Wave-formed rippled sediment beds are extremely important to the processes that act on or across the sediment-water interface. Ripples increase the exchange of materials between the sediment and the water column, enhance sediment transport rates, and act to increase the dissipation of waves by increasing the hydraulic roughness of the seafloor. Previous research has, however, failed to take into account the substantial spatial and temporal variation rippled beds display when formed under real sea conditions. Based on a set of laboratory experiments a spectral method to predict and model rippled beds has been developed. Through the use of the rippled surface's spectral density function the spatial and temporal variability of the rippled surface can be taken into account with greater efficiency. A prediction method for the equilibrium ripple spectrum was developed based on a nondimensional spectral form, which utilised the peak orbital excursion diameter and the 50th percentile grain size diameter of the sediment bed. The method provided an effective technique to predict ripple parameters with the same degree of accuracy achievable at small scale as more accepted ripple prediction methods. A new method was derived to model the changes a rippled bed undergoes as it actively evolves between two given equilibrium states due to a change in surface wave conditions. The evolution of a rippled bed can be described mathematically in exactly the same way as a rippled bed growing from a flat bed condition. The method allows any bed to be modelled through time if the flow conditions and sediment properties are known. There is little advantage in using the spectral method to predict rippled beds when they are in equilibrium with the flow conditions. The main benefit of the spectral method comes when attempting to model rippled beds evolving under changed flow conditions. In the same way as the parameterisation of surface waves in terms of their spectral density function has increased the ability to model wind generated wave fields, studies of rippled beds would benefit from the increased detail and ease the spectral method brings. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005.

<p>Syftet är att utifrån GRI:s riktlinjer undersöka ICA:s hållbarhetsredovisning samt jämföra den med den generella uppfattningen som intressentgruppen leverantörer har om hållbarhetsredovisningar.</p><p>ICA tar GRI:s riktlinjer på stort allvar vid tillämpning av dessa vid upprättandet av sin hållbarhetsredovisning. Leverantörernas intresse påverkar ett flertal resultatindikatorer som ICA inte har definierat som resultatindikatorer valda utifrån leverantörernas intresse.</p>

<p>This thesis aim to describe and analyze different organisations’ work with reducing child labour. In order to understand the complex matter of child labour, a case study concerning children’s situation within the mining industry in Peru has been made. The first part of the thesis has been designed to be an introduction to the matter, with a description of the mining industry in Peru and the situation of child labour. The two following parts are more analytic in character. The second and third part discusses how the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be used as an instrument of reducing child labour. Further, top down and bottom up-theories will be discussed as different approaches and working methods for organisations.</p><p>In addition to find the answers to our questions, interviews have been conducted with employees of the organisations (ILO, UNICEF and Save the Children), articles and literature have been analyzed and finally Internet have contributed with information about child labour, Peru, the organisations, theories and the MDGs.</p><p>This study claims that child labour is a complex matter and one possible solution to reduce it can be through promoting education. This can only be viable if organisations work together with governments, using a combination of top down and bottom up approaches.</p>

<p>The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is an international framework on sound chemicals management with the objective that “by the year 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health”. SAICM was adopted at the International Conference on Chemicals Management in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in February 2006. To prepare countries to be able to implement SAICM the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is currently running Pilot Projects in three developing countries and one county with economy in transition: Belarus, Pakistan, Tanzania and Panama. Between October and December 2007 we were doing a Minor Field Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, interviewing people involved in the implementation of their Pilot Project which is running from 2006-2009. Our paper consists of two parts, one descriptive and one analysing. In the first part we describe the initiation, the formulation, the implementation and the evaluation of SAICM and the Pilot Project in Tanzania and in the second part we analyse opportunities and hindrances for a successful implementation of the Pilot Project and SAICM in Tanzania. How is the UN governing the implementation, what resources of finances, knowledge, institutions and time does Tanzania have and how is the implementation influenced by different actors interests? We argue that the there is mixture of the top-down and the bottom-up models and that this mixture is fruitful, we argue that Tanzania has enough finances, knowledge and time to implement SAICM but lack institutions, and finally that the different interests are not too various to harm the process.</p>

<p>As stocks have become a more common way for people to save their money, the range of financial information has had a substantial increase. To understand the assumptions that stock valuation and analysis are built upon, it is important for the reader to have an understanding for the models that are used by banks and institutions when recommendations are published.</p><p>The cash flow model, which is the most commonly used stock valuation tool, is based on CAPM. This model describes the relationship between an assets return and its risk in relation to an index. The risk parameter is called the beta value and has grown to be the dominating risk factor within financial economics literature.</p><p>The use of beta values has been widely discussed in the world of academics and some researchers claim that the degree of explanation brought about by the beta is so low that it should be discarded, others are faithful to the beta and believe that it still serves a purpose. As a result of this criticism other ways to calculate the beta have surfaced, models that take other factors of risk into consideration. One of these “adjusted betas” is the Bottom-up beta which considers a business financial structure, cost structure and the level of risk of the industry when calculating the beta value. This is where our study takes its starting point. The study aims to find out if the beta value can explain the unsystematic risk on the Swedish market. It further investigates whether the Bottom-up beta has a higher degree of explanation than the traditional beta calculated over different periods of time and with different intervals of result.</p><p>The results show that the Bottom-up beta to a high degree can explain the unsystematic risk on the Swedish market. It is however hard to rank the different beta values by falling degree of explanation since the differences between them can be caused by random elements. The study also shows that all methods for calculating beta values tend to underestimate the true beta value. Some differences in returns between high and low risk stocks have also been found where low risk stocks have performed a lot better than what CAPM recommends.</p> / <p>I takt med att aktieplaceringar blivit en allt vanligare sparform har utbudet av finansiell information ökat kraftigt. För att förstå vilka antaganden som ligger bakom de analyser och aktievärderingar som publiceras av banker och institutioner är det av vikt att läsaren förstår de underliggande modeller som används, samt de antaganden dessa gör. En modell som ligger till grund för det vanligaste värderingsverktyget, kassaflödesmodellen, är CAPM. Denna formel beskriver sambandet mellan en tillgångs avkastning och dess risk mätt i förhållande till ett index. Denna riskparameter benämns betavärdet och har vuxit fram till att bli det dominerande riskmåttet inom finansiell litteratur.</p><p>Betavärdets funktionalitet har under lång tid debatterats i den akademiska världen och vissa forskare hävdar att betavärdets förklaringsgrad är så lågt att det bör förkastas, medan andra forskare fortfarande är trogna betavärdet. Detta har resulterat i att alternativa beräkningssätt för betavärdet har kommit fram som söker involvera fler aspekter av risk i analysen. Ett sådant alternativt betavärde är Bottom-up betat som tar hänsyn till ett företags finansiella uppbyggnad, kostnadsstruktur samt branschens relativa risk. Det är i denna akademiska splittring gällande betavärdet som vår studie tar vid. Studiens problem är att undersöka huruvida betavärdet kan förklara den osystematiska risken på den svenska marknaden. Syftet är vidare att undersöka om Bottom-up betavärdet ger en högre förklaringskraft än traditionella betavärden beräknade över olika tidsperioder och med olika resultatintervall.</p><p>Undersökningen har en deduktiv ansats och tar sin grund i befintliga välgrundade teorier inom det finansiella området.</p><p>Framkomna resultat har visat att Bottom-up betat i hög utsträckning kan förklara den osystematiska risken på svenska marknaden. Det är dock svårt att rangordna betavärdena efter förklaringsgrad då skillnaderna dem emellan kan bero på slumpmässiga inslag. Vidare har studien funnit att samtliga metoder för att beräkna betavärdet tenderar till att underskatta betavärdets sanna storlek. Skillnader i avkastning mellan hög- och lågriskaktier har också skymtats där lågriskaktier presterat avsevärt bättre än vad CAPM förespråkar som rimligt.</p>

<p><em>It is in the interest of organizations to understand that the public demand for quick and easy accessibility is growing at a rapid pace. However, the transition from traditional marketing strategies to social media marketing is not a straightforward process, but more complex.The aim of the thesis is to, from a bottom-up perspective, draw conclusions from a comparative study of the social media praxes of Umeå-situated businesses and organizations.The study indicates that the transition into social media still continues, but that there has been a change in organizations’ mindsets. It also shows that the application of a bottom-up approach provides new ways of viewing and understanding activities within social media.It is in the interest of organizations to understand that the public demand for quick and easy accessibility is growing at a rapid pace. However, the transition from traditional marketing strategies to social media marketing is not a straightforward process, but more complex.The aim of the thesis is to, from a bottom-up perspective, draw conclusions from a comparative study of the social media praxes of Umeå-situated businesses and organizations.The study indicates that the transition into social media still continues, but that there has been a change in organizations’ mindsets. It also shows that the application of a bottom-up approach provides new ways of viewing and understanding activities within social media.</em></p>

The Antarctic plays an important role in the global climate system. On the one hand, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest freshwater reservoir on Earth. On the other hand, a major proportion of the global bottom-water formation takes place in Antarctic shelf regions, forcing the global thermohaline circulation. The main goal of this dissertation is to provide new insights into the dynamics and stability of the EAIS during the Quaternary. Additionally, variations in the activity of bottom-water formation and their causes are investigated. The dissertation is a German contribution to the International Polar Year 2007/ 2008 and was funded by the ‘Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft’ (DFG) within the scope of priority program 1158 ‘Antarctic research with comparative studies in Arctic ice regions’. During RV Polarstern expedition ANT-XXIII/9, glaciomarine sediments were recovered from the Prydz Bay-Kerguelen region. Prydz Bay is a key region for the study of East EAIS dynamics, as 16% of the EAIS are drained through the Lambert Glacier into the bay. Thereby, the glacier transports sediment into Prydz Bay which is then further distributed by calving icebergs or by current transport. The scientific approach of this dissertation is the reconstruction of past glaciomarine environments to infer on the response of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system to climate shifts during the Quaternary. To characterize the depositional setting, sedimentological methods are used and statistical analyses are applied. Mineralogical and (bio)geochemical methods provide a means to reconstruct sediment provenances and to provide evidence on changes in the primary production in the surface water column. Age-depth models were constructed based on palaeomagnetic and palaeointensity measurements, diatom stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating. Sea-bed surface sediments in the investigation area show distinct variations in terms of their clay minerals and heavy-mineral assemblages. Considerable differences in the mineralogical composition of surface sediments are determined on the continental shelf. Clay minerals as well as heavy minerals provide useful parameters to differentiate between sediments which originated from erosion of crystalline rocks and sediments originating from Permo-Triassic deposits. Consequently, mineralogical parameters can be used to reconstruct the provenance of current-transported and ice-rafted material. The investigated sediment cores cover the time intervals of the last 1.4 Ma (continental slope) and the last 12.8 cal. ka BP (MacRobertson shelf). The sediment deposits were mainly influenced by glacial and oceanographic processes and further by biological activity (continental shelf), meltwater input and possibly gravitational transport. Sediments from the continental slope document two major deglacial events: the first deglaciation is associated with the mid-Pleistocene warming recognized around the Antarctic. In Prydz Bay, the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf retreated far to the south and high biogenic productivity commenced or biogenic remains were better preserved due to increased sedimentation rates. Thereafter, stable glacial conditions continued until 400 - 500 ka BP. Calving of icebergs was restricted to the western part of the Lambert Glacier. The deeper bathymetry in this area allows for floating ice shelf even during times of decreased sea-level. Between 400 - 500 ka BP and the last interglacial (marine isotope stage 5) the glacier was more dynamic. During or shortly after the last interglacial the LAIS retreated again due to sea-level rise of 6 - 9 m. Both deglacial events correlate with a reduction in the thickness of ice masses in the Prince Charles Mountains. It indicates that a disintegration of the Amery Ice Shelf possibly led to increased drainage of ice masses from the Prydz Bay hinterland. A new end-member modelling algorithm was successfully applied on sediments from the MacRobertson shelf used to unmix the sand grain size fractions sorted by current activity and ice transport, respectively. Ice retreat on MacRobertson Shelf commenced 12.8 cal. ka BP and ended around 5.5 cal. ka BP. During the Holocene, strong fluctuations of the bottomwater activity were observed, probably related to variations of sea-ice formation in the Cape Darnley polynya. Increased activity of bottom-water flow was reconstructed at transitions from warm to cool conditions, whereas bottom-water activity receded during the mid- Holocene climate optimum. It can be concluded that the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system was relatively stable in terms of climate variations during the Quaternary. In contrast, bottom-water formation due to polynya activity was very sensitive to changes in atmospheric forcing and should gain more attention in future research. / Die Antarktis spielt im globalen Umweltsystem eine tragende Rolle. Mit ihrem mächtigen Eispanzer ist sie nicht nur der größte Süsswasserspeicher auf der Erde, in ihren Schelfregionen wird auch ein Großteil der globalen Bodenwassermassen gebildet, welche die globale thermohaline Zirkulation antreiben. Hauptziel dieser Arbeit, welche einen deutschen Beitrag zum Internationalen Polarjahr 2007/ 2008 liefert, war es, neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Stabilität des Ostantarktischen Eisschildes während des Quartärs zu liefern. Weiterhin sollten Aussagen über Variationen in der Bildung von Antarktischem Bodenwasser und deren Ursachen getroffen werden. Dazu wurde im Rahmen der ‚Polarstern‘ Expedition ANT-XXIII/9 eine Beprobung glaziomariner Sedimente zwischen Prydz Bucht und Kerguelen Plateau durchgeführt. Diese Region eignet sich zur Untersuchung der Ostantarktischen Eisdynamik besonders gut, da hier der Lambert Gletscher, etwa 16% des Ostantarktischen Eispanzers drainiert. Er transportiert dabei Sediment nach Norden, das schließlich die Prydz Bucht erreicht und durch direkten Transport über kalbende Eisberge oder durch Umlagerung und Verteilung mithilfe von Meeresströmungen weiter verfrachtet wird. Der wissenschaftliche Ansatz dieser Arbeit besteht darin, über die Verteilung dieser Sedimente in Raum und Zeit, d.h. über Variationen des glaziomarinen Paläoregimes, die Reaktion des Lambert Gletschers und des vorgelagerten Amery Schelfeises auf Klimaschwankungen während des Quartärs zu rekonstruieren. Dabei werden sowohl sedimentologische Methoden unter Einbeziehung neuer statistischer Möglichkeiten angewandt, um Sedimentationsprozesse zu charakterisieren, als auch mineralogische und (bio)geochemische Parameter verwendet, um Aussagen über die Herkunft der Sedimente und Änderungen in der Produktivität im Oberflächenwasser treffen zu können. Die Altersbestimmung der Sedimentkerne erfolgte mittels Paläomagnetik, Paläointensitäten, Biostratigraphie und Radiokarbondatierungen. Die Oberflächensedimente im Untersuchungsgebiet zeigen deutliche Unterschiede sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Tonmineral- als auch Schwermineralzusammensetzung. Beide mineralogischen Parameter zeigen die größten Differerenzen auf dem Schelf. Dort lassen sich deutlich Sedimente der Prydz Bucht von Sedimenten des MacRobertson Shelfes differenzieren. Sie stellen daher ein gutes Hilfsmittel dar, um sowohl die Herkunft von eis- als auch strömungstransportiertem Material zu rekonstruieren. Die untersuchten Sedimentkerne decken den Zeitraum der letzten 1,4 Millionen Jahre (Kontinentalhang) bzw. der letzten 12,8 tausend kal. Jahre v. H. ab (MacRobertson Schelf). Die abgelagerten Sedimente wurden i. W. durch glaziale und ozeanographische Einflüsse geprägt, aber auch durch Bioproduktion (Schelf) bzw. durch Schmelzwassereinträge und möglicherweise gravitative Prozesse (Kontinentalhang). In den Sedimenten des Kontinentalhangs sind zwei starke Enteisungsereignisse überliefert: Das erste Ereignis steht mit dem mittelpleistozänen Klimaoptimum in Verbindung, das auch in anderen antarktischen Regionen nachgewiesen wurde. Es führte in der Prydz Bucht zu einem weitreichenden Rückzug des Lambert Gletscher-Amery Schelfeises (LAIS) und gleichzeitig zu einer hohen Primärproduktion. Danach herrschten bis etwa 400 - 500 tausend Jahre v. H. stabile glaziale Bedingungen. Kalbung von Eisbergen war wahrscheinlich auf den westlichen Teil des Lambert Gletschers begrenzt, wo eine tiefere Bathymetrie auch bei niedrigerem globalen Meeresspiegel noch Aufschwimmen des Gletschereises erlaubt. Zwischen 400 - 500 tausend Jahren v. H. und vermutlich dem letzten Interglazial wurde der Gletscher schließlich wieder dynamischer, um mit oder kurz nach dem letzten Interglazial (Meeresspiegel etwa 6 - 9 m höher) eine weitere Phase deutlichen Rückzuges zu durchlaufen. Beide Ereignisse lassen sich mit Phasen der Eisreduktion in den Prinz Charles Bergen korrelieren, d.h. der Rückzug des Lambert Gletschers hatte möglicherweise ein erhöhtes Nachfließen von Eismassen aus dem Hinterland zur Folge. An den Sedimenten des Schelfkernes wurde ein neu entwickeltes Verfahren der Endmember-Modellierung erfolgreich getestet. Der Eisrückzug auf dem MacRobertson Schelf begann etwa 12,8 tausend kal. Jahre v. H. und war gegen 5,5 tausend kal. Jahre v. H. abgeschlossen. Während des Holozäns kam es zu starken Schwankungen in der Bodenwasseraktivität, die höchst wahrscheinlich mit der Neubildungsrate von Meereis in der Kap Darnley Polynia in Zusammenhang stehen. Besonders auffallend war eine erhöhte Bodenwasseraktivität am Übergang von Warm- zu Kaltphasen bzw. ihr extremer Rückgang während des Mittel-Holozänen Klimaoptimums. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse der Arbeit, dass sich das LAIS während des Quartärs relativ stabil gegenüber Klimaveränderungen verhalten hat. Die Bodenwasserproduktion in Polynien dagegen reagierte sehr empfindlich auf relative geringe atmosphärische Veränderungen und bedarf in Zukunft verstärkter Aufmerksamkeit.

As stocks have become a more common way for people to save their money, the range of financial information has had a substantial increase. To understand the assumptions that stock valuation and analysis are built upon, it is important for the reader to have an understanding for the models that are used by banks and institutions when recommendations are published. The cash flow model, which is the most commonly used stock valuation tool, is based on CAPM. This model describes the relationship between an assets return and its risk in relation to an index. The risk parameter is called the beta value and has grown to be the dominating risk factor within financial economics literature. The use of beta values has been widely discussed in the world of academics and some researchers claim that the degree of explanation brought about by the beta is so low that it should be discarded, others are faithful to the beta and believe that it still serves a purpose. As a result of this criticism other ways to calculate the beta have surfaced, models that take other factors of risk into consideration. One of these “adjusted betas” is the Bottom-up beta which considers a business financial structure, cost structure and the level of risk of the industry when calculating the beta value. This is where our study takes its starting point. The study aims to find out if the beta value can explain the unsystematic risk on the Swedish market. It further investigates whether the Bottom-up beta has a higher degree of explanation than the traditional beta calculated over different periods of time and with different intervals of result. The results show that the Bottom-up beta to a high degree can explain the unsystematic risk on the Swedish market. It is however hard to rank the different beta values by falling degree of explanation since the differences between them can be caused by random elements. The study also shows that all methods for calculating beta values tend to underestimate the true beta value. Some differences in returns between high and low risk stocks have also been found where low risk stocks have performed a lot better than what CAPM recommends. / I takt med att aktieplaceringar blivit en allt vanligare sparform har utbudet av finansiell information ökat kraftigt. För att förstå vilka antaganden som ligger bakom de analyser och aktievärderingar som publiceras av banker och institutioner är det av vikt att läsaren förstår de underliggande modeller som används, samt de antaganden dessa gör. En modell som ligger till grund för det vanligaste värderingsverktyget, kassaflödesmodellen, är CAPM. Denna formel beskriver sambandet mellan en tillgångs avkastning och dess risk mätt i förhållande till ett index. Denna riskparameter benämns betavärdet och har vuxit fram till att bli det dominerande riskmåttet inom finansiell litteratur. Betavärdets funktionalitet har under lång tid debatterats i den akademiska världen och vissa forskare hävdar att betavärdets förklaringsgrad är så lågt att det bör förkastas, medan andra forskare fortfarande är trogna betavärdet. Detta har resulterat i att alternativa beräkningssätt för betavärdet har kommit fram som söker involvera fler aspekter av risk i analysen. Ett sådant alternativt betavärde är Bottom-up betat som tar hänsyn till ett företags finansiella uppbyggnad, kostnadsstruktur samt branschens relativa risk. Det är i denna akademiska splittring gällande betavärdet som vår studie tar vid. Studiens problem är att undersöka huruvida betavärdet kan förklara den osystematiska risken på den svenska marknaden. Syftet är vidare att undersöka om Bottom-up betavärdet ger en högre förklaringskraft än traditionella betavärden beräknade över olika tidsperioder och med olika resultatintervall. Undersökningen har en deduktiv ansats och tar sin grund i befintliga välgrundade teorier inom det finansiella området. Framkomna resultat har visat att Bottom-up betat i hög utsträckning kan förklara den osystematiska risken på svenska marknaden. Det är dock svårt att rangordna betavärdena efter förklaringsgrad då skillnaderna dem emellan kan bero på slumpmässiga inslag. Vidare har studien funnit att samtliga metoder för att beräkna betavärdet tenderar till att underskatta betavärdets sanna storlek. Skillnader i avkastning mellan hög- och lågriskaktier har också skymtats där lågriskaktier presterat avsevärt bättre än vad CAPM förespråkar som rimligt.

<p>Our main results are that splay trees are faster for sorted insertion, where AVL trees are faster for random insertion. For searching, skip lists are faster than single class top-down splay trees, but two-class and multi-class top-down splay trees can behave better than skip lists.</p>

I EU råder det idag en tänkt etableringsfrihet för företag inom gemenskapen. EUD har genom ett antal avgörande domar gett en bild av hur tolkningen av den stadgade etableringsfriheten ska ske. På grund av etableringsfriheten och EUDs praxis genom åren har möjligheter kommit upp för medlemsstater att konkurrera med varandra för att erhålla den bästa lagstiftningen för bolag att starta upp sin verksamhet i. Vissa förespråkare anser att möjligheten till regelkonkurrens riskerar att försämra medlemsstaternas bolagsregler ur ett arbetstagarperspektiv då medlemsstaterna i framtiden kommer att utforma lagar som är förmånliga för bolagen men med ett sämre skydd för arbetstagare, ett såkallat race to the bottom. Andra menar att regelkonkurrens tvärt om stärker den inre europeiska marknaden då medlemsstaterna aktivt strävar efter att utforma de bästa lagarna ur allas perspektiv och att en sådan konkurrens behövs inom gemenskapen för att aktivt lyfta och utveckla kvalitén på medlemsstaternas bolagsregler, ett såkallat race to the top. Inom EU diskuteras idag förslag till ett gemensamt privat europeiskt aktiebolag (SPE-bolag) som ska gälla inom hela EU och där bolagsreglerna är desamma i alla medlemsstater. Gemensam harmonisering bland medlemsstaterna kan tänkas motverka en negativ utveckling av regelkonkurrensen (race to the bottom med försämrat arbetstagarskydd som följd) men kan även medföra att den goda utvecklingen som kan ske genom fri regelkonkurrens mellan nationella bolagsregler stannar upp bland medlemsstaterna. Vad gäller SPE-bolaget så motverkar inte det möjligheten för negativ regelkonkurrens mellan medlemsstaterna ur ett arbetstagarskyddsperspektiv utan snarare öppnar upp för mer negativ regelkonkurrens. En möjlighet till god regelkonkurrens bland medlemsstaterna utan att konsekvenserna av att ett race to the bottom skulle uppstå är att den europeiske lagstiftaren utfärdar en gemensam arbetstagarskyddslagstiftning vilket alla medlemsstater måste följa. En sådan lagstiftning skulle reglera alla väsentliga arbetsrättsområden som skulle kunna förbises om en negativ regelkonkurrens skulle utvecklas mellan medlemsstaterna. Därefter skulle det råda en fri regelkonkurrens. En sådan lösning skulle ta de bra delarna ur regelkonkurrens samtidigt som de negativa delarna förhindrades.