Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength to enamel and dentin of a self-adhesive resin cement applied with different cementation strategies, using a conventional resin cement as control. Material and Methods: Sixty healthy human molars were selected and allocated into 6 groups (n=10) according to cementation system and dental substrate: ARCe (Adper Single Bond 2 + RelyX ARC in enamel), U100e (RelyX U100 in enamel), a+U100e (Phosphoric acid + RelyX U100 in enamel), ARCd (Adper Single Bond 2 + RelyX ARC in dentin), U100d (RelyX U100 in dentin), a+U100d (Phosphoric acid + RelyX U100 in dentin). Composite resin blocs (Filtek Z250) were confectioned with dimensions of 4mm x 6mm x 4mm to enamel and 7mm x 7mm x 4mm to dentin, and immediately cemented on the surfaces according to each group. Each resin-tooth assembly was stored in 370C distilled water for 24 hours and longitudinally sectioned into two axis producing specimens (sps) with area of approximately 1mm2. The sps were submitted to microtensile test at 1 mm/min and failures were observed with stereomicroscopic magnifying glass with 32x magnification. Data were submitted to Analysis of Variance and Tukey s test (5%). Results: Means (MPa) were: ARCe: 50.5; U100e: 24.5; a+U100e: 53.5; ARCd: 36.0; U100d: 26.7; a+U100d: 25.9. No statistical difference was found between groups that used acid etching in enamel, thus presenting values higher than U100 without previous acid etching. In dentin, values were higher (p<0.05) for ARCd compared to U100d and a+U100d groups, which presented similar results. Conclusions: Previous acid etching prior to cementation in enamel enhanced bonding of self-adhesive cement to dental structure.In dentin this acid etching did not influenced bond strength values of this cement. / Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de união ao esmalte e à dentina, de um cimento resinoso auto-adesivo aplicado com diferentes estratégias de cimentação, utilizando um cimento resinoso convencional como controle. Material e Métodos: Sessenta molares humanos hígidos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o sistema de cimentação e substrato dentário: ARCe (Adper Single Bond 2 + RelyX ARC em esmalte), U100e (RelyX U100 em esmalte), a+U100e (Ácido fosfórico + RelyX U100 em esmalte), ARCd (Adper Single Bond 2 + RelyX ARC em dentina), U100d (RelyX U100 em dentina), a+U100d (Ácido fosfórico + RelyX U100 em dentina). Blocos de resina composta (Filtek Z250) foram confeccionados com dimensões de 4mm x 6mm x 4mm para esmalte e 7mm x 7mm x 4mm para dentina, sendo imediatamente cimentados nas superfícies de acordo com cada grupo. Os conjuntos resina-dente foram armazenados em água destilada à 370C por 24 horas e seccionados longitudinalmente em dois eixos originando corpos-de-prova (cps) com área de aproximadamente 1mm2. Os cps foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração a 1 mm/min e as falhas foram observadas em lupa estereoscópica com aumento de 32x. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e Teste de Tukey (5%). Resultados: As médias (MPa) foram: ARCe: 50,5; U100e: 24,5; a+U100e: 53,5; ARCd: 36,0; U100d: 26,7; a+U100d: 25,9. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos que utilizaram condicionamento ácido em esmalte, sendo superiores ao U100 sem condicionamento ácido prévio. Em dentina, os valores apresentaram-se maiores (p<0,05) no grupo ARCd que nos grupos U100d e a+U100d, sendo que esses últimos apresentaram resultados similares. Conclusões: O condicionamento ácido prévio à cimentação em esmalte melhorou a união do cimento auto-adesivo à estrutura dentária e este mesmo condicionamento em dentina, não alterou os valores de resistência de união desse cimento.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different irrigatins on bond strength of fiber posts cemented with RelyX U200. Eighty single-rooted premolars were sectioned at 14 mm from the apex, prepared with ProTaper Universal system until F3 instrument, and filled with F3 master cone and AH Plus sealer. Root canal filling was partially removed, remaining 4 mm of guta-percha at the apical third. Specimens were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=10), according to the irrigant used during root canal preparation and before fiber post cementation (dentin surface treatment), as described: SS: 0,9% saline solution (control group); CHX: 2% chlorhexidine; 1%NaOCl: 1% sodium hypochlorite; 2,5%NaOCl: 2,5% sodium hypochlorite; 5%NaOCl: 5% sodium hypochlorite; 1%CaOCl: 1% calcium hypochlorite; 2,5%CaOCl: 2,5% calcium hypochlorite; e 5%CaOCl: 5% calcium hypochlorite. For each group, irrigation was performed continuously with 2ml. Exacto N2 glass fiber posts were cemented with RelyX U200. The specimens were sectioned providing 3 slices, one for each root third and the push-out test was performed. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the failure mode. Bond strength means were calculated and ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis. SS showed higher mean of bond strength values (11.47MPa), than all NaOCl and CaOCl groups, which showed similar values to CHX (7.56Mpa ± 2:47). Adhesive failures at cement/dentin interface were predominant (58.33%). NaOCl and CaOCl negatively affect the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentine when cemented with sef-adhesive resin cement; however the concentration of NaOCl and CaOCl did not affect this outcome. / Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes soluções irrigadoras sobre a resistência adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro, cimentados com cimento autoadesivo RelyX U200. Foram utilizados 80 pré-molares inferiores humanos tiveram a coroa seccionada, padronizando-se o comprimento da raiz em 14 mm. Os condutos foram instrumentados com o sistema rotatório ProTaper até o instrumento F3, obturados com cimento endodôntico AH Plus e cones de guta-percha F3 do mesmo sistema, pela técnica do cone único. Os condutos foram desobturados até 10mm de profundidade, mantendo-se os 4mm apicais da obturação. As raízes foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em 8 grupos (n=10), de acordo com a solução irrigadora utilizada previamente à cimentação dos pinos: SS: solução salina 0,9% (grupo controle); CHX: clorexidina 2%; 1%NaOCl: hipoclorito de sódio 1%; 2,5%NaOCl: hipoclorito de sódio 2,5%; 5%NaOCl: hipoclorito de sódio 5%; 1%CaOCl: hipoclorito de cálcio 1%; 2,5%CaOCl: hipoclorito de cálcio 2,5%; e 5%CaOCl: hipoclorito de cálcio 5%. Para cada espécime, a irrigação foi realizada com 2ml da solução a cada troca de instrumento. Os pinos de fibra de vidro do Sistema Exacto Translúcido n02 foram silanizados e cimentados com o cimento resinoso autoadesivo RelyX U200. As raízes foram seccionadas na máquina de corte, de forma a obter 3 slices por espécime, sendo 1 slice para cada terço radicular. A seguir, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de push-out na máquina de ensaio universal EMIC. Para análise do padrão de falha, os espécimes foram analisados com microscopia óptica. A média de resistência adesiva de cada espécime foi calculada. Testes ANOVA e Bonferroni foram utilizados para analisar as diferenças entre os grupos. O grupo SS demonstrou a maior média de resistência adesiva, sendo superior aos grupos NaOCl e CaOCl (P <0.05), nos quais apresentaram valores semelhantes ao grupo CHX (7.56Mpa ± 2.47). As falhas adesivas cimento/dentina foram predominantes (58.33%). Concluímos que SS parece ser a solução mais adequada para limpeza do canal radicular previamente à cimentação de pinos de fibra cimentados com cimento autoadesivo RelyX U200. NaOCl e CaOCl diminuíram os valores de resistência adesiva dos pinos de fibra à dentina radicular e suas diferentes concentrações não afetaram este resultado.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Recently, a new category of adhesive systems has been proposed to perform restorative procedures. These adhesives, named as universal have been released in the market with the purpose to decrease the technique sensitivity, likewise they offer a great versatility in the procedure as can be applied to tooth structures in both application modes. The objective of this dissertation is to present two papers. The first article aimed to compare the bond strength of a universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive) applied in both application modes to its controls, Adper Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond, when bonded to caries-affected primary and permanent dentin. The second article compared the bond strength of the Scotchbond Universal Adhesive in both application modes to the same controls aforementioned to caries-affected and sound permanent dentin. Forty-eight permanent teeth and twenty-four primary teeth were selected to perform the experiments in both papers. All teeth had their mid-coronal dentin surfaces exposed by removing the occlusal third. The dentin surfaces, which represent caries-affected dentin substrate, were submitted to pHcycling. The other teeth, sound dentin, remained intact until the bonding procedure. Specimens were randomly allocated (n=6) according to the adhesives tested and conditions of the dentin. After bonding procedures, a composite core was build-up to a height of 4-5mm and then was sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface in order to obtain rectangular sticks (0.8 mm2) that were submitted to microtensile tests (1mm/min). Two-way Analysis of Variance and post-hoc Tukey´s test (α = 0.05) were performed as statistical analysis. In the first paper, the universal adhesive, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, presented statistically similar bond strength values to its controls in both dentin substrates, likewise the different substrates did not differ in bond strength values. In the second paper, adhesives bonded to sound dentin presented higher bond strength values compared with caries-affected dentin, but none of the adhesives tested presented statistically significant differences. The new universal adhesive, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, can be applied in both application modes without the concern of compromise the bonding performance on resin composite restorations. / Recentemente, uma nova categoria de sistemas adesivos foi proposta para a realização de procedimentos restauradores. Estes sistemas adesivos, intitulados universais , se propõem a diminuir a sensibilidade da técnica operatória, assim como aumentar a versatilidade na escolha do modo de aplicação a ser empregado sobre as estruturas dentárias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar dois artigos para avaliar o comportamento destes sistemas adesivos universais. O primeiro artigo se propõe a avaliar o sistema adesivo universal (Single Bond Universal) aplicado nas duas estratégias de condicionamento à dentina desmineralizada de dentes decíduos e permanentes, em termos de resistência de união e comparar a dois sistemas de referência, Adper Single Bond 2 e Clearfil SE Bond. O segundo artigo comparou a resistência de união do Single Bond Universal em ambas estratégias de condicionamento aos mesmos sistemas adesivos de controle, porém à dentina desmineralizada e hígida de dentes permanentes. Quarenta e oito dentes permanentes e vinte e quatro dentes decíduos foram selecionados para realização de ambos estudos. Todos os dentes tiveram suas porções coronárias seccionadas para obtenção de superfícies planas em dentina (corpos de prova). A superfície dentinária dos dentes os quais representavam o substrato desmineralizado foram submetidas ao desenvolvimento de lesão de cárie por ciclagem de pH. Os demais dentes que representavam o substrato hígido foram mantidos intactos até os procedimentos adesivos. Os corpos de prova, de acordo com o tipo de dente, foram alocados aleatoriamente em grupos (n=6) de acordo com o sistema adesivo/ estratégia de condicionamento. Após os procedimentos adesivos, blocos de resina composta foram confeccionados e os corpos de prova seccionados perpendicularmente a interface adesiva para obtenção de espécimes com área de seção de aproximadamente 0,8mm2. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração (1mm/min). Os valores de resistência de união foram submetidos à análise de variância de dois-fatores (tipo de dente e sistema adesivo/ estratégia) (α = 0,05). No primeiro artigo, o sistema adesivo Single Bond Universal, em ambas estratégias de condicionamento, apresentou valores de resistência de união similares aos controles em ambos os substratos dentinários, assim como os diferentes substratos não apresentaram diferenças entre si. No segundo artigo, os valores de resistência de união à dentina hígida foram maiores comparados a dentina desmineralizada, porém nenhum sistema adesivo apresentou diferenças entre si. O sistema adesivo Single Bond Universal pode ser utilizado em ambas estratégias de condicionamento sem comprometer os procedimentos adesivos.

There is currently a global increase in Eucalyptus pulpwood plantations. Harvesting systems traditionally utilised in the northern hemisphere are being used in Eucalyptus pulpwood plantations worldwide. However, the small tree size and complexity of debarking Eucalyptus have provided harvesting with productivity and cost challenges not previously experienced in northern-hemisphere conditions. Much research has been invested in these two harvesting methods in northern-hemisphere species and conditions. There is little research available on mechanised processing-machine productivity and costs in Eucalyptus. This investigation aimed to quantify the effect that tree and bundle size has on the productivity of different processing machines in Eucalyptus plantation pulpwood. This was done through regression analysis, whereby productivity models that included tree size and bundle size were constructed. The research also aimed to determine whether or not the multi-stem systems were more cost-effective in smaller tree sizes. The research investigated five mechanised harvesting options that forestry managers could use in Eucalyptus pulpwood plantations. These systems consisted of one CTL system, one full-tree system with single-stem processing and three full-tree systems with multi-stem processing. The CTL system used a harvester to process the trees into logs and to extract them. The full-tree system with single-stem processing used a dangle-head processor (DHP) to process trees into logs. The first full-tree system with multi-stem processing used a chain-flail debrancher debarker (CFDD) to produce debarked and debranched tree lengths, which were slashed into logs. The remaining full-tree, multi-stem systems both produced chips. The first used a chain-flail debrancher debarker chipper (CFDDC) and the second, a CFDD feeding into a stand-alone disc chipper (CFDD&C). The productivity data, measured as m3 per productive machine hour (PMH), was then statistically analysed using regression techniques. Productivity equations were formulated, considering tree size and bundle size, as well as the quadratic functions of these two variables and the interaction between them. Bundle size was only applicable to the multi-stem processing machines. The productivity equations successfully predicted processing-machine productivity, using tree size and bundle size as input variables. Apart from the 0.075 m3 tree size class, the CFDD had the highest overall productivity. The costs of the five systems were then calculated for different tree sizes. No single system was more cost-effective than the others across all tree sizes. In 0.075 m3 trees, the CFDDC system proved the most cost-effective. All systems evidenced high costs in the 0.075 m3 trees, ranging between $19.43 per m3 for the CFDDC system to $28.84 for the harvester system. In 0.40 m3 trees, the cost differences between systems were lower, ranging from $6.91 per m3 for the DHP system to $11.84 per m3 for the CFDD&C. This study confirms that the CTL system was very expensive to operate in the small tree sizes (0.075 m3). There is a cross-over point at 0.25 m3 per tree, where the CTL system costs become lower than those of the full-tree system. At the 0.40 m3 tree size, the full-tree system is slightly more expensive than the CTL system. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

In the modern era of metal-free minimally-invasive dentistry, there is a growing tendency toward using metal-free restorative alternatives that provide not only excellent aesthetics but also enable superior durability. Fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) is one cost-effective alternative that fulfils the requirements of aesthetics and durability, and offers favourable physico-mechanical properties. Many FRC applications are well-documented in the literature, such as crowns and fixed partial dentures (FPD); however, their clinical implementation is still limited, owing to the lack of significant knowledge about their longevity, deterioration signs, optimum design and overall performance. This in-vitro research aimed to address these uncertainties by investigating the performance of FRC restorations, and the influence of fibre reinforcement on particular physcio-mechanical properties, including surface hardness, edge-strength, shear bond strength, fatigue and wear resistance. Basic testing models were used to investigate the effect of incorporating differently-oriented FRCs on the surface hardness, edge-strength and shear bond strength of particulate-reinforced composite (PRC). The results revealed that the incorporation of FRC significantly enhanced surface hardness (by 12 - 19 %) and edge-strength (by 27 -75 %). However, this incorporation significantly reduced the shear bond strength (SBS) between PRC and other restorative materials, including lithium disilicate ceramic (10.9±3.1 MPa) and Co-Cr metal alloy (12.8±2.3 MPa), compared to the control (15.2±3.6 MPa, 15.0±3.7 MPa). The orientation of FRC was also found to affect the efficiency of reinforcement as bidirectional FRCs exhibited significantly higher hardness (76.8±1.2 VHN), edge-strength (67.7±8.2 N) and SBS (14.1±3.9 MPa) values than unidirectional FRCs (72.4±1.2 VHN, 56.8±5.9 N, 9.8±2.3 MPa).Clinically-relevant testing models, employing accelerated aging techniques, were performed to investigate the fatigue and wear behaviours of anatomically-shaped FRC restorations in-vitro. Direct inlay-retained FRC-FPDs with two framework designs, were tested for their fatigue behaviour and load-bearing capacity. Type-I design (with an additional bidirectional FRC layer incorporated perpendicular to the loading direction) yielded significantly higher fatigue resistance (1144.0±270.9 N) and load-bearing capacity (1598.6±361.8) than Type-II design (with a woven FRC embedded around the pontic core) (716.6±72.1 N, 1125.8±278.2 N, respectively). However, Type-19II design exhibited fewer delamination failures. Both framework design and dynamic fatigue were found to have a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the load-bearing capacity of FRC-FPDs. Additionally, the in-vitro fatigue and wear behaviours of FRC crowns, fabricated conventionally from bidirectional FRC and indirect PRC (Sinfony), were compared with those made of two CAD/CAM alternatives, namely Lava Zirconia (LZ) and Lava Ultimate (LU). A chewing simulator was employed to induce some fatigue wear in crowns, while an intraoral 3D scanner was used to quantify the resultant morphological changes. The results showed that FRC crowns had significantly lower mean cumulative wear (233.9±100.4 μm) than LU crowns (348.2±52.0 μm), but higher than LZ crowns (16.4±1.5 μm). The mean load bearing-capacity after fatigue simulation was also the highest for LZ crowns (1997.8±260.2 N) compared with FRC (1386.5±258.4 N) and LU crowns (756.5±290.9 N).Accordingly, the incorporation of FRC in resin-composite restorations is advocated since it increases surface hardness and marginal integrity, improves fatigue and wear behaviours, and enhances load-bearing capacity and overall performance.

Hipótese do estudo: A hipótese do presente estudo é de que o cimento resinoso autoadesivo U200 apresente melhores valores de resistência adesiva entre os substratos zircônia Y-TZP/dentina humana, em comparação com o cimento resinoso convencional C&B Cement, utilizando dois tratamentos de superfície distintos (jateamento com óxido de alumínio e silicatização (Rocatec) na superfície da zircônia; e que o tratamento de superfície influencie positivamente os resultados de resistência adesiva. Objetivos: Avaliar por meio de teste de microcisalhamento a resistência adesiva da zircônia Y-TZP cimentada à dentina humana utilizando diferentes agentes de cimentação e tratamentos de superfície. Método: Foram utilizados 42 molares humanos recém extraídos, incluídos 2/3 de suas raízes em resina acrílica. A superfície oclusal foi desgastada até exposição da dentina média, tratada de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes dos cimentos. Quarenta e dois blocos de zircônia Y-TZP (10x10x3mm) foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície (sem tratamento-controle, jateamento com óxido de alumínio-Al2O3 ou silicatização-Rocatec). Todos os blocos de zircônia foram cimentados seguindo as recomendações dos fabricantes e divididos em seis grupos combinando os diferentes tratamentos de superfície e agentes de cimentação. Os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada 37C por 24h e após este período foram submetidos ao teste de microcisalhamento em máquina de ensaios universal (Shimadzu AGX) com velocidade constante de 0,5mm/min até ocorrer fratura da interface. Os valores foram obtidos em Mpa e as superfícies de fraturas avaliadas e classificadas em: adesiva, coesiva e mista. As médias dos valores de resistência de união e a porcentagem das fraturas foram calculadas, e os valores submetidos à análise estatística, utilizando os testes Análise de Variância (two way) e pos-hoc teste T de Student, adotando p<0,05. Resultados: Quanto ao agente de cimentação os resultados obtidos para os grupos sem tratamento de superfície o cimento autoadesivo U200 apresentou melhor performance quando comparado ao cimento convencional C&B Cement; os grupos submetidos ao jateamento com Al2O3 e Rocatec não apresentaram diferença estatística entre os cimentos U200 e C&B Cement. Quanto à analise de superfície, os grupos cimentados com C&B e U200 apresentaram predominantemente falhas de natureza mista. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados encontrados no presente estudo foi possível concluir que o tratamento de superfície que melhor influenciou a resistência adesiva foi o jateamento com Al2O3, atendendo melhor os dois agentes de cimentação. Quanto ao agente de cimentação o U200 apresentou os melhores resultados sem tratamento de superfície. O C&B Cement e U200 apresentaram valores semelhantes com a superfície jateada com Al2O3. Para o Rocatec, os cimentos U200 e C&B Cement apresentaram valores semelhantes, entretanto menores do que os valores conseguidos para o Al2O3. / Study hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study is that the resin cement Self Adhesive U200 present best values of bond strength between zirconia substrates Y-TZP / dentin compared to conventional resin cement C & B Cement, using two surface treatments distinct (sandblasting with aluminum and silica coating (Rocatec) oxide on the surface of zirconia, and the surface treatment positively influence the bond strength. Objectives: To assess via microshear test the bond strength of zirconia Y-TZP cemented to dentin human using different cementing agents and surface treatments. Method:. freshly extracted human molars 42, including two thirds of its roots in acrylic resin were used the occlusal surface was worn until the middle dentin exposure, treated according to the recommendations of the cement manufacturers. Forty-two blocks of Y-TZP zirconia (10x10x3mm) were randomly divided into three groups according to the surface treatment (untreated control, blasting with aluminum oxide or silica coating-Al2O3-Rocatec). All zirconia blocks were cemented following the manufacturers recommendations and divided into six groups combining different surface treatments and cementing agents. The specimens were stored in distilled water 37 C for 24 h and after this period underwent microshear test in a universal testing (Shimadzu AGX) machine with constant speed of 0.5 mm / min until fracture occurs interface. The values were obtained in MPa and the fracture surfaces evaluated and classified as: adhesive, cohesive and mixed. The average values of union strength and the percentage of fractures were calculated, and values subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance tests (two way) and post-hoc Students t test, considering p <0.05. Results: Regarding the cementing agent the results for the groups without surface treatment U200 self-adhesive cement showed better performance when compared to conventional cement C & B Cement; groups subjected to blasting with Al2O3 and Rocatec showed no statistical difference between the U200 and cements C & B Cement. As for the analysis of surface groups cemented with C & B and U200 were mostly mixed nature of failures. Conclusion: Based on results of this study it was concluded that the surface treatment that best influenced the bond strength was blasting with Al2O3 to better serve the two cementing agents. As the cementing agent U200 showed the best results without surface treatment. The C & B Cement and U200 showed similar values with the surface sandblasted with Al2O3. Rocatec to the U200 and cement Cement B & C showed similar, though lower than the values obtained for Al2O3 values.

Hlavním cílem této práce je studium aktuálního problému adheze mezi kompozitními materiály, a určení vlivu složení mezivrstvy v pevnosti adhezivního spoje mezi vláknové (FRC) a částicové (PFC) kompozity, používané ve stomatologii. FRC tyčinky byly vytvořené na bázi komerční dimetakrylatové pryskyřice a skleněných S vláken. PFC byl vytvořen ze směsi pryskyřic (bis-GMA a PEGDMA), plněných drceným barnatým sklem. Celkově bylo připraveno a vyzkoušeno 84 vzorků. Vzorky byly rozdělené do pěti hlavních skupin. První skupina byla vytvořena ze série vzorků bez mezivrstvy. Zbylé čtyři skupiny byly rozděleny dle složení mezivrstvy (tloušťky a druhu pryskyřic). Částicové kompozity vzorků se lišily obsahem plniva (0, 10, 40 hm %). FRC tyčinky byly stejné pro všechny vzorky. Univerzální testovací přístroj ZWICK Z010 byl použit k zjištění smykové pevnosti adhezivního spoje všech vzorků. Rastrovací elektronový mikroskop byl použít k pozorování místa porušení. Ze získaných výsledků vyplívá, že s přidáváním mezivrstvy mezi vláknovým a částicovým narůstá smyková pevnost spoje. Důležitost těchto výsledků je způsobená tím, že v posledních letech použití těchto materiálů ve stomatologii narůstá a adheze zůstává jeden z hlavních problémů při klinické praxi.

The main aim of this thesis is the utilization of simple diffusion techniques for the study on transport properties of copper ions in the systems containing humic acids with respect to the other parameters, which can affect the process (the structure of diffusion environment, the interactions between transported specie and diffusion matrices, selective blocking of binding sites of humic acids). The first part of experimental works was focused on characterization of studied materials (humic acids, humic sol and humic hydrogel). The main part of the thesis was dealing with the optimization of simple diffusion techniques, which were suitable for the study on transport of copper ions in matrices containing humic acids, taking into account the mutual interactions between studied components in the system. The obtained diffusion characteristics were compared to the data determined using sorption experiments. Consequently, the minor goal of the experimental works of this thesis was also the assessment of the influence of basic physico-chemical parameters of studied materials on transport phenomenon.

Skador och slitage på brokonstruktioner av betong beror på tösalter, armeringskorrosion och frostcykler i kombination med ökande trafiklaster. Den i särklass vanligaste reparationsåtgärden för dessa typer av skador är att göra en pågjutning. Metoden går ut på att först avlägsna det skadade eller dåliga betongskiktet innan en ny betong pågjuts. För att bedöma hur bra ett pågjutningsarbete är behöver vidhäftningen mellan den nya pågjutningen och gamla betongen fastställas. Den mest använda metoden för detta syfte är s.k. dragprovning som bestämmer draghållfastheten i vidhäftningen. I praktiken är dock vidhäftningens skjuvhållfasthet av större intresse och approximeras därför utifrån draghållfastheten, men med en vridprovning kan fogens skjuvhållfasthet direkt bestämmas. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka vridprovningens reliabilitet för att i framtiden eventuellt kunna bestämma skjuvhållfastheten på ett mer direkt och korrekt sätt. I examensarbetet undersöks vridprovningens reliabilitet för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten i fogen mellan pågjutning och gammal betong med dragprovningen som referens. Studien omfattar åtta parallellprovningar av drag- och vridprovningar där den lägst uppmätta skjuvhållfastheten jämförs med fogens dimensioneringsvärde enligt EK2. Examensarbetet görs i samband med Spårväg city-projektet vid Sergels torg, Stockholm, i uppdrag från Trafikkontoret i Stockholm och CBI Betonginstitutet. Resultaten från provningarna visade att fogbrott, som är av intresse, var vanligare för dragprovning än vridprovning. Den stora spridningen av mätvärdena var en konsekvens av det låga antalet fogbrott för vridprovningen. Medelvärdet för fogens draghållfasthet på 1,43 MPa tyder på god vidhäftning, men fogens skjuvhållfasthet bestämd med vridprovning visar ett medelvärde på endast 1,61 MPa och understiger det förväntade värdet på ca dubbla draghållfastheten d.v.s. 2,9 MPa. Intressant är att det lägst uppmätta värdet på skjuvhållfastheten på 0,83 MPa var ovanligt lågt, men fortfarande större än dimensioneringsvärdet enligt EK2 på 0,59 MPa. Studien har visat att vridprovningen är en svårtydlig metod för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten i fogen mellan pågjutning och gammal betong. Anledningen till detta beror främst av tre faktorer, för få antal provningar, den stora spridningen av mätvärden samt de svårtolkade brottmoderna från vridprovningen. Trots detta tros vridprovningen vara en framtida metod för konstruktörer och beställare eftersom metoden är ett bra mätverktyg för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten för pågjutna betongkonstruktioner som helhet och inte bara i fogen mellan pågjutning och befintlig betong. / Damages and wear on concrete bridges are due to de-icing salt or salt water, reinforcement corrosion and repeated freeze-thaw cycles in combination with increasing traffic loads. The most common repair operation for these types of damages is to remove the deteriorated concrete and replace it with a new concrete overlay. To evaluate how well a bonded concrete overlay is, the bond strength between the new and old concrete has to be determined. The most widely used method for this purpose is the so-called pull off test to determine the tensile bond strength. In practice however the shear bond strength is of greater interest and is therefore approximated on the basis of tensile bond strength, but with a torsion test the shear bond strength can be directly determined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability of the torsion test to determine the shear bond strength in a more direct and accurate manner. The thesis examines the reliability of the torsion test to determine the shear bond strength with the pull off test as a reference. The study includes eight parallel tests of pull off and torsion tests where the lowest measured shear bond strength is compared with the calculated design value of shear bond strength according to EC2. The work is done in connection with the Spårväg city project at Sergels torg, Stockholm, in collaboration with the Traffic Administration Office in Stockholm and CBI, the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. The results of the tests showed that the failures in the interface between new and old concrete, which are of interest, were more common for pull off tests than torsion tests where only two of the eight test samples showed failure in the interface. The wide scatter of the measured values is a consequence of the low number of failures in the interface. The mean value of the tensile bond strength was 1,43 MPa, which indicates good bond strength. The shear bond strength however made with torsion tests show a mean value of only 1,61 MPa. Lower than the expected value of about twice the tensile bond strength of 2,86 MPa. Interestingly, the lowest measured value of the shear bond strength of 0,83 MPa was unusually low, but still higher than the calculated design value of shear bond strength of 0.59 MPa according to EC2. The study has shown that torsion test is a difficult method for determining the shear strength of the bond between the new and old concrete. The reason for this is mainly due to three factors, the low number of tests, the large scatter of values, and the difficulty to interpret failures of the test samples. Despite this the torsion test seems to be a future method for structural engineers and contractors as a tool to determine shear strength for repaired concrete structures in general and not only the shear bond strength.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / Purpose: To evaluate and compare the in-vitro shear bond strength and micro leakage of two compomers with their adhesive systems and to examine the dentine-restorative interface under confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Matoiats and Methods: For shear bond strength (SBS) testing thirty non-carious human molars were used of which fifteen molars were restored with Dyract AP using Non-Rinse Conditioner (NRC) and Prime&Bond NT (PBNT) and fifteen were restored with F2000 and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SBMP). For the microleakage evaluation cavity preparations were made on the facial surfaces of thirty non-carious premolars. These were then restored with the respective compomer system. The specimens were thermocycled, sectioned and examined for dye penetration. The dentine-restorative interface was examined through a confocal scanning laser microscope. The primers of the bonding agents were labelled with rhodamine B and the adhesive resins were labelled with fluorescein and examined under CSLM in fluorescent mode. Results: The mean SBS for PBNT and SBMP were 12.8 and 18.1 MPa, respectively. The microleakage scores showed Dyract with PBNT leaked on the dentine side in 13 of the 15 specimens examined. On the enamel side 2 of the 15 specimens showed microleakage. With F2000 and SBMP no micro leakage was observed on either enamel or dentine sides. The CSLM images show clear resin tag and hybrid layer formation for both the materials examined, although SBMP showed deeper penetration into the dentine with longer resin tags. The length of the resin tags and thickness of the hybrid layer for PBNT was found to be approximately 10 um and 2 um respectively. SBMP showed resin tags measuring about 100 um while the hybrid layer measured about 5 um. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the acid-etch technique ofSBMP with F2000 produces higher bond strength and no micro leakage when compared to the self-etching/self-priming "non-rinse technique" of NRC with PBNT and Dyract.