). Assim, no momento da punção, o patologista já estava ciente da impressão diagnóstica do imaginologista. A ultra-sonografia em tempo real orientava o patologista até que o mesmo estivesse com a agulha junto à lesão e começasse a colher o material para análise. Dessa forma, realizávamos a PAAF-US a "4 mãos". Observamos que o número de material considerado inadequado foi baixo, pois o patologista analisava a lâmina por ele mesmo preparada no ato da punção. Neste estudo foram excluídos dos cálculos estatísticos o único caso de material inadequado que representou 0,1% do total de 613 e os achados indeterminados da ultra-sonografia, da PAAF-US e da histologia. Em nosso trabalho, a Sensibilidade e a Especificidade da PAAF-US foi de 100% e não houve caso de falso-positivo ou de falso-negativo. Creditamos esses valores a diversos fatores, tais como a presença do patologista no ato da punção, realizando-a; o triplo diagnóstico onde clínica e imagem são do conhecimento do patologista e, finalmente, a ampla experiência em patologia mamária dos citopatologistas de nossa equipe. A ultrasonografia, em nossa opinião, é um bom método de escolha para orientar procedimentos invasivos de lesões não palpáveis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A retrospective study done in 613 cases of nonpalpable breast lesions submitted to a fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) by ultrasonography is filed in our diagnosis by image service in a private clinic. All patients, before the FNAB were submitted to a breast ultrasonography so that we could detect and characterize the nonpalpable lesions, which was asked by those patients' physicians or surgeons. Before beginning US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy the roentgenologist and pathologist discussed the case in question, they analysed the exams through the image (mammography when there was one, and breast US). So, when the aspiration biopsy was beeing operated the pathologist was awave of the previous diagnosis opinion concluded by the roentgenologist. The ultrasonography in real time guided the pathologist until he had the needle in the lesion and could stard to collect the material for the analyses. In this way, we performed a "4 hand" USFNAB. We also could observe that the amount of material considered insufficient was low, thus the pathologist analysed the lamina by himself, which was prepared during biopsy. In this study we excluded from the statistics results the only case of insufficient material that represented a total of just 0,1% from these 613 patients, and the ones that were found indeterminated in the ultrasonography, from the citology and from histology. In our work, the US-FNAB sensitivity and specificity was 100% and there wasn't any case of false-positive or false-negative. We believe this fact is possible because of several factors, such as: the pathologist assistance during the biopsy, performing it; the triple diagnosis in which the clinic and image are known by the pathologist, and also from the broad experience our staff of cytopathologists have in breast. The ultrasonography, in our opinion, is a good choice... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Neste estudo foi avaliado o fotoenvelhecimento cutâneo dos membros superiores clinica, anatomo e imunohistoquimicamente, em 22 pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade acima de 50 anos, antes e após quatro sessões de esfoliação química com ácido pirúvico 80% com intervalo quinzenal. Clinicamente foram avaliados o envelhecimento cutâneo por meio da elastose clínica, rugas profundas e superficiais; lesões de queratose actinica e melanose solar. As biópsias foram avaliadas pela coloração hematoxilina-eosina e posteriormente coradas pelo marcador imunohistoquímico Ki-67, marcador de proliferação celular. A avaliação anatomopatológica foi embasada no estudo das alterações epidérmicas (hiperqueratose, presença de acantose ou atrofia, atipia celular e retificação da epiderme), enquanto a alteração dérmica foi avaliada pela degeneração basofílica do colágeno. As células coradas pelo marcador imunohistoquímico de proliferação celular, o Ki-67, foram contadas e comparadas antes e após as quatro esfoliações. Concluímos que o ácido pirúvico 80% se mostrou eficaz no tratamento clínico do fotoenvelhecimento (77,3%) e na queratose actinica (72,7%); resultados estatisticamente significantes, porém tanto a avaliação das lesões de melanose solar quanto a avaliação histopatológica epidérmica e dérmica não foram estatisticamente significantes. O Ki-67, marcador da proliferação celular se mostrou aumentado na maioria dos pacientes (52,63%), resultado este também estatisticamente não significante / This study assessed skin photoaging of the upper limbs by clinical, anatomical and immunohistochemical analyses in 22 female patients, aged over 50 years, before and after 4 sessions of chemical exfoliation with pyruvic acid at 80% within quartely intervals. From a clinically perspective, we assessed skin aging by clinical elastosis, deep or superficial wrinkles, actinic keratosis and solar melanosis damage before and after 4 exfoliations. Biopsies were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and later stained with the immunohistochemical marker Ki-67, a marker of cellular proliferation. Clinical pathology analysis was based on the study of epidermal abnormalities (hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and atrophy, cellular atypia and epidermal rectification), whereas dermal abnormalities were assessed by collagen basophilic degeneration. The cells stained by the immunohistochemical marker of cellular proliferation Ki-67 were counted and compared before and after the 4 exfoliations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of pyruvic acid in the treatment of photoaging, assessing its clinical abnormalities, action in actinic keratosis and solar melanosis damage, as well as epidermal and dermal abnormalities in the clinical pathology and the repercussions in cell proliferation. Clinical pathology analysis was based on the study of epidermal abnormalities (hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and atrophy, cellular atypia and epidermal rectification), whereas dermal abnormalities were assessed by collagen basophilic degeneration. The cells stained by the immunohistochemical marker of cellular proliferation Ki67 were counted and compared before and after the 4 exfoliations. We concluded that pyruvic acid at 80% was effective for clinically managing photoaging (77,3%) and actinic keratosis (72,7%). These results were statistically significant whereas the results for dermal and epidermel histopathology assessment of solar melanosis damage were not. Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, was increased in most of the patients (52,63%), but did not result in statistically significant differences

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento estrogênico isolado e contínuo por seis meses é uma opção no tratamento de sintomas climatéricos. A monitorização endometrial deve ser realizada rotineiramente; nela, a ultra-sonografia (US) e a biópsia uterina têm papel importante. A US e a Dopplervelocimetria também avaliam as mudanças circulatórias uterinas. OBJETIVO: Estudar o comportamento da vascularização uterina e do endométrio em mulheres na pós-menopausa tratadas com estrógeno contínuo por seis meses, seguido de progestógeno isolado por 14 dias, e estabelecer suas relações com a proliferação endometrial. MÉTODO: Estudo clínico, prospectivo e controlado, onde quarenta mulheres na pós-menopausa, sem contraindicações para tratamento hormonal (TH). Foram divididas em dois grupos: Estrógeno e Controle. As do Grupo Estrógeno (GE), n= 24, receberam 50 mcg de estradiol-17 beta (E2) transdérmico, duas vezes por semana, durante seis meses. As mulheres do Grupo Controle (GC), n=16, não receberam TH. Todas realizaram FSH, E2 e glicemia de jejum; US transvaginal; Dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas, miometriais e endometriais e biópsia aspirativa de endométrio. O GE repetiu os mesmos exames, com exceção de FSH, E2 e glicemia, no terceiro e no sexto mês de tratamento. No GC, a biópsia do endométrio foi repetida apenas no sexto mês de tratamento. As mulheres do GE utilizaram, ao fim de seis meses, 10 mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona por dia, durante 14 dias. RESULTADOS: No GE, a resistência vascular das artérias uterinas diminuiu no terceiro e no sexto mês de tratamento. O fluxo miometrial das artérias arqueadas aumentou significantemente no sexto mês de tratamento. O aumento da espessura do endométrio ocorreu de forma significante no terceiro mês. No GE houve hiperplasia endometrial simples e sem atipias em 20,8 % das mulheres. No GE, comparando as mulheres que tiveram proliferação com aquelas que mantiveram a atrofia endometrial, observou-se que, no sexto mês de tratamento, o grupo que apresentou proliferação teve diminuição significante da resistência vascular da artéria uterina esquerda, enquanto no grupo que manteve a atrofia, a resistência vascular aumentou na artéria uterina direita. No GC não ocorreu variação da resistência vascular das artérias uterinas bilaterais; o fluxo miometrial das artérias arqueadas não se modificou e não houve proliferação endometrial. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia estrogênica isolada por seis meses diminuiu a resistência vascular das artérias uterinas bilateralmente. A proliferação endometrial precedeu o aumento de vascularização miometrial. Houve associação entre a proliferação endometrial e a diminuição da resistência vascular na artéria uterina esquerda, no final do sexto mês de tratamento estrogênico / INTRODUCTION: Isolated continuous estrogen therapy for 6 months is an option to manage climacteric symptoms. Endometrial monitoring should be performed as a routine, in which ultrasound and uterine biopsy have an important role. Ultrasound with Dopplervelocimetry also assesses uterine circulatory changes. OBJECTIVE: To study the uterine circulatory changes of women in continuous estrogen therapy for 6 months using Doppler velocimetry and to define correlations with endometrial proliferation. METHOD: Clinical prospective controlled study. Forty menopause women were studied, without contraindications to hormone therapy (HT). They were divided into 2 groups: Estrogen and Control. In the Estrogen Group (EG) n = 24, they were treated with transdermal 50mcg estradiol-17 beta (E2), changed twice a week for 6 months. Women in the Control Group (CG) n=16, were not treated with hormones. They all underwent FSH, E2, fast glucose, transvaginal ultrasound , uterine, myometrial and endometrial artery Dopplervelocimetry and aspiration biopsy of endometrium. The EG repeated the same procedures in months 3 and 6 of treatment. In CG, endometrial biopsy was repeated only in the 6th month of treatment. At the end of treatment, EG women received 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate per day for 14 days. RESULTS: In EG, vascular resistance of uterine arteries reduced in the 3rd and 6th months of treatment. Myometrial flow of arcuate arteries was significantly increased in the 6th month of treatment. Increased endometrial thickness was significant in the 3rd month. In EG, the authors detected simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypias in 20.8% of the subjects. In EG, in the 6th month of treatment, upon comparing women who had proliferation and those who maintained the endometrial atrophy, we observed that the group that presented proliferation had significant reduction of vascular resistance of left uterine artery, whereas the group that maintained atrophy had increase in vascular resistance of right uterine artery. In CG, there was no vascular resistance modification, no myometrial flow diference and no endometrial proliferation. CONCLUSION: Isolated estrogen therapy for 6 months reduced vascular resistance of bilateral uterine arteries. Morphological affections to the endometrium preceded myometrial vascular abnormalities. There was association of endometrial proliferation and reduction of vascular resistance of the left uterine artery in the 6th month of estrogen treatment

O câncer de tireoide é um dos mais comuns da região da cabeça e pescoço. Atualmente, o método mais eficaz no diagnóstico de lesões da tireoide é a técnica de biópsia conhecida por punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) guiada por ultrassom. As imagens de ultrassom são utilizadas como guia para inserção de uma agulha fina até a região da lesão, onde são retirados fragmentos de tecido para análise microscópica. O sucesso dos procedimentos de biópsias está diretamente ligado a experiência do médico desde guiar a agulha à lesão até a preparação das lâminas para análise microscópica. O treinamento médico proporciona, durante a realização dos procedimentos, maior confiança ao médico e maior conforto ao paciente. No entanto o número de pacientes disponíveis, bem como o estágio de graduação do profissional, limitam o número de treinamentos realizados. Com base nessas limitações, esse estudo teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um phantom de tireoide permitirá que os treinamentos sejam realizados em qualquer horário e local, minimizando a responsabilidade de alunos e professores. Phantoms para ultrassom, geralmente, são corpos de prova construídos para mimetizar propriedades mecânicas e acústicas dos tecidos biológicos que podem ser utilizados no treinamento de habilidades médicas. Para o desenvolvimento deste modelo, utilizou-se um material a base de hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa com diferentes concentrações de agentes contraste (pó de vidro, cera de carnaúba, parafina granulada, borracha de silicone). Caracterizou-se amostras de diferentes composições com relação ao módulo elástico, velocidade e atenuação da onda ultrassônica, de modo à atingir valores próximos aos encontrados na literatura para as regiões a serem mimetizadas. Obteve-se valores entre 1385 e 1480 m/s, para velocidade; valores entre 0,4 e 4 dB/cm para atenuação; e uma faixa entre 40 e 750 kPa para o módulo elástico. Ao final da caracterização dos materiais, obteve-se um phantom morfológico de pescoço, contendo a mimetização da tireoide para procedimentos de biópsia de tireoide guiada por ultrassom. / The thyroid cancer is one of the most common of head and neck region. Currently, the most effective method in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions is biopsy technique, known by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) guided by ultrasound. Ultrasound images guides the fine needle insertion into the lesion for sampling and then examined under a microscope. The medical training provides greater confidence to physician and comfort to patient. However, the number of available patients as well as the doctor degree stage limit the number of trainings conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a thyroid phantom to training everywhere at any time, minimizing the students and teachers responsibilities. Ultrasound Phantoms mimics mechanical and acoustic properties of biological tissue and can be used for medical training. To develop the phantom we used a hydrocarbon-based material with different concentrations of contrast agents (glass powder, Carnauba wax, paraffin wax and silicone rubber). We calculated the elastic modulus, velocity and ultrasonic wave attenuation of different mixtures to reach values, as close the literature as possible. Was obtained values from 1385 to 1480 m / s for ultrasound velocity, values from 0.4 to 4 dB/cm for attenuation and a range from 40 to 750 kPa for elastic modulus. This study present an anthropomorphic neck phantom containing the necessary structures for training ultrasound guided biopsy by fine-needle aspiration.

This study investigated the development potential of equine embryos in vitro after biopsy and vitrification. Twenty embryos were obtained from Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, and mix-breed light mares between three and ten years old. The twenty embryos were divided into a biopsy (n=10) and control group (n=10). The biopsy group underwent microaspiration biopsy using a micromanipulator to obtain a small tissue sample from the embryo. Both groups were then vitrified using a commercially available technique originally described by Carnevale (2006) at Colorado State \ University. All 20 embryos were cultured in DMEM/Hams F-12 medium under oil at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air (Hinrichs et al., 1990). Embryos were monitored for expansion and hatching. Embryo development was statistically different between the two groups (p<0.05). The biopsy procedure did result in a much lower development potential in the biopsy group as compared to the control group (20% vs. 80%). However, embryos in the biopsy group did show expansion and hatching therefore the combined procedure did not preclude development potential in vitro. Based on these findings, more research needs to be done to increase the success of the combined procedure and the ultimate viability of the embryos needs to be confirmed with the establishment of successful pregnancies.

<p>Background and Aims: While a single &ldquo / high quality&rdquo / oral liquid based cytology (LBC) study has shown a high sensitivity and specificity for the technique in detection of oral dysplasia and malignancy, the high unit cost of this technology cannot be borne by the developing African countries. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of an alternative cost-effective technique, Shandon PapSpin (PS) LBC in&nbsp / diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal dysplasia and malignancy. Materials and Methods.We compared the diagnostic accuracy of Shandon PS LBC with that of scalpel biopsy in 69 patients. Transepithelial cytology specimens were obtained using a cervical Cytobrush. The cytology specimens were graded and scored using a novel oral cytologic grading and scoring system respectively. Results: Histological diagnosis of dysplasia or invasive squamous cell carcinoma was made in 51 of the 69 cases. Histology confirmed the cytological diagnosis of dysplasia or malignancy in 49 of the 51 cases. There were two false negative and no false positive cases. The sensitivity was 96% and the specificity 100%. The cytologic grade correlated positively with histologic grade. The best cut off value for distinguishing reactive/mildly dysplastic lesions from high 9 grade/invasive squamous cell carcinoma was determined as a cytologic score of 3, representing a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 96%. Conclusion: The Shandon PS LBC in association with transepithelial brush biopsy technique (TBBT) is a highly sensitive, specific and economical screening test in detection of oral and oropharyngeal dysplasia and malignancy. The proposed oral cytologic grading system correlates well with histology. The novel oral cytologic scoring system shows promise as a simple, reliable and reproducible scoring system. In addition, the liquid residual allows for immunocytochemical (Podoplanin) testing.</p>