THE PROBLEMATIC OF INTER-RELATIONSHIP BOUNDARIES IN THE CHRISTIAN ENVIRONMENT Summary In the Christian environment, the same sociological-psychological principles are valid as anywhere else. The aim of the work is to clarify the knowledge of the topic of borders on general level and to view the life of Jesus Christ, the ideal of humanity, from the perspective of borders. I will also attempt to show the way in which the incorrect and selective understanding of the gospel principles may lead to psychologically insane attitudes. Keywords Relationship Psychosocial development Unyielding bounderies Veague bounderies Healthy bounderies Christian enviromenment Patologycal stance

Entre 1810 et 1930, les milieux artistiques et culturels des Pyrénées-Orientales ont participé aux différentes politiques de mémoires et ont exprimé leur appartenance collective à la Nation. De ce mouvement culturel est naît la conscience d’une singularité roussillonnaise. Cette étude présente dans une première partie les conditions de réflexion et de mises en place d’actions naissantes sur le patrimoine. Elles ont pour cadre les années 1810-1860 et une France politique qui tente d’effacer les particularismes et éviter son éclatement après le traumatisme de la Révolution française. Cela consiste à étudier les différents modes d’institutionnalisation du patrimoine, de la création et des connaissances. Dans une seconde partie, qui a pour cadre les années 1880-1930, cette étude se penche sur l’évolution de la politique de mémoire non plus dictée par les institutions nationales mais par le mouvement régionaliste et les diverses représentations que les roussillonnais se font de leur région héritée ou à construire. Il s’agit de montrer les influences du régionalisme français, qui associe le fédéralisme au sentiment national, l’influence des séparatismes catalans dans la constitution d’une nouvelle culture matérielle et d’une identité artistique fortement marquée par un lien historique jamais rompu avec la Méditerranée et un retour aux origines de la culture antique. / Between 1810 and 1930 the artistic and cultural circles of the “Pyrénées-Orientales” have been involved in the different policies concerning the local heritage while expressing their will to belong to the French nation. From this cultural movement was born a strong sense of identity. The first part of this study is about the conditions in which this conscience developed as well as the first actions concerning the local heritage. Between 1810 and 1860 the French official policies tried to erase the local sense of identity and to preserve national unity after the trauma of the French Revolution. Our purpose was to study the different ways in which the local heritage as well artistic creation and local historical studies have been institutionalized. The second part studies the years between 1880 and 1930 when the political evolution concerning the local heritage was no longer ruled by national institutions but by the regionalist movement and the way the “Roussillonnais” considered their region as a heritage both to be preserved and enlarged. We have tried to show the influence of French regionalism that associates federalism and a national conscience, the influence of catalan separatism in the creation of a new material culture and an artistic identity strongly marked by a historical and unbroken link with the Mediterrannean world as well as return to antiquity.

A criminalidade transnacional é um dos males da atualidade e tem seu crescimento associado à complexidade dos processos da globalização. Quão mais interligadas estão a economia, cultura e demais comunicações dos Estados, mais vulneráveis estão às ações criminosas. Diante desta constatação a comunidade internacional escolheu o Direito Penal Internacional como um dos instrumentos destinados a fazer frente a este problema contemporâneo. O DPI, como especialização do Direito Penal, atende às exigências da comunidade internacional, por ser constituído pelo binômio criminalização e instituições de repressão e por contemplar dois distintos referenciais, quais sejam o do observador nacional que vê a projeção de seu ordenamento jurídico para fora das fronteiras territoriais e a do observador internacional que vê a projeção das normas internacionais para dentro do território dos Estados. A importância do DPI para o combate ao crime se faz pela pluralidade de espécies de cooperação (administrativa e jurídica) e de formas, que vão desde as mais clássicas como a extradição, a carta rogatória e a homologação da sentença estrangeira às mais modernas como a transferência de presos e a assistência mútua. As formas mais clássicas da cooperação têm se mostrado pouco eficazes e muito burocráticas para alcançar os resultados pretendidos, principalmente pelas barreiras jurídicas impostas pelos Estados, A assistência mútua vai ao encontro das expectativas internacionais, por simplificar a tramitação dos pedidos, em razão da tramitação dos mesmos por Autoridades Centrais e não por vias diplomáticas, por reduzir as barreiras jurídicas, pois há a possibilidade de mitigação do princípio da identidade, a redução dos motivos de recusa e a desnecessidade de submeter ao crivo do Superior Tribunal de Justiça pedidos que notoriamente dispensam juízo de delibação. Embora a assistência mútua traga muitas vantagens para facilitar a persecução penal, o desprendimento às formalidades e às barreiras jurídicas não pode significar desapego às garantias materiais e processuais das pessoas que são os destinatários da ação estatal persecutória, em especial à garantia de não ter contra si aplicadas penas vedadas constitucionalmente (art. 5, XLVII da CF/88). Neste sentido torna-se necessário reconhecer a existência de uma obrigação de não fazer e não cooperar por parte dos Estados que possa ser invocada para obstar atos de cooperação que possam contribuir para a aplicação das penas vedadas. / The transnational criminality is one of the major problems of the present time and its growth is associated with the complexity in the processes of globalization. The more interconnect the economy, the culture and other means of communications of the State, more vulnerable they are to criminal actions. In face of this fact, the international community chose the International Criminal Law as one of the instruments developed to face this contemporary problem. The ICL, as a specialization of the Criminal Law, fulfills the demands of the international community because it is constituted by the binomial criminalization and repression institutions, and because it contemplates two different perspectives: that of the national observer who sees the projection of its own legal system to outside the territorial boundaries, and that of the international observer who see the projection of the international norms to the inside of the State territory. The importance of the ICL for the fight against crime is seen in a plurality of kinds of cooperation (administrative and judicial) and of methods which range from the most traditional ones, such as extradition, rogatory letters, recognition of foreign sentences, to the most modern ones, such as transfer of prisoners and mutual assistance. The most traditional methods of cooperation are proving themselves to be minimally efficient and excessively bureaucratic to achieve the expected result, specially due to the juridical barriers imposed by the States. The mutual assistance method, however, meets the international expectation because it simplifies the transaction of requests, since they are done by central authorities and not by diplomatic means, and also because it reduced the juridical barriers. The reduction in the juridical barriers happens because it is possible to mitigate the identity principle, to reduce the reasons for rejection and because it deems unnecessary to submit requests that notoriously bypass the approval of the brazilians Superior Court of Justice. Although the mutual assistance brings various advantages in facilitating the criminal persecution, in promoting formality detachment and in diminishing the juridical barriers, it cannot result in a dismissal of material and procedural warranties of those people who are the recipient of the persecutory state action, specially with respect to the warranty that prevents one to have a forbidden punishments applied against oneself (5 art., XLVII of the CF/88). Hence, the recognition of the existence of the obligation to not-do, and, from the side of the State, the existence of the obligation to not-cooperate are necessary, so that they can be invoked to prevent cooperation acts that can contribute to the application of forbidden punishments.

A criminalidade transnacional é um dos males da atualidade e tem seu crescimento associado à complexidade dos processos da globalização. Quão mais interligadas estão a economia, cultura e demais comunicações dos Estados, mais vulneráveis estão às ações criminosas. Diante desta constatação a comunidade internacional escolheu o Direito Penal Internacional como um dos instrumentos destinados a fazer frente a este problema contemporâneo. O DPI, como especialização do Direito Penal, atende às exigências da comunidade internacional, por ser constituído pelo binômio criminalização e instituições de repressão e por contemplar dois distintos referenciais, quais sejam o do observador nacional que vê a projeção de seu ordenamento jurídico para fora das fronteiras territoriais e a do observador internacional que vê a projeção das normas internacionais para dentro do território dos Estados. A importância do DPI para o combate ao crime se faz pela pluralidade de espécies de cooperação (administrativa e jurídica) e de formas, que vão desde as mais clássicas como a extradição, a carta rogatória e a homologação da sentença estrangeira às mais modernas como a transferência de presos e a assistência mútua. As formas mais clássicas da cooperação têm se mostrado pouco eficazes e muito burocráticas para alcançar os resultados pretendidos, principalmente pelas barreiras jurídicas impostas pelos Estados, A assistência mútua vai ao encontro das expectativas internacionais, por simplificar a tramitação dos pedidos, em razão da tramitação dos mesmos por Autoridades Centrais e não por vias diplomáticas, por reduzir as barreiras jurídicas, pois há a possibilidade de mitigação do princípio da identidade, a redução dos motivos de recusa e a desnecessidade de submeter ao crivo do Superior Tribunal de Justiça pedidos que notoriamente dispensam juízo de delibação. Embora a assistência mútua traga muitas vantagens para facilitar a persecução penal, o desprendimento às formalidades e às barreiras jurídicas não pode significar desapego às garantias materiais e processuais das pessoas que são os destinatários da ação estatal persecutória, em especial à garantia de não ter contra si aplicadas penas vedadas constitucionalmente (art. 5, XLVII da CF/88). Neste sentido torna-se necessário reconhecer a existência de uma obrigação de não fazer e não cooperar por parte dos Estados que possa ser invocada para obstar atos de cooperação que possam contribuir para a aplicação das penas vedadas. / The transnational criminality is one of the major problems of the present time and its growth is associated with the complexity in the processes of globalization. The more interconnect the economy, the culture and other means of communications of the State, more vulnerable they are to criminal actions. In face of this fact, the international community chose the International Criminal Law as one of the instruments developed to face this contemporary problem. The ICL, as a specialization of the Criminal Law, fulfills the demands of the international community because it is constituted by the binomial criminalization and repression institutions, and because it contemplates two different perspectives: that of the national observer who sees the projection of its own legal system to outside the territorial boundaries, and that of the international observer who see the projection of the international norms to the inside of the State territory. The importance of the ICL for the fight against crime is seen in a plurality of kinds of cooperation (administrative and judicial) and of methods which range from the most traditional ones, such as extradition, rogatory letters, recognition of foreign sentences, to the most modern ones, such as transfer of prisoners and mutual assistance. The most traditional methods of cooperation are proving themselves to be minimally efficient and excessively bureaucratic to achieve the expected result, specially due to the juridical barriers imposed by the States. The mutual assistance method, however, meets the international expectation because it simplifies the transaction of requests, since they are done by central authorities and not by diplomatic means, and also because it reduced the juridical barriers. The reduction in the juridical barriers happens because it is possible to mitigate the identity principle, to reduce the reasons for rejection and because it deems unnecessary to submit requests that notoriously bypass the approval of the brazilians Superior Court of Justice. Although the mutual assistance brings various advantages in facilitating the criminal persecution, in promoting formality detachment and in diminishing the juridical barriers, it cannot result in a dismissal of material and procedural warranties of those people who are the recipient of the persecutory state action, specially with respect to the warranty that prevents one to have a forbidden punishments applied against oneself (5 art., XLVII of the CF/88). Hence, the recognition of the existence of the obligation to not-do, and, from the side of the State, the existence of the obligation to not-cooperate are necessary, so that they can be invoked to prevent cooperation acts that can contribute to the application of forbidden punishments.

This essay is about the hamlets´ older boundaries, i.e. boundary lines (“rågångar”) and boundary markers in the form of rocks, and an own survey of two hamlet boundaries in southeast Sweden. Many of the boundary rocks were subjected to unintentional damage or destruction that arose during forestry activities, the excavation of ditches, or road construction. Boundaries between hamlets sparsely populated areas were not clearly defined from the beginning, but were established initially in the form of boundary zones, that often consisted of wetlands, watercourses, or mountain heights. These areas were utilized collectively by neighbouring hamlets. The first boundary markers in the survey area appeared in the beginning of the Middle Ages, and were composed of natural rock formations, which were characterized by placing three loose stones on a large ground anchored stone. Unequivocally hamlet boundaries were first created by land surveyors during the 1800th century up until the early 1900th century. Following written instructions, land surveyors built specialized stone formations to serve as boundaries and placed them along a line at regular intervals, five stones in a row. The land surveyor recorded all of the boundary lines and drew an accompanying map of the area. My inventory showed that almost two thirds of all the boundary markers recorded by land surveyors were missing or damaged. The markers that remained were easily located with the help of GPS, because the distances between the boundary markers were consistent with the recorded values. / Uppsatsen handlar om byarnas äldre gränser (”rågångar”) och gränsmarkeringar i form av stenar samt en egen inventering av två bygränser i sydöstra Sverige. Många av gränsstenarna blir utsatta för omedveten skada eller förstörelse, som uppstår vid skogsavverkning, dikesgrävning eller vägbygge. Gränser mellan byar i de glest befolkade områdena var inte klar definierade från början, utan bildades först i form av gränszoner, som ofta bestod av våtmarker , vattendrag eller bergshöjder. Dessa områden nyttjades gemensamt av de angränsande byarna. De första gränsmarkeringarna i undersökningsområdet kom till i början av medeltiden och bestod av naturliga stenformationer, som kännetecknades genom att lägga tre lösa stenar på en stor jordfast sten. Entydiga bygränser skapades först av lantmätare på 1700-talet eller tidigt 1800-tal. De byggde efter föreskrivna instruktioner speciella stenformationer och satte längs den raka gränsen och med jämna mellanrum fem stenar i rad. Lantmätaren protokollerade alla gränsdragningar och ritade en tillhörande karta över området.  Min inventering visade att nästan två tredjedelar av alla i lantmätarens protokoll angivna gränsmärken var försvunna eller skadade. De som fanns kvar var utan svårighet att lokalisera med hjälp av GPS, eftersom avståndet stämde väl överens med protokollets värden. / Der Aufsatz behandelt alte Dorfgrenzen ("rågångar") und Grenzmarkierungen i Form von Steinen und desweiteren eine eigene Betandsaufnahme von zwei Dorfgrenzen im südöstlichen Schweden (Småland). Viele Grenzsteine sind unabsichtlich Schädigung und Zerstörung ausgesetzt infolge Waldrohdung, Ziehung von Gräben oder Straßen- und Wegebau. Dorfgrenzen in dünn besiedelten Gebieten waren nicht von vornherein klar definiert, sondern Bildeten sich erst i Form von Grenzzonen, die oft aus Feuchtgebieten, Wasserläufen oder Berghöhen bestanden. Diese Gebiete wurden von den angrenzenden Dörfern gemeinsam genutzt. Die ersten Grenzmarkierungen im Untersuchungsgebiet entstanden zu Beginn des Mittelalters und bestanden aus natürlichen Steinformationen, die dadurch gekennzeichnet waren, dass drei Steine auf einen großen erdgebundenen Stein gelegt wurden. Eindeutige Dorfgrenzen wurden erst durch Landvermesser im 18. und frühen 19.Jahrhundert geschaffen. Sie legten fest vorgeschriebene Steinformationen an und setzten entlang gerader Grenzlinien und mit gleichmäßigem Abstand jeweils fünf Steine in einer Linie. Der Landesvermesser protokollierte alle Grenzziehungen und zeichnete eine zugehörige Karte über das Gebiet. Meine Bestandsaufnahme zeigte, dass fast zwei Drittel aller vom Landesvermesser im Protokoll angegebenen Grenzmarkierungen verschwunden oder beschädigt waren. Die verbliebenen Steine waren ohne Schwierigkeit mit einem GPS zu lokalisieren, da deren Abstände gut mit den Werten des Protokolls übereinstimmten.