<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Purpose</strong>: The purpose of this study was to see if there was any correlation between BMI and chronic pain among participants who underwent a behavioural medicine rehabilitation program at a pain clinic in the central part of Sweden. <strong>Method</strong>: The study was conducted as a quantitative descriptive study context and has used medical records with documented data from the participants who were part of a pain clinic rehabilitation programs in the years 2004-2005. Altogether there were 76 participants in these years and excluded was nine participants with BMI measurements were not included in the documentation. <strong>Main Results</strong>: Regarding the relationship between BMI and chronic pain there was no significant relationships. Participants who completed the behavioural medicine rehabilitation program, however, showed a lower value of BMI and the estimated pain in VAS from the first to the third which is the last time of measuring. The estimated pain and the BMI measurements among the participants with chronic pain show compliance without that no significant relationships could be seen.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> BMI, VAS, Chronic pain.</p>

Bakgrund: Olika metoder tillämpas för att mäta övervikt och fetma och är viktiga som primär åtgärd för sjuksköterskan.Varje patientmöte ska ses som en möjlighet att lyfta de hälsofrämjande aspekterna i sjuksköterskans arbete. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att jämföra olika mätmetoder för att undersöka vilken som är säkrast i upptäckten av överviktsrelaterad ohälsa i ett hälsofrämjande arbete. Mätmetoderna som jämfördes var BMI, midjemått och midjahöftkvot. Metod: Litteraturstudie. Resultat: Viktutvärderingens första steg är att mäta längd, vikt och midjemått. Sjuksköterskor är bäst lämpade att genomföra mätningarna för att undvika felvärden eftersom patienter har benägenhet att över/underskatta sina mått. Midjemått är ensam bättre på att korrekt kategorisera individer med den verkliga mängden fett i midjeregionen. Mätmetoden är mindre tidskrävande och ger färre felvärden. Normal kroppsvikt kan ge falsk trygghet för dem som är till synes smala men har en hög grad bukfetma. Antalet riskfaktorer ökar signifikant hos överviktiga med ett högt midjemått. Klara samband visas mellan midjemått och kardiovaskulära sjukdomar. Slutsats: Midjemåttet bör användas i en större omfattning eftersom måttet har ett starkt samband med bukfetma och ökad risk för kardiovaskulära sjukdomar. Midjemätning är en av de säkraste metoderna och ses som en preventiv åtgärd som skyddar mot framtida sjukdomar som är sammankopplade med övervikt och fetma.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to see if there was any correlation between BMI and chronic pain among participants who underwent a behavioural medicine rehabilitation program at a pain clinic in the central part of Sweden. Method: The study was conducted as a quantitative descriptive study context and has used medical records with documented data from the participants who were part of a pain clinic rehabilitation programs in the years 2004-2005. Altogether there were 76 participants in these years and excluded was nine participants with BMI measurements were not included in the documentation. Main Results: Regarding the relationship between BMI and chronic pain there was no significant relationships. Participants who completed the behavioural medicine rehabilitation program, however, showed a lower value of BMI and the estimated pain in VAS from the first to the third which is the last time of measuring. The estimated pain and the BMI measurements among the participants with chronic pain show compliance without that no significant relationships could be seen.   Keywords: BMI, VAS, Chronic pain.

Overweight and obesity in Canada has significantly increased during the last three decades, paralleled by increased intake of fat and sugar particularly sugary beverages leading to higher level of energy intake, as well as reduction in physical activity. Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, 2004 (CCHS 2.2), provides the opportunity to evaluate beverage intakes of Canadians in relation to overweight and obesity using Body Mass Index (BMI).<p> To examine the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI in Canadian adults, we used data from CCHS 2.2 (n=14,304, aged >18 year and <65 year) in which dietary intake was assessed using 24-h recall. In various steps, data on beverage consumption were identified, coded and classified. Using descriptive statistics, we determined total gram intake and the contribution of each beverage to total energy intake among age/sex groups. To determine the most suitable patterns of beverage consumptions among Canadian adults, a cluster analysis K-means method was applied. Males and females were classified into distinct clusters based on the dominant pattern of beverage intakes. Finally, step-wise logistic regression models were used to determine associations between sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI, controlling for age, marital status, income, education, physical activity, total energy intake, immigration status, smoking habits and ethnicity. To account for complex survey design, all data were weighted and bootstrapped.<p> BMI in women with predominant fruit drink pattern (791.1±32.9 g) was significantly higher than those with no dominant pattern in beverage consumption (28.3±1 vs. 26.8±0.3 respectively, P<0.001). In women, high intake of fruit drinks was a significant predictor of overweight (OR=1.84, 95% C.I:1.06-3.20), obesity (OR=2.55, 95% C.I:1.46-4.47) and overweight/obesity (OR=2.05, 95% C.I:1.29-3.25). In men, mean BMI was not different among beverage consumption clusters and none of the beverages was a predictor for overweight and obesity. For the first time, in a nationally representative data, we report association of sugar-sweetened beverages and overweight and obesity in Canadian women.

Overweight and obesity in Canada has significantly increased during the last three decades, paralleled by increased intake of fat and sugar particularly sugary beverages leading to higher level of energy intake, as well as reduction in physical activity. Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, 2004 (CCHS 2.2), provides the opportunity to evaluate beverage intakes of Canadians in relation to overweight and obesity using Body Mass Index (BMI).<p> To examine the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI in Canadian adults, we used data from CCHS 2.2 (n=14,304, aged >18 year and <65 year) in which dietary intake was assessed using 24-h recall. In various steps, data on beverage consumption were identified, coded and classified. Using descriptive statistics, we determined total gram intake and the contribution of each beverage to total energy intake among age/sex groups. To determine the most suitable patterns of beverage consumptions among Canadian adults, a cluster analysis K-means method was applied. Males and females were classified into distinct clusters based on the dominant pattern of beverage intakes. Finally, step-wise logistic regression models were used to determine associations between sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI, controlling for age, marital status, income, education, physical activity, total energy intake, immigration status, smoking habits and ethnicity. To account for complex survey design, all data were weighted and bootstrapped.<p> BMI in women with predominant fruit drink pattern (791.1±32.9 g) was significantly higher than those with no dominant pattern in beverage consumption (28.3±1 vs. 26.8±0.3 respectively, P<0.001). In women, high intake of fruit drinks was a significant predictor of overweight (OR=1.84, 95% C.I:1.06-3.20), obesity (OR=2.55, 95% C.I:1.46-4.47) and overweight/obesity (OR=2.05, 95% C.I:1.29-3.25). In men, mean BMI was not different among beverage consumption clusters and none of the beverages was a predictor for overweight and obesity. For the first time, in a nationally representative data, we report association of sugar-sweetened beverages and overweight and obesity in Canadian women.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om faktorer i arbetslivet och inkomst utgör en del av villkoret för BMI och psykosomatiska symptom. Vi kan se ett växande fettförakt som blivit normerande i det västerländska samhället, men förändrar det villkoren på arbetsmarknaden? Efter att ha studerat tidigare relevant forskning i ämnet formulerades tre hypoteser: Hypotes 1 Det finns samband mellan BMI och inkomstnivå. Hypotes 2 Det finns samband mellan BMI och chefsansvar, utbildningsnivå och yrkeserfarenhet. Hypotes 3 Det finns skillnader i psykosomatiska symptom beroende på inkomstnivå och BMI. Material samlades in via enkäter och analyserades statistiskt med hjälp av både parametrisk och icke-parametrisk variansanalys samt multipel regressionsanalys (MRA). Resultatet visar att det inte finns något signifikant samband mellan BMI och inkomst, att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan BMI och yrkeserfarenhet samt att det finns en signifikant huvudeffekt för psykosomatiska symptom och BMI. Slutsatsen är att det signifikanta sambandet mellan BMI och yrkeserfarenhet är intressant, men att det är troligt att något annat påverkar då det inte är rimligt att längre yrkeserfarenhet genererar högre BMI. Den signifikanta huvudeffekten för psykosomatiska symptom och BMI kopplas till socialt sammanhang och inlärda beteenden.

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This dissertation examines the effects of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP, formally known as the Food Stamp Program, on adult weight outcomes. The focus of this work is to uncover the causal effects of the program by applying rigorous identification methods as well as techniques that address data limitations. By understanding the true impact of SNAP on adult obesity, policymakers can pursue appropriate reform measures to avoid unintended consequences of the program while promoting healthy weight outcomes for low-income Americans. The first essay expands on previous work examining the effects of SNAP participation on adult obesity. Previous research provides some evidence that SNAP participation may have a small positive effect on weight gain for women and no significant effect on men. However, additional research has found that misreporting of SNAP participation in surveys is prevalent and that analysis of program effects when participation is misclassified (misreported) can produce estimates that are biased and misleading. Until now, nearly all studies examining the effects of SNAP on adult obesity have ignored the issue of respondent misreporting. This chapter uses state-level policy variables regarding SNAP administration to instrument for SNAP participation for NLSY79 respondents. To address respondent misreporting I adopt an approach based on parametric methods for misclassified binary dependent variables that produces consistent estimates when using instrumental variables. This study is the first to document the considerable rates of SNAP participation under-reporting in the NLSY79 dataset. In addition, this study finds that, although SNAP participation increases adult BMI and the likelihood of being obese, without correcting for misreporting bias the estimates are overstated by nearly 100 percent. The second essay uses the same data but applies a different identification strategy to investigate the intensive margin effects of SNAP on adult obesity. To mitigate the severity of endogenous participation and misreporting biases, I employ a strategy that examines only individuals who report participating in SNAP. I utilize a quasi-experimental variation in SNAP amount per adult due to the timing of school eligibility for children. The identification examines the proportion of school-age children in SNAP households who automatically qualify for in-school nutrition assistance programs. A greater proportion of school-age children eligible for free in-school meals proxies for an exogenous increase in the amount of SNAP benefits available per adult. This study finds that increases in SNAP benefits, as proxied by increases in the proportion of school-age children, reduce BMI and the probability of being severely obese for SNAP adults. Taken together, the results of this dissertation present an intriguing depiction of the effects of SNAP on adult obesity that serves to inform both policymakers and future researchers. On the one hand, the findings indicate that participating in SNAP (extensive margin) leads to weight gain and higher rates of obesity. Yet, on the other hand, increases in the amount of benefits for those who report participating in SNAP (intensive margin) actually leads to reductions in weight and the likelihood of being severely obese.