Esta tese tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologias eficientes e de baixo custo para ajustar as propriedades elétricas de OFETs de canal p e de canal n, a fim de possibilitar a fabricação do circuito complementar orgânico, semelhante a uma estrutura CMOS. O desempenho do circuito complementar fabricado foi otimizado, e também foi confeccionado por impressão um OFETs de canal operando em baixas tensões. Para a fabricação do CMOS orgânico foi proposto um método baseado na seleção adequada do solvente da camada dielétrica para ajustar o desempenho elétrico dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n. Os solventes, MEK, nBA e DMSO foram selecionados para a dissolução do PMMA por apresentarem diferenças nos valores de momento de dipolo, de ponto de ebulição e de graus de ortogonalidade em relação as camadas semicondutoras de P3HT e de P(NDI2OD-T2) dos OFETs. A análise dos resultados dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n demonstrou que a metodologia proposta é adequada tanto para o ajuste das propriedades elétricas destes dispositivos quanto para a otimização do desempenho dos mesmos. Os melhores desempenhos elétricos para os OFETs de canal p e de canal n foram obtidos quando utilizados o DMSO e o MEK como solventes do PMMA, respectivamente, devido à perfeita ortogonalidade destes solventes em relação às camadas semicondutoras. Os OFETs de canal p que utilizaram o DMSO e os OFETs de canal n que utilizaram o nBA foram os que apresentaram desempenhos elétricos semelhantes, sendo portanto aplicados na fabricação do CMOS. Valores de ganho entre 6,8 e 7,8 e de margem de ruído entre 28,3 V e 34,5 V foram obtidos para inversores complementares fabricados nesta etapa do trabalho. OFETs de canal p utilizando uma blenda de PTAA: diF TES ADT como camada semicondutora, o PEDOT:PSS como eletrodos dreno/fonte e o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) como camada dielétrica também foram fabricados neste trabalho. A técnica de blade-coating foi utilizada para a deposição dos eletrodos dreno/fonte e da camada semicondutora, ao passo que a técnica de spray-coating foi utilizada para a deposição da camada dielétrica. Da análise dos resultados foi possível inferir que a utilização de um dielétrico com elevada constante dielétrica (K), como o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE), possibilita o funcionamento dos transistores a baixas tensões (≤ 8 V), porém com valores de mobilidade reduzidos devido à elevada desordem dipolar na interface provocada por este dielétrico. Para minimizar esses efeitos, uma fina camada de um polímero fluorado foi depositada entre a camada semicondutora e a dielétrica pela técnica de blade-coating, constituindo assim uma bicamada dielétrica nos OFETs. Dos resultados das medidas elétricas dos OFETs constituídos pela bicamada dielétrica foi observada permanência do funcionamento destes dispositivos a tensões inferiores a 8 V com desempenho elétricos superiores a resultados já publicados na literatura. Por fim, inversores lógicos unipolares com transistores de carga foram fabricados com os OFETs que utilizaram a bicamada dielétrica, sendo obtidos valores de ganho entre 1,2 e 1,6 e de margem de ruído entre 56% e 68,5% de ½ VDD. / This thesis aimed to develop an efficient and low cost method to adjust the electrical properties of p- and n-channel OFETs to allow us to build an organic CMOS and the optimization of printed p-channel OFETs to work at low voltages. We proposed a method to fabricate the organic CMOS, based on the careful selection of dielectric solvent, which was adjusted to obtain the best performance of p- and n-channel OFETs. The dielectric solvents as MEK, nBA and DMSO were selected to dissolve the PMMA dielectric polymer due their different physical properties as dipole moment and boiling point and because they showed slightly different degrees of orthogonality to the P3HT and P(NDI2OD-T2) semiconductor layers of the OFETs. The results showed that the careful selection of the dielectric solvent not only allows to tune the electrical characteristics of the p- and n-channel OFETs, but also to improve the performance of these devices. The best performances were achieved when DMSO and MEK were used as dielectric solvents of the p and n-channel OFETs, respectively, as result of the perfectly orthogonality of these solvents to the semiconductor layers. P-channel OFETs using DMSO and n-channel OFETs using nBA showed similar electrical characteristics and thus, they were used to construct the organic CMOS. The organic complementary inverters showed high gain and noise margin values in the range of 6,8 to 7,8 and 28,3 V to 34,5 V, respectively. Printed p-channel OFETs were also fabricated, in which the blend PTAA:diF TES ADT was used as semiconductor channel, PEDOT:PSS as the drain/source electrodes and P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as the dielectric layer. The blade-coating technique was used to deposit the source/drain electrodes and the semiconductor layer, while the spray-coating technique was used to deposit the dielectric layer. It was observed that using high-k dielectric as P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) enable to reduce the operating voltage of the OFETs (≤8 V), however, this high-k dielectric also reduced the field effect mobility due the dipolar disorder at the semiconductor/dielectric interface. To minimize the dipolar issue at the interface, we inserted a thin fluoropolymer dielectric layer by blade-coating between the semiconductor and the high-k dielectric layers, thus constituting a dielectric bilayer on the OFETs. From the electrical measurements of the OFETs with the dielectric bilayer, it was observed that the devices were still working at 8 V and they also showed better performance in comparison to results already published. Finally, organic unipolar inverters with load transistors were fabricated using the p-channel OFETs with the dielectric bilayer and they showed reasonable performance, with gain and noise margin in the range of 1,2 to 1,6 and 56% e 68,5% of ½ VDD, respectively.

The tips of unshrouded, high-pressure turbine blades are prone to significantly high heat loads. The gap between the tip and over-tip casing is the root cause of undesirable over-tip leakage flow that is directly responsible for high thermal material degradation and is a major source of aerodynamic loss within a turbine. Both must be minimised for the safe working and improved performance of future gas-turbines. A joint experimental and numerical study is presented to understand and characterise the heat transfer and aerodynamics of unshrouded blade tips. The investigation is undertaken with the use of a squealer or cavity tip design, known for offering the best overall compromise between the tip aerodynamics, heat transfer and mechanical stress. Since there is a lack of understanding of these tips at engine-realistic conditions, the present study comprises of a detailed analysis using a high-speed linear cascade and computational simulations. The aero-thermal performance is studied to provide a better insight into the behaviour of squealer tips, the effects of casing movement and tip cooling. The linear cascade environment has proved beneficial for its offering of spatially-resolved data maps and its ability to validate computational results. Due to the unknown tip gap height within an entire engine cycle, the effects of gap height are assessed. The squealer's aero-thermal performance has been shown to be linked with the gap height, and qualitative different trends in heat transfer are established between low-speed and high-speed tip flow regimes. To the author's knowledge, the present work is the first of its kind, providing comprehensive aero-thermal experimental research and a dataset for a squealer tip at engine-representative transonic conditions. It is also unique in terms of conducting direct and systematic validations of a major industrial computational fluid dynamics method for aero-thermal performance prediction of squealer tips at enginerepresentative transonic conditions. Finally, after recognising the highest heat loads are found on the squealer rims, a novel shaped squealer tip has been investigated to help improve the thermal performance of the squealer with a goal to improve its durability. It has been discovered that a seven percent reduction in tip temperature can be achieved through incorporating a shaped squealer and maximising the internal cooling performance.

Esta tese tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologias eficientes e de baixo custo para ajustar as propriedades elétricas de OFETs de canal p e de canal n, a fim de possibilitar a fabricação do circuito complementar orgânico, semelhante a uma estrutura CMOS. O desempenho do circuito complementar fabricado foi otimizado, e também foi confeccionado por impressão um OFETs de canal operando em baixas tensões. Para a fabricação do CMOS orgânico foi proposto um método baseado na seleção adequada do solvente da camada dielétrica para ajustar o desempenho elétrico dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n. Os solventes, MEK, nBA e DMSO foram selecionados para a dissolução do PMMA por apresentarem diferenças nos valores de momento de dipolo, de ponto de ebulição e de graus de ortogonalidade em relação as camadas semicondutoras de P3HT e de P(NDI2OD-T2) dos OFETs. A análise dos resultados dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n demonstrou que a metodologia proposta é adequada tanto para o ajuste das propriedades elétricas destes dispositivos quanto para a otimização do desempenho dos mesmos. Os melhores desempenhos elétricos para os OFETs de canal p e de canal n foram obtidos quando utilizados o DMSO e o MEK como solventes do PMMA, respectivamente, devido à perfeita ortogonalidade destes solventes em relação às camadas semicondutoras. Os OFETs de canal p que utilizaram o DMSO e os OFETs de canal n que utilizaram o nBA foram os que apresentaram desempenhos elétricos semelhantes, sendo portanto aplicados na fabricação do CMOS. Valores de ganho entre 6,8 e 7,8 e de margem de ruído entre 28,3 V e 34,5 V foram obtidos para inversores complementares fabricados nesta etapa do trabalho. OFETs de canal p utilizando uma blenda de PTAA: diF TES ADT como camada semicondutora, o PEDOT:PSS como eletrodos dreno/fonte e o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) como camada dielétrica também foram fabricados neste trabalho. A técnica de blade-coating foi utilizada para a deposição dos eletrodos dreno/fonte e da camada semicondutora, ao passo que a técnica de spray-coating foi utilizada para a deposição da camada dielétrica. Da análise dos resultados foi possível inferir que a utilização de um dielétrico com elevada constante dielétrica (K), como o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE), possibilita o funcionamento dos transistores a baixas tensões (≤ 8 V), porém com valores de mobilidade reduzidos devido à elevada desordem dipolar na interface provocada por este dielétrico. Para minimizar esses efeitos, uma fina camada de um polímero fluorado foi depositada entre a camada semicondutora e a dielétrica pela técnica de blade-coating, constituindo assim uma bicamada dielétrica nos OFETs. Dos resultados das medidas elétricas dos OFETs constituídos pela bicamada dielétrica foi observada permanência do funcionamento destes dispositivos a tensões inferiores a 8 V com desempenho elétricos superiores a resultados já publicados na literatura. Por fim, inversores lógicos unipolares com transistores de carga foram fabricados com os OFETs que utilizaram a bicamada dielétrica, sendo obtidos valores de ganho entre 1,2 e 1,6 e de margem de ruído entre 56% e 68,5% de ½ VDD. / This thesis aimed to develop an efficient and low cost method to adjust the electrical properties of p- and n-channel OFETs to allow us to build an organic CMOS and the optimization of printed p-channel OFETs to work at low voltages. We proposed a method to fabricate the organic CMOS, based on the careful selection of dielectric solvent, which was adjusted to obtain the best performance of p- and n-channel OFETs. The dielectric solvents as MEK, nBA and DMSO were selected to dissolve the PMMA dielectric polymer due their different physical properties as dipole moment and boiling point and because they showed slightly different degrees of orthogonality to the P3HT and P(NDI2OD-T2) semiconductor layers of the OFETs. The results showed that the careful selection of the dielectric solvent not only allows to tune the electrical characteristics of the p- and n-channel OFETs, but also to improve the performance of these devices. The best performances were achieved when DMSO and MEK were used as dielectric solvents of the p and n-channel OFETs, respectively, as result of the perfectly orthogonality of these solvents to the semiconductor layers. P-channel OFETs using DMSO and n-channel OFETs using nBA showed similar electrical characteristics and thus, they were used to construct the organic CMOS. The organic complementary inverters showed high gain and noise margin values in the range of 6,8 to 7,8 and 28,3 V to 34,5 V, respectively. Printed p-channel OFETs were also fabricated, in which the blend PTAA:diF TES ADT was used as semiconductor channel, PEDOT:PSS as the drain/source electrodes and P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as the dielectric layer. The blade-coating technique was used to deposit the source/drain electrodes and the semiconductor layer, while the spray-coating technique was used to deposit the dielectric layer. It was observed that using high-k dielectric as P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) enable to reduce the operating voltage of the OFETs (≤8 V), however, this high-k dielectric also reduced the field effect mobility due the dipolar disorder at the semiconductor/dielectric interface. To minimize the dipolar issue at the interface, we inserted a thin fluoropolymer dielectric layer by blade-coating between the semiconductor and the high-k dielectric layers, thus constituting a dielectric bilayer on the OFETs. From the electrical measurements of the OFETs with the dielectric bilayer, it was observed that the devices were still working at 8 V and they also showed better performance in comparison to results already published. Finally, organic unipolar inverters with load transistors were fabricated using the p-channel OFETs with the dielectric bilayer and they showed reasonable performance, with gain and noise margin in the range of 1,2 to 1,6 and 56% e 68,5% of ½ VDD, respectively.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-13T16:26:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadilson de Araujo Silva.pdf: 1354251 bytes, checksum: a051656805c0d4274e5b9a9651d266a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T16:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadilson de Araujo Silva.pdf: 1354251 bytes, checksum: a051656805c0d4274e5b9a9651d266a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 / In the Agreste of Pernambuco, Brazil, although many forage species are used in the pastures formation, such as pangola grass (Digitaria pentzi Stent.), sabi grass [Urochloa mosambicensis (Hackel) Dandy] and the capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton Doell), there are few studies on the growth and productive responses in these plants when managed under grazing. Such studies are of great importance because it represents the starting point for understanding the responses of these plants, as well as its adaptive mechanisms, the management of pasture and semiarid environment. The objective of this study was evaluate the structural characteristics and animal performance on pasture deferred formed by grass aforementioned under nitrogen fertilization (0, 80 and 100 kg / ha) and managed under intermittent grazing in semiarid Agreste of Pernambuco. The grazing cycle was 42 days, with 14 days of grazing and 28 days of rest. The animals used in the experiment were sheep with average live weight of 25 kg. The experimental design was randomized block with split plots. In the pre-grazing, the capim-de-raiz presented had higher total forage density (102.30 kg DM/cm/ha) than the sabi grass (73.86 kg DM/cm/ha). For total forage mass and leaf blades mass, the sabi grass had lower forage and leaf blades mass (4257.67 and 1572.00 kg DM/ha) than the pangola grass (6185.48 and 2371.57 kg DM/ha) and capim-de-raiz (6153.92 and 2181.50 kg DM/ha). Regarding the effect of N levels on the structural characteristics of the pre-grazing, it was found that nitrogen fertilization of 80 kg/ha/year resulted in a smaller pasture height, greater total forage and leaf blades mass, as well as higher total forage density. In the post-grazing, forage density was higher for the pangola grass (97.89 kg DM/cm/ha), while the level of 160 kg N/ha/year provided less forage density when compared to the absence of nitrogen fertilization. As for animal performance, the pangola grass provided greater weight gain per animal and per hectare, with averages of 0.19 kg LW/animal/day and 8.3 kg LW/ha/day, respectively. The pangola grass showed better structural characteristics under grazing and provided greater animal performance when compared to capim-corrente and capim-de-raiz. Nitrogen fertilization with 80 kg/ha/year provided favorable structural characteristics in grasses. Although affect the structural characteristics of grasses under grazing, nitrogen fertilization did not affect animal performance. / No Agreste de Pernambuco, apesar de muitas espécies forrageiras serem utilizadas na formação das pastagens, tais como o capim-pangolão (Digitaria pentzi Stent.), capim-corrente [Urochloa mosambicensis (Hackel) Dandy] e o capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton Doell), há carência de estudos sobre as respostas no crescimento e produtivas destas plantas quando manejadas sob pastejo. Tais estudos assumem grande importância, pois representa o ponto de partida para o entendimento das respostas destas plantas, bem como de seus mecanismos adaptativos, ao manejo da pastagem e ao ambiente semiárido. Objetivou-se avaliar características estruturais e desempenho animal em pastagens diferidas formadas pelas gramíneas citadas acima sob adubação nitrogenada (0, 80 e 100 kg/ha) e manejadas sob lotação intermitente no Agreste semiárido de Pernambuco. O ciclo de pastejo foi de 42 dias, com 14 dias de pastejo e 28 dias de descanso. Os animais utilizados no experimento foram ovinos SRD inteiros, com peso vivo médio de 25 kg. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas. No pré-pastejo, o capim-de-raiz apresentou maior densidade de forragem total (102,30 kg de MS/cm/ha) do que o capim corrente (73,86 kg de MS/cm/ha). Quanto a massa de forragem total e de lâminas foliares, o capim-corrente apresentou menor massa de forragem (4257,67 e 1572,00 kg de MS/ha) do que o capim pangolão (6185,48 e 2371,57 kg de MS/ha) e o capim de raiz (6153,92 e 2181,50 kg de MS/ha). Em relação ao efeito dos níveis de N sobre as características estruturais no pré-pastejo, foi verificado que a adubação nitrogenada de 80 kg/ha/ano proporcionou menor altura do pasto, maior massa de forragem total e de lâminas foliares, bem como maior densidade de forragem total. No pós-pastejo, a densidade de forragem total foi maior para o capim-pangolão (97,89 kg de MS/cm/ha), enquanto o nível de 160 kg de N/ha/ano proporcionou menor densidade de forragem total quando comparado à ausência de adubação. Quanto ao desempenho animal, o capim-pangolão proporcionou maior ganho de peso vivo por animal e por área, com médias de 0,19 kg de PV/animal/dia e 8,3 kg de PV/ha/dia, respectivamente. O capim-pangolão apresentou melhores características estruturais sob pastejo e proporcionou maior desempenho animal quando comparado ao capim-de-raiz e ao capim corrente. A adubação nitrogenada com 80 kg/ha/ano proporcionou características estruturais favoráveis nas gramíneas. A adubação nitrogenada, apesar de afetar as características estruturais das gramíneas sob pastejo, não influenciou o desempenho animal.

Les cellules solaires organiques ont longtemps été qualifiées de cellules solaires« polymères ». Cette appellation découle du fait que la couche active de telles cellules solaires a majoritairement été réalisée avec un polymère donneur d’électrons. L’utilisation d’un polymère au sein de la couche active a permis d’envisager la production de cellules solaires organiques par voie liquide avec des procédés d’impression à grande vitesse. Il existe cependant un autre type de matériau donneur d’électrons : les petites molécules. Ces dernières déposées par évaporation thermique permettent d’obtenir des cellules à haut rendement. A cause de leur faible propriété filmogène, les petites molécules n’ont cependant pas été envisagées pour un procédé d’impression industrielle. Or, en 2012 plusieurs petites molécules déposables par voie liquide font leur apparition et permettent d’obtenir des rendements suffisamment élevés à l’échelle laboratoire, pour envisager leur à l’échelle industrielle. Ces travaux de thèse ont été conduits en collaboration avec ARMOR, une entreprise visant à commercialiser les cellules solaires organiques, dans le but d’évaluer le potentiel d’industrialisation des petites molécules donneuses d’électrons. Le p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 a été choisi pour cette étude. Il a été montré qu’il était possible d’atteindre des rendements de 2% avec ce matériau à l’air, avec des solvants non toxiques en utilisant un procédé d’enduction à racle. L’industrialisation du p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 n’a cependant pas été poursuivie car ce dernier est très instable à l’air. Ces travaux présentent une méthodologie pouvant être utilisée pour évaluer l’industrialisation d’autres matériaux de ce type. / Organic solar cells are often called “polymer” solar cells. This term comes from the fact that the active layer of such solar cells have been widely made with a donor polymer. The use of polymer inthe active layer gives interesting filming properties that can be used to produce these solar cells industrially with a high speed printing process. Yet, another type of donor materials exists: the small molecules. Deposited by thermal evaporation, this type of materials can allow to reach high efficiency solar cells. Because of their poor filming properties, small molecules were not a good candidate for an industrialization using high speed printing. However, in 2012 several solution processable small molecules were proven particularly promising by demonstrating high efficiency at a laboratory scale.These encouraging results let imagine that it could be possible to produce organic solar cells with such materials. This PhD work has been done in collaboration with ARMOR, a company highly implied in the commercialization of organic solar cells, in order to evaluate if small molecules materials could be use dindustrially with a high speed printing process. The p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 has been chosen for this study. It has been shown that it is possible to reach efficiencies as high as 2 % with such a material, using non toxicsolvents and by making the solar cell in the air with a Doctor Blade. Nevertheless, the industrialization ofthe p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 has not been pursued due to the rapid degradation of this molecule in the air. This work presents a method that can be used to evaluate the industrialization of other efficient small molecules.

L'optimisation des rotors d'hélicoptère, tant en termes de forme, de structure interne, ou de performance aérodynamique conduit à explorer de nouveaux types de design pour les pales. L'emploi massif de matériaux composites, le recours à des formes courbes et non plus simplement droites ou encore l'ajustement du vrillage aérodynamique font partie des pistes explorées. Ces nouveaux concepts de pales font apparaitre des comportements élastiques complexes où la torsion, la flexion et l'allongement axial viennent se coupler entre eux. L'étude de ces couplages est réalisée dans le repère tournant afin de pouvoir y intégrer tous les effets inhérents à la rotation des pales. Un élément fini de poutre droite non-linéaire et haute précision est formulé dans ce mémoire afin de répondre aux besoins de modélisation tant pour la prédiction des déformations quasi-statiques sous charge aérodynamique et centrifuge que pour la réalisation d'études dynamiques et de stabilité sur les pales. Le modèle a pour but d'être implémenté dans un code de calcul global de simulation d'hélicoptère et se doit donc de proposer un compromis acceptable entre la précision, la robustesse et le temps de calcul. La validation du modèle proposé s'appuie sur des études analytiques, numériques et expérimentales. La grande précision de l'élément fini proposé est démontrée sur des pales de dernière génération. Il est maintenant attendu que le couplage de ce modèle élastique avec les modèles aérodynamiques les plus avancés permette d'améliorer sensiblement la précision des outils de simulation, en particulier lors de l'étude de phénomènes instables dont la maitrise est indispensable au vol de l'hélicoptère. / Structural, shape and performances optimization in helicopter rotor leads to design composite blades initially curved and twisted. This design yields a highly coupled behavior between torsion, longitudinal and bending motions of blades. Besides, dynamic studies of blades have to be performed in the rotational frame, so that all rotatory effects could be siezed by the modeling. A highly accurate non-linear straight beam finite element is proposed to predict the static deformation under aerodynamic and centrifugal loads and achieve dynamic and stability analysis. This elastic model is to be implemented in a comprehensive rotorcraft analysis code, which means accuracy, reliability and calculation time compromise. Model validation is based on analytical, numerical and experimental investigations. The developed model reveals to be very accurate for new blade design including important twist angle and initially curved shape. It is expected to improve prediction quality for full helicopter simulation tools, undergoing strong coupling with advanced aerodynamic model

Due to the requirements for high blade loading, modern turbo‐machine blades operate very close to the stall regime. This can lead to flow separation with periodic shedding of vortices, which could lead to self induced oscillations or stall flutter of the blades. Previous studies on stall flutter have focused on flows at high Reynolds number (Re ~ 106). The Reynolds numbers for fans/propellers of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), high altitude turbofans and small wind turbines are substantially lower (Re < 105). Aerodynamic characteristics of flows at such low Re is significantly different from those at high Re, due in part to the early separation of the flow and possible formation of laminar separation bubbles (LSB). The present study is targeted towards study of stall flutter in a cascade of blades at low Re. We experimentally study stall flutter of a cascade of symmetric NACA 0012 blades at low Reynolds number (Re ~ 30, 000) through forced sinusoidal pitching of the blades about mean angles of incidences close to stall. The experimental arrangement permits variations of the inter‐blade phase (σ) in addition to the oscillation frequency (f) and amplitude; the inter‐blade phase angle (σ) being the phase difference between the motions of adjacent blades in the cascade. The unsteady moments on the central blade in the cascade are directly measured, and used to calculate the energy transfer from the flow to the blade. This energy transfer is used to predict the propensity of the blades to undergo self‐induced oscillations or stall flutter. Experiments are also conducted on an isolated blade in addition to the cascade. A variety of parameters can influence stall flutter in a cascade, namely the oscillation frequency (f), the mean angle of incidence, and the inter‐blade phase angle (σ). The measurements show that there exists a range of reduced frequencies, k (=πfc/U, c being the chord length of the blade and U being the free stream velocity), where the energy transfer from the flow to the blade is positive, which indicates that the flow can excite the blade. Above and below this range, the energy transfer is negative indicating that blade excitations, if any, will get damped. This range of excitation is found to depend upon the mean angle of incidence, with shifts towards higher values of k as the mean angle of incidence increases. An important parameter for cascades, which is absent in the isolated blade case is the inter‐blade phase angle (σ). An excitation regime is observed only for σ values between ‐450 and 900, with the value of excitation being maximum for σ of 900. Time traces of the measured moment were found to be non‐sinusoidal in the excitation regime, whereas they appear to be sinusoidal in the damping regime. Stall flutter in a cascade has differences when compared with an isolated blade. For the cascade, the maximum value of excitation (positive energy transfer) is found to be an order of magnitude lower compared to the isolated blade case. Further, for similar values of mean incidence angle, the range of excitation is at lower reduced frequencies for a cascade when compared with an isolated blade. A comparison with un‐stalled or classical flutter in a cascade at high Re, shows that the inter‐blade phase angle is a major factor governing flutter in both cases. Some differences are observed as well, which appear to be due to stalled flow and low Re.

The flow field and forces on an isolated oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil in a uniform flow is studied using viscous vortex particle method. The simulations are carried out at very low chord (c) based Reynolds number (Re=1000), motivated by the current interest in development of Micro Air Vehicles (MAV). The airfoil is forced to oscillate in both heave and pitch at different normalized oscillation frequencies (f), which is represented by the non-dimensional reduced frequency fc/U).( From the unsteady loading on the airfoil, the net energy transfer to the airfoil is calculated to determine the propensity for the airfoil to undergo self-induced oscillations or flutter at these very low Reynolds numbers. The simulations are carried out using a viscous vortex particle method that utilizes discrete vortex elements to represent the vorticity in the flow field. After validation of the code against test cases in the literature, simulations are first carried out for the stationary airfoil at different angles of attack, which shows the stall characteristics of the airfoil at this very low Reynolds numbers. For the airfoil oscillating in heave, the airfoil is forced to oscillate at different reduced frequencies at a large angle of attack in the stall regime. The unsteady loading on the blade is obtained at different reduced frequencies. This is used to calculate the net energy transfer to the airfoil from the flow, which is found to be negative in all cases studied. This implies that stall flutter or self-induced oscillations are not possible under the given heave conditions. The wake vorticity dynamics is presented for the different reduced frequencies, which show that the leading edge vortex dynamics is progressively more complex as the reduced frequency is increased from small values. For the airfoil oscillating in pitch, the airfoil is forced to oscillate about a large mean angle of attack corresponding to the stall regime. The unsteady moment on the blade is obtained at different reduced frequencies, and this is used to calculate the net energy transfer to the airfoil from the flow, which is found to be positive in all cases studied. This implies that stall flutter or self-induced oscillations are possible in the pitch mode, unlike in the heave case. The wake vorticity dynamics for this case is found to be relatively simple compared to that in heave. The results of the present simulations are broadly in agreement with earlier stall flutter studies at higher Reynolds numbers that show that stall flutter does not occur in the heave mode, but can occur in the pitch mode. The main difference in the present very low Reynolds number case appears to be the broader extent of the excitation region in the pitch mode compared to large Re cases studied earlier. region in the pitch mode compared to large Re cases studied earlier.

[pt] Esta pesquisa aproxima as relações entre a ciência Geográfica e as imagens, a partir da representação da cidade de Los Angeles em três obras fílmicas: Los Angeles - Cidade Proibida (1997); Crash - No limite (2004); e Blade Runner: O caçador de Andróides (1983). A concepção encaminhada aqui objetiva analisar a segregação socioespacial da cidade de Los Angeles representada em três temporalidades distintas: no primeiro momento, analisarei a Los Angeles do pós-II Guerra Mundial, ambientada na década de 1950 pelo filme Los Angeles - Cidade Proibida; o segundo corresponde à cidade contemporânea, marcada pelas confusões ideológicas nascidas no pós 11 de setembro representada em Crash - No Limite; por último, em uma perspectiva de cidade imaginada pela ficção-cientifíca e ambientada em projeções de futuro, apresento Blade Runner, ambientando na Los Angeles no ano de 2019. Os três filmes escolhidos para atravessar a(s) leitura(s) de representação da cidade de Los Angeles foram objeto de uma notável galeria de interpretações (livros, dissertações, teses acadêmicas e ensaios) no campo das ciências humanas e da filosofia. Tais contribuições despertaram o desejo do autor de participar do debate. É imperioso destacar que não há uma maneira exclusiva de olhar e interpretar qualquer que seja a representação ou concluir sobre o que ela exprime exatamente. Defende-se que as representações visuais são essencialmente mais uma interpretação do que uma gravação, ou uma cópia, do objeto presente na realidade concreta, deve-se questionar a maneira como elas, em vários instantes, moldam e reelaboram interpretações diversas do mesmo objeto. Em consonância com o exposto, distante de exibirem regras ou padrões fixos de funcionamento do real, representações são permeadas por convenções, ideias coletivamente aceitas ou questionadoras, sobre realidades que estão em constante movimento. / [en] This research approaches the relations between Geographic science and the images from the representation of the city of Los Angeles in three films: L.A. Conditional (1997); Crash (2004); and Blade Runner (1983). The conception that I will address here aims to analyzing the sociospatial segregation the city of Los Angeles represented in three distinct temporalities: Firstly I will analyze the Los Angeles of the post-World War II set in the 1950s by the movie - L.A. Conditional; the second analyzes corresponds to the contemporary city marked by the ideological confusion emerged in the post - 9/11 represented in Crash; Finally, in a city perspective imagined by science-fiction and set in future projections, I present Blade Runner setting Los Angeles in the year 2019. The three films chosen to cross the city of Los Angeles reading (s) were the subject of a remarkable gallery of interpretations (books, dissertations, theses and essays) in the field of humanities and philosophy. Such contributions have aroused the author s desire to participate in the debate. It is essential to point out that there is no exclusive way of looking at and interpreting whatever it is the representation nor conclude about what it expresses exactly. It is argued that visual representations are essentially more an interpretation than a recording, or a copy, of the object present in the concrete reality, one must question the way in which they, at various instants, shape and rework different interpretations of the same object. As set out above, far from displaying rules or fixed patterns of functioning of the real, representations are permeated by conventions, collectively accepted or questioning ideas, about realities that are in constant motion.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Axial flow fans used in large-scale air-cooled steam condensers (ACSCs) may operate under distorted inflow conditions. These conditions occur due to the prevailing wind conditions, the presence of buildings, and the location of the fan within the ACSC. Fans located on the periphery of the ACSC are affected the most due to their exposure to strong winds and the inner fans drawing in air past them. Distorted inflow conditions cause varying fan blade and gearbox loading conditions. The purpose of the investigation was to simultaneously measure the inlet air flow and the resultant blade and gearbox loading conditions of a single fan located on the periphery of a large-scale ACSC. Inlet and heat exchanger bundle outlet air flow velocities were measured using a combination of ultrasonic and propeller anemometers while blade loading was measured with strain gauges attached at the neck of the specific blade being monitored. Strain gauges were also attached to the low-speed fan shaft to measure gearbox loading. Measurements were recorded over a period of 8 days where it was found that increased wind resulted in increased air flow in the axial direction of the fan, which then caused a reduction in average blade loading. This was due to a decreased static pressure rise over the fan. The fan blade was found to vibrate at its own natural frequency of 6 Hz when excited by the variable aerodynamic loading. The aerodynamic loading was extracted from the measured data and was found to correlate well with previous experimental work performed by Bredell et al. (2006a). Shaft bending stresses and torque were found to oscillate at the fan’s rotational frequency of 2Hz with a large torque exerted on the shaft during fan start-up. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aksiaalvloeiwaaiers wat by groot lugverkoelde stoomkondensors gebruik word, werk dikwels onder verwronge inlaat lugvloei toestande wat geskied as gevolg van heersende winde, die teenwoordigheid van geboue en die posisie van die waaier in die kondensor. Waaiers wat geleë is op die rand van die kondensor word die meeste beïnvloed as gevolg van blootstelling aan die sterk winde en dwarsvloei wat deur die binneste waaiers geïnduseer word. Verwronge inlaat lugvloei veroorsaak gevolglik variërende waaierlem en ratkas belastingstoestande. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om terselfdetyd die inlaat lugvloei asook waaierlem en ratkas belastingstoestande van ’n enkele waaier wat op die rand van ’n grootskaalse lugverkoelde stoomkondensor geleë is, te meet. Waaier inlaat en warmteruiler uitlaat lugvloei snelhede is gemeet met ’n kombinasie van ultrasoniese- en skroefwindsnelheidsmeters terwyl die lem en ratkas belastings gemeet is met rekstrokies. Metings is oor ’n tydperk van 8 dae geneem. Die bevindinge toon dat ’n toename in windsnelheid ’n toename in aksiale lugvloei tempo, deur die waaier veroorsaak. ’n Afname in die gemiddelde lembelasting is waargeneem as gevolg van ’n afname in die waaier statiese druk. Daar is ontdek dat die waaierlem teen ’n natuurlike frekwensie van 6 Hz vibreer wanneer dit opgewek word deur die wisselende aerodinamiese belasting. Die aerodinamiese belasting is verkry uit die gemete data en vergelyk goed met die numeriese werk van Bredell et al. (2006a). Daar is ook bevind dat waaier-as buigspannings en wringkragte ossileer teen die waaier se rotasiefrekwensie van 2Hz met ’n groot wringkrag wat op die as uitgeoefen word wanneer die waaier aangeskakel word. iii