Thesis advisor: Lisa Feldman Barrett / A current debate ensues between the bivalent and the bipolar views of affect. This study has attempted to further support the side of bipolarity. The bipolar model of affective experience explains that affect is experienced along a single continuum and therefore a person processes only one feeling of affect at a time and cannot experience opposite states of affect simultaneously. I predicted that, in accordance with the bipolar model, participants would be unable to process semantic information from both positive and negative narratives at the same time in a dichotic listening. This inability would cause the participants to make shadowing errors when their attention shifted to the unattended channel as well as causing a vocal delay when the narratives switched auditory channels midway through the experiment. They would rate themselves in bipolar space throughout the experiment, but to then rate themselves in bivalent space when they made a summary judgment at the end of the experiment, since they are asked to combine their entire experience into a discreet rating. Twenty-one undergraduate students participated in a dichotic listening task while using the CTVG to continuously record their current state of affect in real time. The percent of errors made in shadowing, vocal delay, position on the grid for the summary judgments and the placement on the grid surrounding attention shifts were all measured. Results suggest that the structure of the affective experience follows the bipolar model. Implications of this research are discussed. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

The debate about grand strategy in the Second World War has scarcely ended even in the 21st Century. The present study examines the classical issue of the grand strategy in Europe and the anti-Hitler coalition as concerns the US-UK-Soviet exchange about the Second Front. The great phenomenon of the Second World War was the creation of an unprecedented military alliance between the western powers and the Soviet Union. Due to mutual antagonism the inter-Allied cooperation during the Second World War was very complicated and at times extremely tense. Perhaps the most acute disagreement in the relationship between the Allies was the "Second Front" controversy. Despite desperate Soviet demands to open the Second Front as soon as possible, the Western Allies launched a massive cross-channel operation in the northwestern Europe only in June 1944. This thesis analyses the reasons of why it took the western powers so long to organize and execute such an operation and its implications for the post-war order. The detailed analysis of the grand strategy during the Second World War is one of the ways to comprehend the violent 20th Century amid the carnage of the 21st Century and its own problems of grand strategy.

Oocytes of most species assemble and maintain a functional bipolar spindle in the absence of centrosomes. Strikingly, after bipolar spindle formation, oocytes arrest in metaphase for several hours before fertilisation. How the dynamic spindle maintains its bipolarity during this long arrest is poorly understood. I hypothesise that the bipolar spindle is stably maintained by changes in the distribution of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) on the spindle during the long oocyte arrest. To test this, I generated transgenic flies expressing GFP-tagged microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and found that 13 out of 24 proteins change localisation between early and late oocytes. I refer to these changes in MAP localisation after establishment of bipolarity as 'spindle maturation'. In order to identify the molecular mechanisms triggering MAP relocalisation, I manipulated the kinase activity of the cell cycle regulator Cdk1 by over-expressing non-degradable cyclin A or B, the major activators of Cdk1. Their expression prevented re-localisation of distinct sets of MAPs, and disrupted spindle bipolarity and accurate chromosome segregation in oocytes. Kinesin-6 Pavarotti/MKlp1 localised strongly to the spindle equator in late oocytes, whilst nearly always absent from this region in early oocytes. The localisation of Pavarotti to the spindle equator in late oocytes was reduced when cyclin B is over-expressed in oocytes, suggesting a role for Cdk1/cyclin B complex in regulating Pavarotti localisation. Indeed, a Pavarotti/Mklp1 mutant non-phosphorylatable by Cdk1 prematurely localised to the meiotic spindle and disrupted spindle bipolarity. Moreover, removal of Pavarotti from the metaphase-I spindle by RNAi induced spindle defects in oocytes. Therefore, it is likely that the microtubule cross-linking activity of Pavarotti enhances the stability of the metaphase-I spindle during the long arrest. Consistent with this, I found that the microtubule density in the spindle equator is higher in late oocytes. Altogether, I propose that remodelling the molecular architecture of the spindle during the long oocyte arrest is important to stabilise the bipolar spindle without centrosomes.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Daniel Moran. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-72). Also available online.

Tzvetan Todorov définit le fantastique comme étant le propre de la nouvelle et non pas de la poésie et c’est un genre qui se situerait entre l’étrange et le merveilleux. Pourtant la poésie baudelairienne semble déroger à cette règle, tant au niveau formel que thématique. Les Petits Poèmes en prose constituent un genre hybride entre le recueil de nouvelles et le recueil de poèmes. Dans Les Fleurs du mal, l’ordre des pièces obéit à la logique d’un récit. Quant aux traductions des œuvres d’Edgar Poe, Baudelaire y injecte de la poésie. Sur le plan thématique, les motifs fantastiques sont présents dans l’œuvre de Baudelaire de manière quasi-systématique. Certains d’entre eux prennent des formes singulières et insolites chez l’écrivain. Et par le fait qu’il exalte la bipolarité formelle et thématique, le romantisme baudelairien n’est pas sans nous rappeler la démarche hoffmannienne de l’écriture. Tout en gardant à l’esprit la théorie de Todorov, nous essayons, pas à pas, de démontrer l’existence d’un fantastique baudelairien dont semble même s’inspirer certaines œuvres cinématographiques. / Tzvetan Todorov defines the fantastic as being a genre at the interface between the strange and the wonderful, a genre characteristic of the novel but not of poetry. Baudelaire's poetry, however, seems to depart from this rule, both formally and thematically. The Little Poems in Prose is a hybrid between the collection of short stories and that of poetry. In The Flowers of Evil, the order of the plays obeys the logic of a narrative. As for the translations of the works of Edgar Allan Poe, Baudelaire indulged into poetry. Thematically, the fantastic patterns are present in Baudelaire's work almost systematically. Some of them are unique and unusual forms to the writer. Given that he exalts the formal and thematic bipolarity, Baudelaire’s romance is not reminiscent of Hoffman's approach to writing. Bearing in mind the theory of Todorov, we attempt, step by step to demonstrate the existence of a Baudelairean fantasy which seems to have inspired even some films.

La chute du mur de Berlin, fin 1989, marque l'ouverture au capitalisme et à l'économie de marché pour de nombreux pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. A l'enthousiasme succède la remise en cause de l'approche néoclassique des réformes. Le bilan de la privatisation est beaucoup moins satisfaisant que prévu ; les entreprises privatisées à l'Est ne se comportent pas comme des entreprises privées.Notre thèse s'intéresse aux comportements des acteurs économiques et plus particulièrement aux modalités et aux déterminants du changement comportemental, en vue de leur adaptation à une économie dite de marché, avec pour cas d'étude, les unités vinicoles roumaines.Nous proposons un modèle de la restructuration comportementale postsocialiste, qui intègre : (1) l'approche en termes de "restructuration comportementale", qui permet de dépasser la variable "propriété privée" comme seul déterminant des transformations microéconomiques ; (2) la théorie évolutionniste qui appréhende les comportements selon une approche dynamique ; (3) la grille "structures-comportements-performances" qui propose une classification des déterminants comportementaux et de leur interrelations et (4) les facteurs hérités du passé.Le modèle qualitatif résultant met en évidence une grande variété de trajectoires coexistantes, y compris celles des minifundia orientées vers l'autoconsommation, souvent négligées par les études sectorielles bien qu'occupant 70 % des surfaces viticoles. Notre modèle offre une explication de l'expansion post-1990 des hybrides, comme conséquence du développement de la trajectoire des minifundistes. Sa coexistence avec la trajectoire "minifundia Vitis vinifera" est déterminée par les facteurs hérités du passé. Conformément à la littérature, les modalités de gouvernance et le capital sont confirmés comme des déterminants discriminants de la nature des trajectoires des unités commerciales, avec un accent sur l'origine du capital.Outre l'intérêt du modèle pour une lecture des changements comportementaux en économie postsocialiste, mais aussi plus généralement en contexte de transformation systémique, notre travail invite à la prise en compte des logiques d'autoconsommation, aux côtés des logiques commerciales, lors de l'élaboration et de la mise en œuvre des politiques sectorielles. / The 1989 Berlin Wall fall opened the way to capitalism and market economy to many countries from East and Central Europe. The enthusiasm is followed by the questioning of the neoclassical approach to reform. The results of privatization are indeed much less satisfactory than expected; privatized enterprises in the East do not behave like private enterprises.Our thesis focuses on the economic agents' behaviour, and more especially on the ways and determinants of their behavioural change, to adapt to a so-called market economy, with the case study of the Romanian wine units.We propose a model of post-socialist behavioural restructuring, which includes:(1) an approach in terms of "behavioural restructuring," which goes beyond the "private property" as sole determinant of microeconomic transformations ; (2) the evolutionary theory that sees the behaviour as a dynamics ; (3) the "structure-conduct-performance" framework which proposes a classification of behavioural determinants and their interrelations ; (4) factors inherited from the past.The resulting qualitative model shows a variety of coexisting pathways, including those of self consumption oriented minifundia, often ignored by sector studies although they deal with 70% of the vineyard area.Our model provides an explanation of the post-1990 expansion of hybrids, as a result of development of the minifundia trajectory. Its coexistence with the "minifundia Vitis vinifera" path is determined by factors inherited from the past.According to literature, the governance structures and capital are confirmed as sound determinants of the commercial units' trajectories, with an emphasis on the origin of capital.Besides the interest of the model for an understanding of behavioral changes in post-socialist economy, but also more generally in the context of systemic transformations, our work calls for taking into account the subsistence units, along with commercial ones in the formulation and implementation of sector policies.

Bipolar affective disorder is a very dynamic disease, which is influenced by numerous factors. One of these factors is the age at onset. The age at onset of bipolar affective disorder may play a major role in its course, severity and number of relapses, number of hospitalizations or response to mood stabilizers. Other factors influenced by the age at onset are suicide thoughts or attempted suicide. The aim of this work is to investigate and demonstrate the effect of age of the first symptom on the course of bipolar disorder. In the framework of quantitative research, 116 respondents completed a questionnaire on the course of bipolar affective disorder. Early age at onset (≤ 19 years) correlated significantly with the longer interval between the first symptom and the visit to the doctor, the first symptom and the first diagnosis and the first symptom and the diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder. There were no statistically significant relationships between the age at onset and the number of hospitalizations or the severity of the disease. Although the effect of age at onset on the course and severity of the disease has not been proven, this area should be further explored as it may help to better management the treatment of the disorder.

The diploma thesis focuses on the period of the superpower rivalry of the Cold War, respectively, on the 1960's, and an interesting phenomenon of the intermediary role. At that time, Canada and Czechoslovakia took on tasks far beyond the importance of their bilateral relations with Cuba. They often made significant efforts and spent considerable resources. Furthermore, the work compares the nature of mediation of relations between Cuba and the great powers on the examples of these countries and tries to reveal their connections. More precisely, the work is interested in deciphering the motivations of Canada and Czechoslovakia for the initiative of the role of mediator between Cuba and the individual blocs. These states played this role in the relationship between Cuba and the Western countries in the case of Canada and Cuba and the Eastern bloc in the case of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The Kenneth Waltz's theoretical approach of bipolar equilibrium will be used and analyzed as one of the possible explanations. From a methodological point of view, the work uses the Mill's method of difference and comparative history. The work has also the ambition to contribute to an interesting topic that unjustly escapes the wider awareness of the general public. The main sources of data are secondary...

The Associação de Familiares, Amigos e Bipolares (AFAB) (Association of Family, Friends and Bipolars) is an extension project of the Federal University of Santa Maria/RS. AFAB was founded in 1997 as a nonprofit association that has as main objective to offer people with Bipolar Mood Disorder and their families a complementary therapeutic approach to the clinical treatment, which includes psychological, educational, cultural, family and social aspects with the aim of rehabilitating its participants psychosocially through comprehensive care. This qualitative study sought to understand the role of AFAB in the treatment and course of life of its members. Semi-structured interviews were performed with patients and their families and were analyzed using the method of categorical thematic content analysis. The benchmarks used were the pedagogical theories of Paulo Freire, the principles and guidelines of the National Humanization Policy, the model of health education through psychoeducation, and the prospects for empowerment of individuals. We analyzed three main issues of the interviews i) AFAB, history and meanings; ii) Bipolar Mood Disorder and its impact, and iii) Psychoeducation: health education and autonomy/citizenship. Based on these issues we inferred various categories that showed an influence of AFAB in improved self-esteem and quality of life of participants as well as an increase in their capacity for autonomy and empowerment. Furthermore, we observed an important role of AFAB in the learning process of its members, not only regarding health education to increase adherence to treatment, but also the development of skills that enabled a greater social impact and an improved worldview of their members. / A Associação de Familiares, Amigos e Bipolares (AFAB) é um projeto de extensão da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS). Foi fundada em 1997 como uma associação sem fins lucrativos, tendo como objetivo geral oferecer às pessoas portadoras de Transtorno Bipolar do Humor e a seus familiares uma abordagem terapêutica complementar ao tratamento clínico, que contemplasse aspectos psicológicos, educacionais, culturais, familiares e sociais, visando à reabilitação psicossocial de seus participantes, através da integralidade da atenção. O presente estudo qualitativo buscou compreender o significado da AFAB no tratamento e trajetória de vida de seus sócios. Para isto, foram feitas entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas, com usuários e familiares, as quais foram interpretadas pelo método de análise de conteúdo temática categorial. Os marcos referenciais utilizados foram: as teorias pedagógicas de Paulo Freire; os princípios e diretrizes da Política Nacional de Humanização; o modelo de educação em saúde através da psicoeducação; e, as perspectivas de empoderamento dos sujeitos. Extraíram-se das entrevistas três eixos temáticos: AFAB, história e significados; Transtorno Bipolar do Humor e suas repercussões; e, Psicoeducação: educação para a saúde e para a autonomia/cidadania. A partir destes eixos foi possível inferir diversas categorias que apontaram para uma influência da AFAB na melhora da autoestima e qualidade de vida dos participantes, assim como um aumento em suas capacidades de autonomia e empoderamento. Depreendeu-se, também, um papel relevante da AFAB na aprendizagem de seus sócios, tanto no sentido da educação em saúde, com o incremento na adesão ao tratamento, quanto no desenvolvimento de habilidades que propiciaram um maior alcance social e uma ampliação da visão de mundo de seus sócios.

Positive Clinical Psychology (PCP) argues that positive and negative psychological constructs are jointly important for explaining psychological problems. “Positive” constructs have been explicitly focused on by positive psychology researchers and “negative” constructs have been explicitly focused on by mental health researchers. This thesis examines the relationship between positive and negative constructs in relation to four psychological problems: depressive symptoms (Chapter 2), anxiety-problems (Chapter 3), suicide attempts (SAs) (Chapter 4 and 5), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) (Chapter 4 and 5). Clarifying how psychological problems are most appropriately conceptualised has implications for definitions, diagnostic criteria, measurement, and clinical interventions. This thesis provides evidence that some constructs form bipolar continua, having a positive pole and a negative pole, whilst other constructs do not. Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrate that well-being and calmness respectively form continua with depressive and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrate that SA and NSSI cognitions do not form a continuum with another construct. Results indicate that positive and negative constructs appear to have different relationships to one-another depending on the construct under investigation. Constructs that are common in the general population – such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, well-being symptoms, and calmness symptoms – appear to be bipolar, having a positive and a negative pole. Psychological constructs that are rare in the general population and which specifically characterise psychological problems (rather than being an extreme manifestation of a common psychological experience) – such as SA and NSSI cognitions – appear to be unipolar. The replication of scientific findings also features strongly throughout this thesis. Each chapter may therefore have a timely bearing on the emerging “replication crisis” literature.