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Running popularity has led to a rise in chronic lower limb injuries resulting from cumulative loading. Many of these injuries are tibial stress fractures. Tibial accelerometers are commonly used to measure tibial stress and may even be predictive of injury at the distal limb. Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmills have become increasingly popular amongst athletes and practitioners to prevent and treat lower limb injuries by reducing effective body weight (BW) through mechanical support. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if BW unloading affects tibial acceleration (TA) and shock attenuation. Twelve trained distance runners (Sex: 6 males and 6 females; Age: 18-30 years) were recruited for this study. TA was measured through two Blue Trident, IMeasureU step units located at the distal tibiae. A STATSports Apex unit was also used to measure acceleration at the superior trunk and calculate shock attenuation for each limb. It was found that BW unloading had no discernable effect on mean peak TA and shock attenuation, bone stimulus, or contact time, regardless of running speed. However, a significant relationship was observed between running speed and both mean peak TA and bone stimulus where an increase in speed led to an increase in TA and bone stimulus. Furthermore, running speed did not affect shock attenuation or contact time. In conclusion, BW unloading did not alter gait kinematics in trained distance runners. / Master of Science / Running popularity has led to a rise in chronic lower limb injuries, particularly stress fractures at the shin or tibia bone, due to greater impact forces and "stiffer" landings. Tibial accelerometers are commonly used to measure these impact forces and may even be predictive of injury at the tibia bone near the ankle. The process of reducing these impact forces is called shock attenuation. Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmills have become increasingly popular amongst athletes and practitioners to prevent and treat lower limb injuries by unloading body weight (BW) through mechanical support. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if BW unloading affects tibial acceleration (TA) and shock attenuation. Twelve trained distance runners (Sex: 6 males and 6 females; Age: 18-30 years) were recruited for this study. TA was measured through two Blue Trident, IMeasureU step units located at the shin. A STATSports Apex unit was also used to measure impact at the upper trunk and calculate shock attenuation for each limb. It was found that BW unloading did not affect mean peak TA and shock attenuation, bone stimulus, or contact time, regardless of running speed. However, running speed significantly affected both mean peak TA and bone stimulus where an increase in speed led to an increase in TA and bone stimulus. Furthermore, running speed did not affect shock attenuation or contact time. In conclusion, BW unloading did not alter impact forces in trained distance runners. Caution is advised for individuals with injuries at the shin when using LBPP treadmills.

This thesis project is centered on the female body, specifically body image, in relation to Western, cultural images of women. This is a problem that has been around, essentially, since the beginning of Western art. While different scholars argue whether or not this problem has become worse, it is nonetheless problematic that we are still, in 2018, fighting patriarchy’s control of our bodies via body image. Grounding my project in Susan Bordo’s 1993 text Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body, this thesis explores Bordo’s argument that the female body is culturally produced through the lens of Jean Baudrillard’s theory of simulation and simulacra. Reading Bordo via Baudrillard allows us to explore this age-old problem at a new angle, giving us new reasons that explain why we are still stuck in patriarchy’s chains. Through this lens, I demonstrate how and why Third-wave feminist activism (I focus specifically on the Body Positive Movement) is failing in their attempts to reclaim the female body: the issue lies within Third-wave activism’s desire to portray othered bodies as beautiful and desirable. This becomes problematic in the era of simulacra: abject bodies do not resemble the (un)real ideal so they become “unreal” in the eyes of society. This attempt to represent abject bodies (obese, racialized, trans, disabled) as beautiful results in stigmatization and disgust towards said bodies, and thus the Body Positive Movement leaves out abject bodies because these abject bodies cannot be seen as beautiful in a society that deems them unreal. I argue that in order to reclaim the female body, we must first reclaim the mind side of the mind/body dualism before we can successfully reclaim our bodies. To demonstrate how this is possible, I use Margaret Atwood’s novel Lady Oracle as a case study that not only shows how the female body is culturally produced in the era of simulacra, but also allows us to see how reclaiming the mind side of the binary does allow the protagonist, Joan, to reclaim her past and body as her own, without shame. It is through fiction that reality is represented, and I conclude my thesis with my own personal anecdotes, showing how resistance via fiction can transcend into real life and point to a new, hopeful future.

Various models of simulated weightlessness and resulting cardiovascular effects have been researched in the last 50 years of space exploration. Examples of such models are the Alter-G (Alt-G) treadmill used for body unweighting and head-up-tilt (HUT) model each providing similar cardiovascular effects, but differing in their stimulation of vestibular centers . Advantages of using the Alt-G include: use of lower body positive pressure (LBPP) to simulate hypogravity, it acts as a countermeasure to alleviate negative cardiovascular effects of standing and provides a constant vestibular stimulus. In addition, the Alt-G shorts themselves may be providing a certain degree of LBPP, acting as a compression garment. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of Alt-G shorts and how effective they are as countermeasure to deconditioning effects of space flight. This study tested cardiovascular changes in 12 men and women at 0 and 80 degrees head-up-tilt (HUT0 / HUT80) with and without Alt-G shorts using 5-lead ECG, 10-lead impedance, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements at finger and arm. The tilt-induced increase in mean heart rate (HR) was significantly smaller when subjects wore the Alt-G shorts. Shorts ended up reducing HR by 2.3 bpm in supine control and by 6.7 bpm at HUT80 (p0.05. Other cardiovascular variables did not show any significant effect from shorts. In conclusion, this study was in line with results from other studies that used compression garments to determine cardiovascular effects of LBPP.

A lo largo de los años, surgieron movimientos como el Body Positive para cuestionar los rígidos estándares de belleza, visualizar la diversidad en la imagen física y oponerse a los paradigmas en torno al exceso de peso. Es así como algunas marcas hedónicas incluyeron este movimiento en la publicidad a través de las modelos de tallas grandes para conectar con el público femenino. Sin embargo, se cuestiona si estas marcas comprenden los fundamentos de este movimiento, la influencia del autoconcepto del público objetivo y en qué aspectos podría afectar a la marca. La importancia de esta investigación radica en los aportes obtenidos, primero, en el ámbito publicitario al distinguir el papel inclusivo o mercantilista de las marcas hedónicas que buscan desestandarizar la belleza. En segundo lugar, en el ámbito psicológico, considera la influencia del autoconcepto de cada mujer y los estándares de belleza aún persistentes en el contexto peruano. El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer cómo el Body Positive es usado como un recurso motivador de la intención de compra de las marcas hedónicas, sustentado en el caso de Cyzone y su campaña “Quiérete”. La metodología de investigación es de tipo cualitativa a través de las técnicas focus group y entrevistas a profundidad. La población en estudio son mujeres universitarias entre los 17 a 24 años de edad de Lima Metropolitana, quienes son consumidoras de Cyzone. / Over the years, movements arose like the Body Positive emerged to question rigid beauty standards, visualize diversity in the physical image, and oppose to the paradigms around being overweight. This is how some hedonic brands included this movement in advertising through plus-size models to connect with the female audience. However, it is questioned whether these brands understand the fundamentals of this movement, the influence of the target audience's self-concept and in what aspects it could affect the brand. The importance of this research lies in the contributions obtained, first, in the advertising field by distinguishing the inclusive or commercial role of hedonic brands that seek to de-standardize beauty. Second, in the psychological field, it considers the influence of each woman's self-concept and the still persistent beauty standards in the Peruvian context. The objective of this research is to know how the Body Positive is used as a motivating resource for the purchase intention of hedonic brands, supported by the case of Cyzone and its “Love yourself” campaign. The research methodology is qualitative through focus group techniques and in-depth interviews. The study population are university women between the ages of 17 and 24 from Metropolitan Lima, who are Cyzone consumers.

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At any given running speed, weight support with a lower body positive pressure (LBPP) device (i.e. Alter-G treadmill) reduces V̇O2. However, it is unknown how application of LBPP during running impacts lactate metabolism, specifically lactate threshold. Purpose: To determine if body weight unloading with the Alter-G treadmill alters lactate threshold. Methods. Maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) and lactate threshold (LT) was determined in 8 male subjects on an Alter-G treadmill at 100% and 80% body weight loading at 0% grade in a randomized crossover design. V̇O2max tests started at 7 mile h-1 and increase speed by 1 mile h-1 every 2 min till voluntary exhaustion and were separated by a minimum of 7 days. LT tests started at 5 mile h-1 and increased speed to 6, 7, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 (additional stages increase speed by 0.5 mile h-1) every 3 min until the subject reached ¡Ö85% of V̇O2max. LT tests were separated by a minimum 3 days. V̇O2, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and changes in Hct, [Hb], and total protein ([TP]) were determined on separate days in a randomized crossover design. Plasma lactate concentrations were determined from venous blood samples (4 ml) obtained at rest and during the last minute of each exercise stage. Lactate threshold was determined from a log-log plot of lactate concentration (mM) and relative V̇O2 (ml O2 min-1 kg-1 BM). Results. V̇O2max determined during running at 100% and 80% loading were similar (52.3 ± 0.9 and 52.7 ± 0.7 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 BM, respectively). The energy cost of running at 9 mile h-1 (all subjects completed stages between 5 and 9 mile h-1) was reduced by 12% at 80% body weight (37.2 ± 2.9 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 BM) compared to running at 100% body weight (42.3 ± 1.7 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 BM, <0.05). However, plasma lactate at 9 mile h-1 was similar during 80% and 100% body weight running (3.4 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 0.7 mM, respectively). Plasma lactate at a given V̇O2 was higher (p < 0.05) while running at 80% body weight compared to 100% body weight running. Calculated LT at 100% BW loading (36.3 ± 1.3 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 BM) was higher than 80% BW loading (32.2 ± 1.8 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 BM, p<0.05). During running at 80% BW HR was reduced compared to 100% BW running (p<0.05) however the MAP response was similar. During exercise the reduction in PV, at any given V̇O2 was larger at 80% BW compared to 100% BW running (p<0.001). Conclusion. During running, BW unloading with LBPP decreased the energy cost of exercise but not lactate levels. Body weight unloading caused a lowering of the LT. The reduction in whole body energy cost was not associated with a reduction in the lactate production since plasma lactate accumulation at a given speed was similar with and without LBPP.

The main purpose of the study was to answer how body-positive movement on Instagram is portrayed by female influences. The aim was also to understand how young women relate to body ideals and how they challenge the normative female body. To answer these questions, the study has been inspired by a narrative analysis method. My intention for this essay was to draw attention to the women's story about their experiences. To understand and be able to carry out an analysis of the empiric, previous research was used about social media and Instagram, the term influences, body ideal on social media, what impact social media can have on women's self-image, what body positivity means and fat phobia in society. The starting point for the literature search has been to map the research field and to strengthen my research question. To analyze the extracted empire, different theories were chosen. The theories I considered most suitable were feminist theory, the dramaturgical perspective, the mirror self and the social comparison theory. The result was divided into 7 themes which were: imagery of body positivity, feminism and body activism, influencers´ responsibilities to their followers, society's view of fat people, Instagram vs. reality, the concept of taking care of oneself as well as sisterhood and role models. The result shows that the female influences, with their body activism, wants to challenge the normative assumptions about how a woman should look and be. They want to create a platform to help in the normalization process of women with a larger body shape, as well as highlight the complications you as a woman with a non-normative body can encounter in society. The influencers hope that with their body activism they can strengthen the self-esteem of fat women. / Studien hade som huvudsyfte att besvara hur kroppspositiva rörelsen på Instagram framställs av kvinnliga influenser. Syftet var även att förstå hur unga kvinnor förhåller sig till kroppsideal och hur de utmanar den normativa kvinnokroppen. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har studien inspirerats av en narrativ analysmetod. Min avsikt för arbetet var att rikta uppmärksamheten på kvinnornas berättelse om deras upplevelser och erfarenheter. För att förstå och kunna föra en analys kring empirin användes tidigare forskning av sociala media och Instagram, termen influenser, kroppsideal på sociala medier, vilken påverkan sociala medier kan ha på kvinnors självbild, vad kroppspositivitet innebär samt fettfobi i samhället. Utgångspunkten för litteratursökningen har varit att kartlägga forskningsfältet samt att styrka min forskningsfråga. För att analysera den utvunna empirin valdes olika teorier. De teorier jag ansåg vara bäst lämpade var feministisk teori, det dramaturgiska perspektivet, spegeljaget samt social jämförelseteorin. Resultatet delades upp i 7 teman som var: bildframställning av kroppspositivitet, feminism och kroppsaktivism, samhällets syn på tjocka människor, influensers ansvar gentemot sina följare, Instagram vs. reality, begreppet ta hand om sig själv samt systerskap och förebilder. I resultatet framkommer att de kvinnliga influenserna vill med sin kroppsaktivism utmana de normativa antagandena om hur en kvinna ska se ut och vara. De vill skapa en plattform för att hjälpa till i normaliseringsprocessen av kvinnor med större kroppsform, samt belysa vilka komplikationer man som kvinna med en icke normativ kropp kan stöta på i samhället. Influenserna hoppas att med sin kroppsaktivism kunna styrka tjocka kvinnors självkänsla.

Las redes sociales tienen el poder de influir en la vida de las personas. Instagram, es una de ellas y, en los últimos años, ha sido la más resaltante respecto a la obtención de engagement e imagen que puede brindarle a las marcas. Es por ello que, las grandes marcas, intentan estar al día con las últimas tendencias; ya que, de esta forma logran conectar con el consumidor. Una de estas tendencias es el body positive, iniciado como un movimiento que buscaba romper con los parámetros establecidos de la belleza. Por lo cual, el presente trabajo analizará cómo esta tendencia publicitaria es percibida por jóvenes de 18 a 24 años de la Universidad de Lima, tomando como referente al retail de belleza Aruma con su nueva campaña #ConFiltro. / Social media has the power to influence people's lives. Instagram is one of them and, in recent years, it has been the most outstanding regarding obtaining commitment and image that it can provide to brands. That is why the big brands try to keep up with the latest trends; since, in this way they manage to connect with the consumer. One of these trends is the positive body, started as a movement that seeks to break with the established parameters of beauty. Therefore, the present work will analyze how this advertising trend is perceived by young people between the ages of 18 and 24 at the University of Lima, taking as reference the beauty retailer Aruma with its new campaign #ConFiltro. / Trabajo de investigación