Introdução: Estudos epidemiologicos sugerem que a exposicao intra-uterina a agravos como desnutricao, hiperglicemia ou hipercortisolemia durante periodos criticos do desenvolvimento leva a alteracoes metabolicas e endocrinas que persistem na vida adulta, fenomeno denominado de Programação Fetal das Doenças. Objetivos: Avaliar a relacao entre peso ao nascer (PN) com os valores atuais de pressao arterial, medidas antropometricas e de composicao corporal. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo utilizando dados de RONDO (2003) em Jundiai-SP. No seguimento da coorte, avaliou-se 472 criancas, atualmente com idade de 5 a 8 anos. Avaliacoes clinicas consistiram em: medida de pressao arterial (PA), peso (P) e estatura (E) e dosagens bioquimicas: colesterol total (CT), LDL colesterol (LDLc) e HDL colesterol (HDLc) e triglicerides(TG). A composicao corporal foi avaliada pela prega cutanea triciptal (PCT) e subescapular (PCS), circunferencia braquial (CB) e da cintura (CC), area gordurosa do braco (AGB) e area muscular do braco (AMB) e indice de massa corporal para a idade (IMC). Avaliaram-se as condicoes socioeconomicas e demograficas em entrevista domiciliar. Para determinacao de associacao entre variaveis continuas, utilizou-se o teste de Correlacao de Pearson. Para variaveis categoricas, utilizou-se o teste do quiquadrado; e teste “t" de Student para comparacao de medias. Utilizaram-se modelos de regressao linear multipla para investigar as relacoes entre as variaveis independentes: PN e comprimento ao nascer (CN) e as variaveis dependentes: IMC, CC, AGB, pressao arterial sistolica (PAS) e pressao arterial diastolica (PAD), controlando-se os fatores de confusao (sexo, idade, IMC, colesterol total, HDL-c, renda per capita e escolaridade)Resultados: A media de idade foi de 78,9}7,9 meses, sendo que 53,81% das criancas eram do sexo feminino. As prevalencias de desnutricao, risco de sobrepeso e de sobrepeso foram de 9,53%, 14,19% e 8,47%, respectivamente. A prevalencia de criancas com pressao arterial sistolica &#8805;95 foi alta (35,16%) e a de pressao arterial diastolica &#8805;95 foi de 5,09%. Em relacao a analise bioquimica, 17,16% (n=81) das criancas apresentaram HDLc reduzido. Destas, a maior parte (22,83%) eram do sexo feminino. O PN mostrou uma correlacao positiva com AGB e IMC (p<0.001). As PAS e PAD correlacionaram-se positivamente com IMC e AGB (p<0.001). Na regressao multipla, ao incluir a variavel IMC, observou-se associacao inversa significante entre PN e pressao arterial sistolica. Nao houve associacao significante entre PN e pressao diastolica e entre CN e PAS e PAD. Conclusões: A relacao inversa entre PN com pressao arterial sistolica, a relacao direta da pressao arterial com IMC e massas de gordura e muscular e a elevada prevalencia de risco de sobrepeso/sobrepeso justificam o controle do estado nutricional de criancas desde o periodo fetal e a vigilancia de medidas da pressao arterial na rotina pediatrica. / Introduction: Epidemiological studies suggest that intra-utero exposure to malnutrition, hyperglycemia or hypercortisolemia during critical periods of development leads tometabolic and endocrinological changes that will be expressed in adult life, a condition known as “Fetal Programming". Objectives: To assess the relationship between birth weight (BW) and blood pressure, anthropometric and body composition measurements. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study based on RONDO (2003) data, involving 472 children, aging 5 – 8 years, from Jundiai, Sao Paulo. Clinical evaluation included blood pressure (BP), weight (W), height (H) and body mass index (BMI) to age. Body composition: tricipital (TSF) and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference (WC), fat mid-upper arm area (FMUAA) and muscle mid-upper arm area (MMUAA). The following elements were determined by biochemical analysis: total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDLc), HDLcholesterol (HDLc) and triglycerides (TG). Household interview included data about socioeconomic and demographic conditions. In order to check the association among continuous variables, “Pearson correlation test" was performed. “Chi-square" and “tstudent" tests were also performed for categorical variables in order to compare means. Linear regression models were applied to investigate the relationship among independent variables (BW and birth length – BL) and dependent variables (W, S, BMI, WC, FMUAA, systolic blood pressure – SBP and diastolic blood pressure – DBP), controlling for confounders such as gender, age, BMI, total cholesterol, HLD-c, per capita income and escolarity. Results: Mean age was 78,9 + 7,9 months; 53,81% of the children were female. The prevalences of malnutrition, risk of overweight and overweight were 9.53%, 14,19% and 8.47%, respectively. The prevalence of children with a SBP &#8805; the 95 centile was high (35.16%) and 5.09% of the children had a DBP &#8805; the 95 centile. Eight one (17.16%) of the children had low HDL-c; from those, 22,83% were female. BW was positively correlated with FMUAA and BMI (p < 0.001). SBP and DBP were positive correlated with BMI and FMUAA (p < 0.001). In the final linear regression model, adjusted for BMI, it was noticed a significant inverse relationship between BW and SBP. There were no statistically significant associations between BW and DBP and between BL and systolic and diastolic pressures. Conclusions: The inverse relationship between BW with actual SBP, the straight relationship of BP with fat and muscle mass and BMI, and the high prevalence of the risk of overweight/overweight, justify the control of the nutritional status of children since the fetal period and the monitoring of BP measurements in the pediatric routine.

Introdução: Estudos epidemiologicos sugerem que a exposicao intra-uterina a agravos como desnutricao, hiperglicemia ou hipercortisolemia durante periodos criticos do desenvolvimento leva a alteracoes metabolicas e endocrinas que persistem na vida adulta, fenomeno denominado de Programação Fetal das Doenças. Objetivos: Avaliar a relacao entre peso ao nascer (PN) com os valores atuais de pressao arterial, medidas antropometricas e de composicao corporal. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo utilizando dados de RONDO (2003) em Jundiai-SP. No seguimento da coorte, avaliou-se 472 criancas, atualmente com idade de 5 a 8 anos. Avaliacoes clinicas consistiram em: medida de pressao arterial (PA), peso (P) e estatura (E) e dosagens bioquimicas: colesterol total (CT), LDL colesterol (LDLc) e HDL colesterol (HDLc) e triglicerides(TG). A composicao corporal foi avaliada pela prega cutanea triciptal (PCT) e subescapular (PCS), circunferencia braquial (CB) e da cintura (CC), area gordurosa do braco (AGB) e area muscular do braco (AMB) e indice de massa corporal para a idade (IMC). Avaliaram-se as condicoes socioeconomicas e demograficas em entrevista domiciliar. Para determinacao de associacao entre variaveis continuas, utilizou-se o teste de Correlacao de Pearson. Para variaveis categoricas, utilizou-se o teste do quiquadrado; e teste “t” de Student para comparacao de medias. Utilizaram-se modelos de regressao linear multipla para investigar as relacoes entre as variaveis independentes: PN e comprimento ao nascer (CN) e as variaveis dependentes: IMC, CC, AGB, pressao arterial sistolica (PAS) e pressao arterial diastolica (PAD), controlando-se os fatores de confusao (sexo, idade, IMC, colesterol total, HDL-c, renda per capita e escolaridade)Resultados: A media de idade foi de 78,9}7,9 meses, sendo que 53,81% das criancas eram do sexo feminino. As prevalencias de desnutricao, risco de sobrepeso e de sobrepeso foram de 9,53%, 14,19% e 8,47%, respectivamente. A prevalencia de criancas com pressao arterial sistolica &#8805;95 foi alta (35,16%) e a de pressao arterial diastolica &#8805;95 foi de 5,09%. Em relacao a analise bioquimica, 17,16% (n=81) das criancas apresentaram HDLc reduzido. Destas, a maior parte (22,83%) eram do sexo feminino. O PN mostrou uma correlacao positiva com AGB e IMC (p<0.001). As PAS e PAD correlacionaram-se positivamente com IMC e AGB (p<0.001). Na regressao multipla, ao incluir a variavel IMC, observou-se associacao inversa significante entre PN e pressao arterial sistolica. Nao houve associacao significante entre PN e pressao diastolica e entre CN e PAS e PAD. Conclusões: A relacao inversa entre PN com pressao arterial sistolica, a relacao direta da pressao arterial com IMC e massas de gordura e muscular e a elevada prevalencia de risco de sobrepeso/sobrepeso justificam o controle do estado nutricional de criancas desde o periodo fetal e a vigilancia de medidas da pressao arterial na rotina pediatrica. / Introduction: Epidemiological studies suggest that intra-utero exposure to malnutrition, hyperglycemia or hypercortisolemia during critical periods of development leads tometabolic and endocrinological changes that will be expressed in adult life, a condition known as “Fetal Programming”. Objectives: To assess the relationship between birth weight (BW) and blood pressure, anthropometric and body composition measurements. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study based on RONDO (2003) data, involving 472 children, aging 5 – 8 years, from Jundiai, Sao Paulo. Clinical evaluation included blood pressure (BP), weight (W), height (H) and body mass index (BMI) to age. Body composition: tricipital (TSF) and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference (WC), fat mid-upper arm area (FMUAA) and muscle mid-upper arm area (MMUAA). The following elements were determined by biochemical analysis: total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDLc), HDLcholesterol (HDLc) and triglycerides (TG). Household interview included data about socioeconomic and demographic conditions. In order to check the association among continuous variables, “Pearson correlation test” was performed. “Chi-square” and “tstudent” tests were also performed for categorical variables in order to compare means. Linear regression models were applied to investigate the relationship among independent variables (BW and birth length – BL) and dependent variables (W, S, BMI, WC, FMUAA, systolic blood pressure – SBP and diastolic blood pressure – DBP), controlling for confounders such as gender, age, BMI, total cholesterol, HLD-c, per capita income and escolarity. Results: Mean age was 78,9 + 7,9 months; 53,81% of the children were female. The prevalences of malnutrition, risk of overweight and overweight were 9.53%, 14,19% and 8.47%, respectively. The prevalence of children with a SBP &#8805; the 95 centile was high (35.16%) and 5.09% of the children had a DBP &#8805; the 95 centile. Eight one (17.16%) of the children had low HDL-c; from those, 22,83% were female. BW was positively correlated with FMUAA and BMI (p < 0.001). SBP and DBP were positive correlated with BMI and FMUAA (p < 0.001). In the final linear regression model, adjusted for BMI, it was noticed a significant inverse relationship between BW and SBP. There were no statistically significant associations between BW and DBP and between BL and systolic and diastolic pressures. Conclusions: The inverse relationship between BW with actual SBP, the straight relationship of BP with fat and muscle mass and BMI, and the high prevalence of the risk of overweight/overweight, justify the control of the nutritional status of children since the fetal period and the monitoring of BP measurements in the pediatric routine.

Abstract The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort is an unselected, population-based sample of 12,058 live born children. The present study is based on 10,934 individuals living in Finland at the age of 16 years. Ninety-six research diagnoses fulfilling operational DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia by age 34 years were found in the reassessment of clinical diagnoses. Of these 96 cases, 55 (57%) had concordant diagnoses (both the clinical and research diagnosis was schizophrenia) and 41 (43%) had discordant diagnoses (the clinical diagnosis was other than schizophrenia). Diagnostic discordance was associated with low parental social class in 1980, later age at onset, comorbid diagnosis of mental retardation, shorter treatment periods and lower number of treatment episodes. Unwanted pregnancy and parental history of psychosis increased the risk for schizophrenia. The combination of unwantedness of pregnancy and parental history of psychosis elevated the risk of schizophrenia over 8-fold in offspring compared to those without either risk factor. Both low and high birth weight increased the risk of later schizophrenia. Both short and tall babies also had elevated risk. A reverse J-shape curve described the associations between birth weight, length and schizophrenia. The ages when cohort members learned to stand, walk and became potty-trained were related to subsequent incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Earlier milestones reduced and later milestones increased the risk in a linear manner. In conclusion, these results indicate that schizophrenia has complex phenomenology and developmental pathways. Its multiple symptomatology with no single specific defining feature and no absolute validation criteria makes the phenomenological-based diagnosis of schizophrenia challenging. Unwanted pregnancy may act as an additive factor for subjects already vulnerable to schizophrenia and psychoses may have a developmental dimension expressed as deviant foetal development and delayed milestones. These results support the neurodevelopmental theory suggesting that schizophrenia results from small developmental deviances with origins very early in development. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia skitsofrenian diagnostiikan osuvuuteen liittyviä tekijöitä sekä raskauden ei-toivottavuuden, lapsen syntymäpainon ja -pituuden ja skitsofrenian sekä varhaislapsuuden kehityksen ja skitsofrenian ja muiden psykoosien välistä yhteyttä. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortti on prospektiivinen, epidemiologinen seurantatutkimus, johon kuuluu 12,058 vuonna1966 syntynyttä lasta. Prospektiivista tietoa on kerätty raskaudesta alkaen elinolosuhteista, elintavoista ja perheestä ja perimästä. Tämä tutkimus perustuu 10,934 henkilöön, jotka ovat asuneet 16-vuotiaana Suomessa eivätkä ole kieltäneet tietojensa käyttämistä tutkimukseen. Kliinisten diagnoosien uudelleen arvioinnissa DSM-III-R:n kriteerit täyttäviä skitsofreniatapauksia 34 ikävuoteen mennessä todettiin 96. Näistä 96 tapauksesta myös 55:n (57&#160;%) kliininen diagnoosi oli skitsofrenia ja 41:n (43&#160;%) kliininen diagnoosi oli muu kuin skitsofrenia. Diagnostiikan epätarkkuus liittyi matalaan sosiaaliluokkaan vuonna 1980, myöhäiseen sairastumisikään, samanaikaiseen kehitysvamma-diagnoosiin, lyhyisiin hoitoaikoihin ja vähäiseen hoitojaksojen määrään. Ei-toivottu raskaus yhdessä vanhemman psykoosisairauden kanssa lisäsi lapsen skitsofrenian riskiä yli 8-kertaiseksi. Matala ja korkea syntymäpaino lisäsivät skitsofrenian riskiä kaksinkertaiseksi ja samansuuruinen riskin kasvu havaittiin myös lapsilla, jotka olivat syntyessään lyhyitä tai pitkiä. J-muotoinen yhteys havaittiin syntymäpainon ja -pituuden sekä skitsofrenian riskin välillä. Ikä, jolloin lapsi oppi seisomaan, kävelemään ja kuivaksi, liittyi myöhempään skitsofreniaan ja sairastumiseen muihin psykooseihin. Varhainen oppiminen laski ja myöhäinen kehitys kohotti riskiä sairastua lineaarisesti. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että skitsofrenia on monimuotoinen kliininen oireyhtymä, mikä tekee diagnostiikan haastavaksi. Raskauden ei-toivottavuus liittyneenä vanhemman psykoosisairauteen lisää lapsen skitsofrenian riskiä. Myös poikkeava syntymäpaino ja -pituus lisäävät skitsofrenian riskiä. Psykooseihin voi liittyä kehityksellinen dimensio, joka ilmenee viivästyneenä kehityksenä.

Introdução - Os hábitos alimentares e os nutrientes da via metabólica do folato e homocisteína possuem grande importância na manutenção da saúde. Objetivo - Investigar a relação entre padrões alimentares (PAs) e os nutrientes envolvidos nessa via metabólica, com medidas antropométricas do recém-nascido, duração da infecção por HPV em homens e concentrações de homocisteína (Hcy) em adultos. Métodos - Foram utilizados dados dos estudos de coorte ProcriAr (Influência dos fatores nutricionais e poluentes atmosféricos urbanos na saúde pulmonar de crianças: um estudo de coorte com gestantes da zona oeste do município de São Paulo, n=299); e HIM (História natural da infecção por HPV em homens, n=1.194); e do estudo transversal ISA-Capital 2008 (Inquérito de saúde do estado de São Paulo, n=281). Os padrões alimentares foram derivados por análise fatorial por componentes principais nos estudos ProcriAr e ISA-Capital 2008 e utilizando reduced rank regression (RRR) no estudo HIM. Modelos multivariados de regressão de Poisson e lineares foram utilizados nos estudos ProcriAr e HIM para identificar a relação entre PAs e medidas antropométricas do recém-nascido e duração da infecção por HPV em homens, respectivamente. Utilizando modelo de equação estrutural, investigou-se a relação entre PAs, concentrações bioquímicas de folato, vitamina B12 e ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) e concentrações de homocisteína em adultos do estudo ISA-Capital, considerando polimorfismo da enzima metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR 677C>T). Os três estudos utilizaram questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliação do consumo alimentar. Resultados - No estudo ProcriAr, a maior adesão materna ao PA \"Snacks, sanduíches, doces e refrigerantes\", rico em energia, gordura, e folato sintético, esteve diretamente associada a ter um filho pequeno ao nascer (peso e/ou comprimento ao nascer, ajustado pela idade gestacional, abaixo do percentil 10 - INTERGOWTH-21st) (RR: 2,01; IC 95%: 1.13-3.57). No estudo HIM, homens com maior adesão ao \"PA3\" tiveram, em média, um aumento de 1,15 (IC95% 0,09-2,21) à 1,18 (IC95% 0,11-2,24) meses na duração da infecção por HPV. O \"PA3\" esteve positivamente correlacionado com vitamina B6 (r = 0,59), vitamina B12 (0,27) e DFE (0,07) e negativamente correlacionado com DHA (-0,37). No estudo ISA-Capital o PA \"Prudente\" esteve inversamente associado à concentração de Hcy (&#946; = -0,12). O DHA esteve diretamente associado ao PA \"Prudente\"; composto por verduras e legumes, peixe, frutas, frango, suco natural e batata/mandioca/polenta (cozida ou assada). Conclusões - Os PAs estão associados às medidas antropométricas do recém-nascido, à duração da infecção por HPV em homens e às concentrações de homocisteína em adultos. Estes resultados reforçam a importância de estudos sobre alimentação e nutrição que considerem não somente nutrientes, mas principalmente o consumo de alimentos e suas combinações, servindo como base para a elaboração de estratégias e políticas públicas de promoção à saúde. / Introduction - The dietary habits and nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism are of great importance in health. Objective - To investigate the relationship between dietary patterns (DP) and the nutrients involved in this metabolism, with newborn\'s anthropometric measurements, duration of HPV infection in men, and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in adults. Methods - Data from the cohort studies ProcriAr (Influence of nutritional factors and urban air pollutants on the pulmonary health of children: a cohort study with pregnant women from the western region of the city of São Paulo, n=299); and HIM (Natural history of HPV infection in men, n=1,194); and the cross-sectional study ISA-Capital 2008 (São Paulo State Health Survey, n=281) were used. The DP were estimated using factor analysis with principal component\'s estimation in ProcriAr and ISA-Capital 2008 studies and using reduced rank regression (RRR) in HIM study. Multivariate Poisson and linear regression models were used in the ProcriAr and HIM studies to identify the relationship between DP and newborn\'s anthropometric measurements and duration of HPV infection in men, respectively. Using a structural equation model, the relationship between DP, biochemical levels of folate, vitamin B12 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and homocysteine levels was investigated in adults from the ISA-Capital 2008 study, considering the polymorphism of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C>T). The three studies used a food frequency questionnaire to evaluate dietary intake. Results - In the ProcriAr study, the higher maternal adherence to the \"Snacks, sandwiches, sweets and soft drinks\" DP, which is a DP rich in energy, fat, and synthetic folate, was directly associated with having a child small at birth (weight and/or birth length by gestational age and sex below the 10th percentile - INTERGOWTH-21st) (RR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.13-3.57). In the HIM study, men with higher adherence to \"DP3\" had, on average, an increase from 1.15 (95% CI 0.09-2.21) to 1.18 (95% CI 0.11-2.24) months in the duration of HPV infection. \"DP3\" was positively correlated with vitamin B6 (r = 0.59), vitamin B12 (0.27) and DFE (0.07) and negatively correlated with DHA (-0.37). In the ISA-Capital study, the \"Prudent\" DP was inversely associated with Hcy levels (&#946; = -0.12). DHA was directly associated with \"Prudent\" DP; composed of vegetables, fish, fruits, chicken, natural juice and potato/cassava/polenta (cooked or roasted). Conclusions - Dietary patterns are associated with newborn\'s anthropometric measurements, duration of HPV infection in men, and Hcy levels in adults. These results reinforce the importance of studies on food and nutrition that consider not only nutrients, but mainly the consumption of foods and their combinations, serving as a basis for the elaboration of public health promotion strategies and policies.