The Upward Bound Math and Science (UBMS) program at Temple University (TU) seeks to guide first-generation, low-income high school students from Philadelphia in their quest to obtain postsecondary STEM degrees that lead to related careers. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the program by analyzing its students’ performance in light of its own goals and also in view of those of its sister program, The Upward Bound (UB) program. Primarily, this study uses Confirmatory Program Evaluation to ascertain which programmatic elements predict outcomes associated with indicators of STEM interest. Program leaders in TU’s College of Education and Human Development provided data for the study. Data came from 2015–2021 annual performance reports, containing information on 374 former UBMS student participants as well as 483 former UB students. Findings indicate that UBMS students pursued postsecondary enrollment at a significantly higher rate than UB students. Results also suggest that UBMS students’ grade level upon program entry was a significant direct negative predictor for how long they were affiliated with the program. In addition, students’ grade level upon program entry was a direct positive predictor for whether they obtained a rigorous course of study. Community service involvement was a significant negative predictor for whether students completed advanced math courses. None of the predictors yielded a significant effect in either of the two outcomes by way of a third, mediating variable. Implications of the study suggest that alliances between principal investigators, program administrators, and statisticians—ultimately through mixed-methods approaches—may offer valuable insight regarding the evaluation of UBMS and programs like it. / Educational Leadership

Perfluorosulfonate ionomers, such as Nafion® have been shown to demonstrate a profound affinity for large cationic complexes, and the study of polymer-bound cations may provide insight regarding Nafion® morphology by contrasting molecular size with existing models. The trimetallic complex, [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhBr2] 5+, is readily absorbed by ion exchange into Na+ -form Nafion® membranes under ambient conditions. The dimensions of three different isomers of the trimetallic complex are estimated to be: 23.6 Å × 13.3 Å × 10.8 Å, 18.9 Å × 18.0 Å × 13.7 Å, and 23.1 Å × 12.0 Å × 11.4 Å, yielding an average molecular volume of 1.2×103 Å3 . At equilibrium, the partition coefficient for the ion-exchange of the trimetallic complex into Nafion® from a DMF solution is 5.7 × 103 . Furthermore, the total cationic charge of the exchanged trimetallic complexes counterbalances 86 ± 2% of the anionic SO3 − sites in Nafion®. The characteristic dimensions of morphological models for the ionic domains in Nafion® are comparable to the molecular dimensions of the large mixedmetal complexes. Surprisingly, SAXS analysis indicates that the complexes absorb into the ionic domains of Nafion® without significantly changing the ionomer morphology. Given the profound affinity for absorption of these large cationic molecules, a more open-channel model for the morphology of perfluorosulfonate ionomers is more reasonable, in agreement with recent experimental findings. In contrast to smaller monometallic complexes, the time- v dependent uptake of the large trimetallic cations is biexponential. This behavior is attributed to a fast initial ion-exchange process on the surface of the membrane, accompanied by a slower, transport-limited ion-exchange for sites in the interior of the ionomer matrix. The development of Nafion®/[{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhBr2] 5+ modified electrodes is also described for both FTO electrodes and materials made from electrospun carbon mats. The [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhBr2] 5+ complexes behave as photocatalytic hydrogen production catalysts in the Nafion® membrane. Furthermore, a second bulk photoelectrolysis experiment with the Nafion®/[{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhBr2] 5+/FTO electrodes shows an enhancement of catalytic activity compared to the first photoelectrolysis experiment. This enhancement is attributed to halide loss following the first reduction process. Lastly, electrospun carbon nanofiber mats behave as electron donor materials for [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhBr2] 5+/Nafion® membranes. / Ph. D.

This project is associated with statistical methods to find the unknown parameters of a model. It is the statistical investigation of the algorithm with respect to accuracy (the Cramer-Rao bound and L-curve technique) and optimization of the algorithmic parameters. This project aims to estimate the true temperature (final temperature) of a certain liquid in a container by using initial measurements (readings) from a temperature probe with a known time constant. Basically, the final temperature of the liquid was estimated, before the probe reached its final reading. The probe obeys a simple first-order differential equation model. Based on the model of the probe and the measurement data the estimate was calculated of the ’true’ temperature in the container by using a maximum likelihood approach to parameter estimation.  The initial temperature was also investigated. Modelling, analysis, calculations, and simulations of this problem were explored.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations are declining in the bottom waters of many lakes around the world, posing critical water quality concerns. Throughout my dissertation, I assessed how bottom-water dissolved oxygen may mediate the effects of climate and land use change on water quality in lakes. First, I characterized causes of variation in summer bottom-water temperature and dissolved oxygen. I demonstrated that spring air temperatures may play a greater role than summer air temperatures in shaping summer bottom-water dynamics. I then characterized the effects of declining bottom-water oxygen concentrations across diverse scales of analysis (i.e., using microcosm incubations, whole-ecosystem oxygenation experiments, and data analysis of >600 widespread lakes). I found that low dissolved oxygen concentrations contributed to release of nutrients and organic carbon from lake sediments, potentially altering the role of lakes in global biogeochemical cycles. Importantly, I also found support for a previously-hypothesized Anoxia Begets Anoxia feedback, whereby bottom-water anoxia (i.e., no dissolved oxygen) in a given year promotes increasingly severe occurrences of anoxia in following summers. This finding demonstrates the need for forecasts of future oxygen dynamics in lakes, as management actions to preempt the first occurrence of anoxia will be more effective than actions to restore ecological function after oxygen concentrations have already declined. To build the capacity for such forecasts, I led a systematic review of ecological forecasting literature that characterized the state of the field, emerging best practices, and relative predictability of four ecological variables. Combined, my dissertation provides a mechanistic examination of the effects of climate change on water quality in lakes worldwide, ultimately helping to anticipate, mitigate, and preempt future water quality declines. / Doctor of Philosophy / Changes in climate and land use have caused dissolved oxygen concentrations to decline in many lakes around the world. These declines are concerning because low oxygen concentrations can cause substantial water quality problems. If we could better predict future water quality, we may be able to develop more effective lake management programs. To help meet this need, I analyzed how dissolved oxygen has mediated historical changes in water quality, and how dissolved oxygen may affect water quality in the future. I focused on bottom-water (rather than surface-water) dissolved oxygen, because bottom waters are more likely to experience very low oxygen concentrations that can lead to water quality problems. I started by assessing the drivers of summer bottom-water dissolved oxygen in 615 lakes. Across these lakes, spring air temperatures played a greater role than summer air temperatures in shaping summer bottom-water temperature and dissolved oxygen. I then characterized the effects of declining bottom-water oxygen concentrations using small-scale incubations in the lab, manipulations of oxygen concentrations in a whole reservoir, and data analysis across 656 lakes. I found that low dissolved oxygen conditions led to the release of nutrients and organic carbon from lake sediments, which may worsen water quality. Importantly, I also found support for a feedback effect, whereby low bottom-water dissolved oxygen in one summer perpetuates oxygen declines in following summers. This finding motivates the need for forecasts of future dissolved oxygen concentrations, as management actions to stop the first occurrence of low oxygen concentrations will be more effective than actions to restore water quality after oxygen concentrations have already started to decline. To build capacity for lake oxygen forecasts, I synthesized many published papers that have predicted future ecological states, and I documented proposed best practices in this emerging field. Ultimately, by advancing our understanding of how climate and land use change affect water quality in lakes worldwide, my dissertation research will help to anticipate, mitigate, and preempt future water quality declines.

Es sei Γ eine torsionsfreie arithmetische Untergruppe der symplektischen Gruppe Sp(n,R), die auf dem Siegelschen oberen Halbraum H_n vom Grad n wirkt. Wir betrachten den d-dimensionalen Raum der Siegelschen Spitzenformen vom Gewicht k zur Gruppe Γ, mit einer Orthonormalbasis {f_1,…,f_d}. In der vorliegenden Dissertation zeigen wir mit Hilfe des Wärmeleitungskerns, dass die Supremumsnorm von S_k(Z):=det(Y)^k (|f_1(Z)|^2+…+|f_d(Z)|^2) (Z∈H_n) für n=2 ohne zusätzliche Bedingungen und für n>2 unter Annahme einer vermuteten Determinanten-Ungleichung nach oben beschränkt ist. Wenn M:=Γ\H_n kompakt ist, dann ist die obere Schranke durch c_(n,Γ) k^{n(n+1)/2} gegeben. Wenn M nicht kompakt und von endlichem Volumen ist, dann ist die obere Schranke durch c_(n,Γ) k^{3n(n+1)/4} gegeben. In beiden Fällen ist c_(n,Γ) eine positive reelle Konstante, die nur vom Grad n und der Gruppe Γ abhängt. Wir zeigen weiter, dass die obere Schranke in dem Sinne gleichmäßig ist, dass bei fixierter Gruppe Γ_0 die Konstante c_(n,Γ) für Untergruppen Γ von endlichem Index nur vom Grad n und der Gruppe Γ_0 abhängt. / Let Γ be a torsion-free arithmetic subgroup of the symplectic group Sp(n,R) acting on the Siegel upper half-space H_n of degree n. Consider the d-dimensional space of Siegel cusp forms of weight k for Γ with an orthonormal basis {f_1,…,f_d}. In this thesis we show using the heat kernel method that for n=2 unconditionally and for n>2 subject to a conjectural determinant-inequality, the sup-norm of the quantity S_k(Z):=det(Y)^k (|f1(Z)|^2+…+|f_d(Z)|^2) (Z∈H_n) is bounded above by c_(n,Γ) k^{n(n+1)/2} when M:=Γ\H_n is compact and by c_(n,Γ) k^{3n(n+1)/4} when M is non-compact of finite volume, where c_(n,Γ) denotes a positive real constant depending only on the degree n and the group Γ. Furthermore, we show that this bound is uniform in the sense that if we fix a group Γ_0 and take Γ to be a subgroup of Γ_0 of finite index, then the constant c_(n,Γ) in these bounds depends only on the degree n and the fixed group Γ_0.

[pt] Esta tese é composta por 3 capítulos. No primeiro capítulo mostro que quando um banco central não é totalmente apoiado financeiramente pelo tesouro e enfrenta uma restrição de solvência, um aumento no tamanho ou uma mudança na composição de seu balanço pode servir como um mecanismo de compromisso em um cenário de armadilha de liquidez. Em particular, quando a taxa de juros de curto prazo está em zero, operações de mercado aberto do banco central que envolvam compras de títulos de longo prazo podem ajudar a mitigar a deflação e recessão sob um equilíbrio de política discricionária. Usando um modelo simples com produto exógeno, mostramos que uma mudança no balanço do banco central, que aumenta seu tamanho e duração, incentiva o banco central a manter as taxas de juros baixas no futuro, a fim de evitar perdas e satisfazer a restrição de solvência, aproximando-se de sua política ótima de commitment. No segundo capítulo da tese, eu testo a validade do novo mecanismo desenvolvido no capítulo 1, incorporando um banco central financeiramente independente em um modelo DSGE de média escala baseado em Smets e Wouters (2007), e calibrando-o para replicar principais características da expansão do tamanho e composição do balanço do Federal Reserve no período pós-2008. Eu observo que os programas QE 2 e 3 geraram efeitos positivos na dinâmica da inflação, mas impacto modesto no hiato do produto. O terceiro capítulo da tese avalia as consequências em termos de bem-estar de regras fiscais simples em um modelo de um pequeno país exportador de commodities com uma parcela da população sem acesso ao mercado financeiro, onde a política fiscal assume a forma de transferências. Uma constatação principal é que as regras orçamentárias equilibradas para as receitas de commodities geralmente superam as regras fiscais mais sofisticadas, em que as receitas de commodities são salvas em um Fundo de Riqueza Soberana. Como os choques nos preços das commodities são tipicamente altamente persistentes, a renda atual das famílias está próxima de sua renda permanente, tornando as regras orçamentárias equilibradas próximas do ideal. / [en] This thesis is composed of 3 chapters. In the first chapter, It s shown that when a central bank is not fully financially backed by the treasury and faces a solvency constraint, an increase in the size or a change in the composition of its balance sheet (quantitative easing - QE) can serve as a commitment device in a liquidity trap scenario. In particular, when the short-term interest rate is at the zero lower bound, open market operations by the central bank that involve purchases of long-term bonds can help mitigate deflation and recession under a discretionary policy equilibrium. Using a simple endowment-economy model, it s shown that a change in the central bank balance sheet, which increases its size and duration, provides an incentive to the central bank to keep interest rates low in the future to avoid losses and satisfy its solvency constraints, approximating its full commitment policy. In the second chapter, the validity of the novel mechanism developed in chapter 1 is tested by incorporating a financiallyindependent central bank into a medium-scale DSGE model based on Smets and Wouters (2007), and calibrating it to replicate key features of the expansion of size and composition of the Federal Reserve s balance sheet in the post-2008 period. I find that the programs QE 2 and 3 generated positive effects on the dynamics of inflation, but mild effects on the output gap. The third chapter of the thesis evaluates the welfare consequences of simple fiscal rules in a model of a small commodity-exporting country with a share of financially constrained households, where fiscal policy takes the form of transfers. The main finding is that balanced budget rules for commodity revenues often outperform more sophisticated fiscal rules where commodity revenues are saved in a Sovereign Wealth Fund. Because commodity price shocks are typically highly persistent, the households current income is close to their permanent income, so commodity price shocks don t need smoothing, making simple balanced budget rules close to optimal.

由於社會變遷迅速，文化資產保存工作，無論在有形或無形資產方面均面臨了嚴苛的挑戰。許多為保存歷史建物、遺址、文物或技藝之民間組織或政府文化機構無不極力爭取以獲得必要的經費資源，以防止文化資產的快速流逝。近年來政府對文化資源的投入程度受到廣泛關注，在財政緊縮下，政府削減各項支出中有關文化設施之補助，或限縮地方政府的文化預算，引起各界對文化預算資源配置問題的熱烈討論，導致以經濟觀點衡量文化產出或文化設施之評價日顯重要。在俱歷史性之藝術或文化資源領域，由於其價值無法快速藉由市場價格機制訂出來，衡量文化政策之最適資源投資一直引起激烈爭議，在各部會資源競爭之下，為了獲得足夠的預算分配，政府各部門必須彰顯其對整體經濟效益之貢獻，因此近年來越來越多研究針對非市場財貨之公共投資進行經濟效益評估。調查民眾對文化公共財的願付價格，除可顯示民眾對文化公共財偏好強度以進行成本效益分析外，亦可作為該文化機構自行籌措財源擬訂定價策略之參考，並可提供政府當局財政配置及公共投資之依據，本篇研究將以非市場財貨評估中之條件評估法，以文建會所屬文化機構國立傳統藝術中心為例，求算民眾對該機構之願付價格。 / 實證結果，在估計參數值部份，發現文化資產保存重要性認同度、文化資產遺贈價值認同度、文化資產預算擴編認同度、年齡、文化產業消費頻率等變數，對受訪者的支付意願均有顯著影響；第一階段與第二階段的詢價金額係數估計值為負並且顯著，表示當詢價金額提升時，受訪者會傾向於不願意支付。在單界二元選擇問答下，Logit模型估算其值為181.56元，Probit模型估算其值為199.12元，在95％信心水準下區間估計值Logit模型其值為191.56元到171.56元之間，Probit模型其值為205.90元到192.34元之間；在雙界二元選擇問答下以Bivariabe Probit 估算結果得到第一次詢價的願付價格為145.69元，第二次詢價的願付價格為218.42 元，實證結果單界與雙界二元選擇模型願付價格差異不大。 / Nowadays, historic building, monument, and artifacts, facing difficult issue of damaging, are quickly dying away. Agencies and organizations whose mission is to protect and preserve historic and culturally important building, monument, and artifacts from the ravages of weather, pollution, development, and even use by the general public must compete urgently for needed resources. Government funding of the cultural arts has received considerable attention in recent years. Efforts to cut funding to the national endowment for the culture and declining budgets for public cultural organizations and art institution have raised questions about how much individuals value the culture and arts. Measuring the economic value of particular arts policies or public cultural organizations is difficult and important. The hard case for measuring economic value of cultural resources is that they are not captured readily by market prices. The appropriate resources to be allocated in public cultural or art institutions often get heated and considerable debate. Valuing the willingness to pay for cultural public goods, not only can be applied for measuring economic value to be used in benefit-cost analysis of public project, but also more efficient in the selection of investment program if the total value（use value and non-use value）can be estimated. The purpose of this study is using one of the non-market goods valuation method, contingent valuation method, to elicit a willingness to pay from individual for hypothetical changes in some situation, further more to value the use value and non-use value of the“National Center for Traditional Art ”. / The variables such as the IMPO,BEQU, BUDG, AGE, FRE1, have a significant positive effect on the WTP for a cultural public good valuing. The table broadly indicates that as the bid level is increased, the number of willing to pay the amount decreased. The empirical results show that under the single-bounded dichotomous choice model, the estimated WTP for Logit model is NT$181.56 and for Probit model is NT$199.12. Under the 95％ confidence, for Logit mode the estimated WTP is between NT $191.56 and NT $171.56, and for Probit model is between NT $205.90 and NT $192.34. Under the double-bounded dichotomous choice model, Bivariate Probit model was adopted to estimate the WTP. The first-estimated WTP is NT $145.69, and second-estimated WTP is NT $218.42. The estimated WTP under double bounded dichotomous choice model is not much different from the estimated WTP under single bounded dichotomous choice model.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions trois types de problèmes stochastiques : les problèmes avec contraintes probabilistes, les problèmes distributionnellement robustes et les problèmes avec recours. Les difficultés des problèmes stochastiques sont essentiellement liées aux problèmes de convexité du domaine des solutions, et du calcul de l’espérance mathématique ou des probabilités qui nécessitent le calcul complexe d’intégrales multiples. A cause de ces difficultés majeures, nous avons résolu les problèmes étudiées à l’aide d’approximations efficaces.Nous avons étudié deux types de problèmes stochastiques avec des contraintes en probabilités, i.e., les problèmes linéaires avec contraintes en probabilité jointes (LLPC) et les problèmes de maximisation de probabilités (MPP). Dans les deux cas, nous avons supposé que les variables aléatoires sont normalement distribués et les vecteurs lignes des matrices aléatoires sont indépendants. Nous avons résolu LLPC, qui est un problème généralement non convexe, à l’aide de deux approximations basée sur les problèmes coniques de second ordre (SOCP). Sous certaines hypothèses faibles, les solutions optimales des deux SOCP sont respectivement les bornes inférieures et supérieures du problème du départ. En ce qui concerne MPP, nous avons étudié une variante du problème du plus court chemin stochastique contraint (SRCSP) qui consiste à maximiser la probabilité de la contrainte de ressources. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons proposé un algorithme de Branch and Bound pour calculer la solution optimale. Comme la relaxation linéaire n’est pas convexe, nous avons proposé une approximation convexe efficace. Nous avons par la suite testé nos algorithmes pour tous les problèmes étudiés sur des instances aléatoires. Pour LLPC, notre approche est plus performante que celles de Bonferroni et de Jaganathan. Pour MPP, nos résultats numériques montrent que notre approche est là encore plus performante que l’approximation des contraintes probabilistes individuellement.La deuxième famille de problèmes étudiés est celle relative aux problèmes distributionnellement robustes où une partie seulement de l’information sur les variables aléatoires est connue à savoir les deux premiers moments. Nous avons montré que le problème de sac à dos stochastique (SKP) est un problème semi-défini positif (SDP) après relaxation SDP des contraintes binaires. Bien que ce résultat ne puisse être étendu au cas du problème multi-sac-à-dos (MKP), nous avons proposé deux approximations qui permettent d’obtenir des bornes de bonne qualité pour la plupart des instances testées. Nos résultats numériques montrent que nos approximations sont là encore plus performantes que celles basées sur les inégalités de Bonferroni et celles plus récentes de Zymler. Ces résultats ont aussi montré la robustesse des solutions obtenues face aux fluctuations des distributions de probabilités. Nous avons aussi étudié une variante du problème du plus court chemin stochastique. Nous avons prouvé que ce problème peut se ramener au problème de plus court chemin déterministe sous certaine hypothèses. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons proposé une méthode de B&B où les bornes inférieures sont calculées à l’aide de la méthode du gradient projeté stochastique. Des résultats numériques ont montré l’efficacité de notre approche. Enfin, l’ensemble des méthodes que nous avons proposées dans cette thèse peuvent s’appliquer à une large famille de problèmes d’optimisation stochastique avec variables entières. / In this thesis, we studied three types of stochastic problems: chance constrained problems, distributionally robust problems as well as the simple recourse problems. For the stochastic programming problems, there are two main difficulties. One is that feasible sets of stochastic problems is not convex in general. The other main challenge arises from the need to calculate conditional expectation or probability both of which are involving multi-dimensional integrations. Due to the two major difficulties, for all three studied problems, we solved them with approximation approaches.We first study two types of chance constrained problems: linear program with joint chance constraints problem (LPPC) as well as maximum probability problem (MPP). For both problems, we assume that the random matrix is normally distributed and its vector rows are independent. We first dealt with LPPC which is generally not convex. We approximate it with two second-order cone programming (SOCP) problems. Furthermore under mild conditions, the optimal values of the two SOCP problems are a lower and upper bounds of the original problem respectively. For the second problem, we studied a variant of stochastic resource constrained shortest path problem (called SRCSP for short), which is to maximize probability of resource constraints. To solve the problem, we proposed to use a branch-and-bound framework to come up with the optimal solution. As its corresponding linear relaxation is generally not convex, we give a convex approximation. Finally, numerical tests on the random instances were conducted for both problems. With respect to LPPC, the numerical results showed that the approach we proposed outperforms Bonferroni and Jagannathan approximations. While for the MPP, the numerical results on generated instances substantiated that the convex approximation outperforms the individual approximation method.Then we study a distributionally robust stochastic quadratic knapsack problems, where we only know part of information about the random variables, such as its first and second moments. We proved that the single knapsack problem (SKP) is a semedefinite problem (SDP) after applying the SDP relaxation scheme to the binary constraints. Despite the fact that it is not the case for the multidimensional knapsack problem (MKP), two good approximations of the relaxed version of the problem are provided which obtain upper and lower bounds that appear numerically close to each other for a range of problem instances. Our numerical experiments also indicated that our proposed lower bounding approximation outperforms the approximations that are based on Bonferroni's inequality and the work by Zymler et al.. Besides, an extensive set of experiments were conducted to illustrate how the conservativeness of the robust solutions does pay off in terms of ensuring the chance constraint is satisfied (or nearly satisfied) under a wide range of distribution fluctuations. Moreover, our approach can be applied to a large number of stochastic optimization problems with binary variables.Finally, a stochastic version of the shortest path problem is studied. We proved that in some cases the stochastic shortest path problem can be greatly simplified by reformulating it as the classic shortest path problem, which can be solved in polynomial time. To solve the general problem, we proposed to use a branch-and-bound framework to search the set of feasible paths. Lower bounds are obtained by solving the corresponding linear relaxation which in turn is done using a Stochastic Projected Gradient algorithm involving an active set method. Meanwhile, numerical examples were conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained algorithm. Concerning the resolution of the continuous relaxation, our Stochastic Projected Gradient algorithm clearly outperforms Matlab optimization toolbox on large graphs.

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Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Resumo: Neste trabalho, consideram-se a análise teórica e a implementação computacional dos algoritmos Primal Simplex Canalizado (PSC) e Dual Simplex Canalizado (DSC) especializados. Esses algoritmos foram incorporados em um algoritmo Branch and Bound (B&B) de modo a resolver o problema de Planejamento da Expansão de Sistemas de Transmissão (PEST). Neste caso, o problema PEST foi modelado usando os chamados modelo de Transportes e modelo Linear Disjuntivo (LD), o que produz um problema de Programação Linear Inteiro Misto (PLIM). O algoritmo PSC é utilizado na resolução do problema de Programação Linear (PL) inicial após desconsiderar a restrição de integralidade do problema PLIM original. Juntamente com o algoritmo PSC, foi implementada uma estratégia para reduzir o número de variáveis artificiais adicionadas ao PL, consequentemente reduzindo o número de iterações do algoritmo PSC. O algoritmo DSC é utilizado na reotimização eficiente dos subproblemas gerados pelo algoritmo B&B, através do quadro ótimo do PL inicial, excluindo, assim, a necessidade da resolução completa de cada subproblema e, consequentemente, reduzindo o consumo de processamento e memória. Nesta pesquisa, é apresentada uma nova proposta de otimização, e, consequentemente, a implementação computacional usando a linguagem de programação FORTRAN que opera independentemente de qualquer solver. / Doutor