Design of braking system for Formula Student vehicle. Braking system is one of the most important control system in every vehicle, even more in race car application. Only perfectly working braking system is capable bring the best results. In this diploma thesis are list of used parts with basic force calculation, design of pedal assembly in accordance with the rules of Formula Student, options for measuring and dataloging from ride for next development.

This project presents an investigation if natural braking characteristics could be achieved on an open-loop hydraulic transmission without a brake valve. The goal with the simplified system was to utilize the directional control valve to achieve similar functionality as the brake valve does in the conventional system. If the solution functions properly, it will reduce costs, save time and simplify the conventional system which uses a dedicated brake valve. With a simulation model and practical experiments, the simplified system was thoroughly studied and tested. Two different concepts of how to control the directional control valve were developed, named Fixed Control and Torque Control. The Fixed Control concept has a predetermined de-stroking profile which is not affected by other system signals other than the gas pedal signal. The Torque Control concept uses in addition to the gas pedal signal, pressure sensors over the motors to maintain a constant braking torque. Both developed concepts were able to produce natural braking characteristics. However, the Torque Control concept performed better at different circumstances. Respective concept can be tuned further for improvements, but in the scope of this project the goal was accomplished. Utilizing the directional control valve to achieve a hydraulic brake function, has potential to be a solutionfor heavy mobile machinery in near future. However, further research and testing are required to be conducted on other heavy mobile machinery which have greater top speeds and load capabilities than the machinery used in this project.

This work is concerned with creating the control algorithm in microcontroller dsPIC30F6015 for electric brake with BLDC motor which will dynamically load testing BLDC motors. The work also includes programming user interface for controlling and settings parameters the control unit.

The goal of this diploma thesis was the design of an assistance brake for a mechanical invalid wheelchair. The theoretical part includes the sorting of wheelchairs and available technology of braking systems. In the practical part, there was prepared the design and testing of the assistance brake. In the final chapter, the technical-economic evaluation of the designed solution was discussed and compared with the existing technologies.

Friction force oscillations caused by changing properties of the contact zone between brake disc and pad are well known from various applications. Resulting effects like brake judder are known phenomena in brake technologies and in the scope of various scientific work. A new measure to potentially reduce brake torque oscillations is the active compensation with the use of the control system of a self-energizing hydraulic brake (SEHB). New in comparison to traditional disc brakes is the fact that the brake torque is measured by the pressure in an additional supporting cylinder. Thus, the brake system is able to work in brake torque control mode. Within this paper a dynamic simulation model of the SEHB is shown and evaluated with measurement data achieved from a full scale test rig for railway applications. Based on the simulation model a pressure control strategy is developed to minimize brake torque oscillations of lower frequencies. The control parameters of the simulation are transferred to the experimental setup. Finally, simulation and experimental results are compared. Future work will deal with the development of control strategies to additionally minimize brake torque oscillations of the higher dynamics.

<p>  </p> <p>The world has experienced an unprecedented change in the systems responsible for food production, distribution, and commercialization with concurrent changes in diets. In developed and developing countries, the shift in consumption patterns has moved towards a Western diet pattern which has been linked to negative health outcomes including obesity, diabetes and associated non-communicable diseases. Traditional African diets have previously been associated with protective effects against the development of the above-mentioned conditions. Yet, the underlying reasons for this is not clear. One dietary factor that may contribute to its protective effect is the principal available carbohydrate, starch, which in traditional African staples is considered to contain slowly digestible carbohydrates (SDCs) and some amount of resistant starch (RS). We reported that traditional African staple starchy foods (sorghum and millet) had markedly slower gastric emptying than introduced modern starchy foods (rice, pasta and potatoes). This response was attributed to activation of enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine (L-cells) with potential to trigger physiological, hormonal, and neurological processes that affect digestion time and perception of hunger; effect known as the ileal brake. Moreover, at least in mice models, consumption of SDCs has shown to have beneficial effects on the rate and type of fuel (e.g. carbohydrate vs fat) used for metabolic processes.</p> <p>The first thesis study compared the effect of diets (cohorts in the USA and Kenya) on gastric half-emptying time and metabolic fuel utilization in healthy adults. Our findings showed that gastric emptying time was not different between cohorts and that diet did not influence gastric emptying time; however, calculated respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (which is a measure of metabolic fuel utilization at the cellular level, e.g. carbohydrate vs fat) and metabolic flexibility (which is the ability to switch between metabolic fuel sources upon demand or need) was higher for the Kenyan cohort. Multivariant models were developed and corrected for multicollinearity of some diet variables. Carbohydrate and protein in multivariate model 1; total fiber, added sugars and starch in multivariate model 2; and diet quality (measured as the Healthy Eating Index based on 2015-2020 dietary guidelines, or HEI-2015) in multivariate model 3, were significantly and independently correlated with RER and metabolic flexibility.   </p> <p>The second study assessed if slow gastric emptying and improve metabolic fuel utilization could be induced through SDC supplementation. The objective of this study was to determine if continual consumption of SDC for 21 days delayed the rate of gastric emptying, moderated postprandial glycemic response, decreased hunger, and/or improved metabolic fuel utilization in subjects with low diet quality (HEI-2015<65). Our results indicated that supplementation with SDC did not slow gastric emptying time or acute measures of metabolic fuel utilization; however, continuous consumption of SDC had a modest but significant effect on improving metabolic flexibility and decreasing hunger scores. </p> <p>The last two chapters of this thesis focused on the use of a low-cost, high-pressure, high temperature extruder suitable for processing in Africa of whole grain pearl millet (<em>Pennisetum glaucum</em>). In Africa, emerging, entrepreneurial companies are increasingly gaining share of local markets by manufacturing and distributing high-quality locally sourced processed foods made with indigenous grains. Whole pearl millet is particularly susceptible to development of rancidity. The objective of our third study was to assess the use of the extruder on the stability and sensory attributes of whole grain pearl millet extruded flours to be used for instant thin and thick porridges. Findings showed that extrusion fully gelatinized the starch in pearl millet and prevented hydrolytic rancidity in the instant flour products. However, extrusion cooking did not stop oxidative rancidity. We concluded that while extrusion cooking is a versatile technology for whole grain processing, refinement of extrusion conditions used in the experiment and the evaluation of other unit operations (e.g. steeping, germination) in combination with extrusion cooking may improve the sensory properties of final products.</p> <p>Finally, extrusion cooking has been showed to promote the formation of beneficial amylose-lipid complexes (ALCs). The objective of the last study was to evaluate the formation of ALCs in whole grain pearl millet extruded flours, characterize their composition, and assess their ability to slowly digest <em>in vitro</em>. Extrusion promoted the formation ALCs and these flours exhibited a slow enzymatic digestion <em>in vitro</em>. The findings from this thesis provide insights into the role of diets and metabolic fuel utilization, and improvement of processed pearl millet foods in Africa.</p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20346号 / 工博第4283号 / 新制||工||1663(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 清野 純史, 教授 高橋 良和, 准教授 古川 愛子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The research looks at the advantages and disadvantages of a hydraulic auxiliary drive (HAD) system which is installed on a 25 meter long timber transport vehicle. The purpose is to investigate the performance with regard to energy, economy and environment of the system due to the added components, the hydraulic accumulators. The auxiliary system that is used on the vehicle is simply a hydrostatic transmission system. Ideally, the fuel consumption and cost can be reduced by using accumulators. To verify this hypothesis, model-based simulations were performed in a software environment and the result was analyzed for a linear and repeatedly accelerating and decelerating driving cycle. Additionally, comparisons were made between the HAD system with and without the assistance of accumulators. From the simulation results, the system assisted by accumulators consumes approximately 14% less fuel than the other. And it produces 15% more tractive effort when the vehicle is accelerating. The paper also includes the determination of the size of accumulators, both theoretically and with simulations. By comparison, there is a small difference between the results from the theoretical calculation and the simulations, which might be caused by a neglecting the volumetric losses in the simulation process. Ideally, an accumulator with a size of 57 L was found to be the most efficient size for the studied driving cycle. Beyond that speed, the efficiency will decrease to some extent. Physical tests are not presented in this paper, but they will be done in the future. / Den presenterade forskningen studerade fördelar och nackdelar med ett hydraulisk hjälpsystem för fordonsdrift (HAD) för en 25 meter lång timmerlastbil. Syftet var att undersöka hur drivlinans prestanda med avseende på energy, ekonomi och miljöpåverkan, påverkas av de adderade komponenterna, de hydrauliska ackumulatorerna. Hjälpsystemet är helt enkelt ett hydrostatiskt transmissionssystem. Idealt, kan bränsleförbrukning och kostnad reduceras genom att använda ackumulatorer i systemet. För att verifiera denna hypotes, har modell-baserade simuleringar utförts och resultaten har analyserats för konstantfartskörning och en körcykel med upprepade accelerationer och inbromsningar. Dessutom, har ett HAD-system med och utan ackumulator jämförts. Simuleringsresultaten visar att ett system med ackumulatorer förbrukar ca 14% mindre bränsle än ett system utan ackumulatorer. Ett ackumulatorstött system ger också 15% högre framdrivningseffekt vid accelereration. I avhandlingen dimensionera också storleken på ackumulatorerna, både teoretiskt och med simuleringar. Det finns en liten skillnad mellan resultaten från den teoretiska beräkningen och simuleringarna, som kan bero på att volymetriska förlusterna inte har tagits med i simuleringarna. En ackumulator med en storlek på 57 L visar sig ha den mest effektiva storleken för den studerade körcykeln. Vid högre körhastigheter, kommer verkningsgraden att minska till viss del. Inga fysiska tester har gjorts, men de kommer att utföras i framtiden.

The fundamental theories of heat generation and transfer at the friction interface of a brake assume either matching or not matching surface temperatures by having a varying or uniform heat partition ratio respectively. In the research presented the behaviour of heat partition has been investigated in a fundamental study based on experimental measurements of temperature and the associated modelling and simulation of heat transfer in a brake friction pair. For a disc brake, an important parameter that was identified from the literature study is the interface tribo-layer (ITL), which has been modelled as an equivalent thermal resistance value based on its thickness and thermal conductivity. The interface real contact area was also an important parameter in this investigation, and it has been found to affect heat partitioning by adding its own thermal resistance. A 2-dimensional (2D) coupled-temperature displacement Finite Element (FE) model is presented, based on which a novel relationship which characterises the total thermal resistance (or conductance) at the friction interface has been characterised based on the ITL thermal properties, the contact area, and the contact pressure at the interface. Using the model the effect of friction material wear on the total thermal resistance (or conductance) at the friction interface was predicted and a comparison of the Archard and Arrhenius wear laws in predicting the wear of a resin bonded composite friction material operating against a cast iron mating surface is presented. A 3-dimensional (3D) model is also presented. This model has represented a small scale disc brake test rig which has been used in parallel with the simulation for validation in a drag braking scenario. Two simulation conditions with different pad surface states were investigated, the first having a nominally flat surface, and the second an adjusted (worn) pad surface based on bedding-in data. The Arrhenius wear model was applied to significance of including wear on the total thermal resistance at the friction interface over a short brake application. A sensitivity analysis on the interface thermal conductance, the location of heat generation, and the magnitude of contact pressure has identified the importance of each factor in determining the total thermal resistance (or conductance) at the friction interface during any friction brake application. It is concluded that the heat partitioning is insensitive on the location of heat generation, and that the most sensitive parameter is the contact pressure. / Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)

This thesis presents an investigation of braking system characteristics, brake system performance and brake system component design parameters that influence brake pedal force / displacement characteristics as ‘felt’ by the driver in a passenger car. It includes detailed studies of individual brake system component design parameters, operation, and the linear and nonlinear characteristics of internal components through experimental study and simulation modelling. The prediction of brake pedal ‘feel’ in brake system simulation has been achieved using the simulation modelling package AMESim. Each individual brake system component was modelled individually before combining them into the whole brake system in order to identify the parameters and the internal components characteristics that influence the brake pedal ‘feel’. The simulation predictions were validated by experimentally measured data and demonstrated the accuracy of simulation modelling. Axisymmetric Finite Element Analysis (using the ABAQUS software) was used to predict the behaviour of nonlinear elastomeric internal components such as the piston seal and the booster reaction disc which was then included in the AMESim simulation model. The seal model FEA highlighted the effects of master cylinder and caliper seal deformation on the brake pedal ‘feel’. The characteristics of the brake booster reaction disc were predicted by the FEA and AMESim simulation modelling and these results highlighted the importance of the nonlinear material characteristics, and their potential contribution to brake pedal ‘feel’ improvement. A full brake system simulation model was designed, prepared, and used to predict brake system performance and to design a system with better brake pedal ‘feel’. Each of the brake system component design parameters was validated to ensure that the braking system performance was accurately predicted. The critical parameter of brake booster air valve spring stiffness was identified to improve the brake ‘pedal ‘feel’. This research has contributed to the advancement of automotive engineering by providing a method for brake system engineers to design a braking system with improved pedal ‘feel’. The simulation model can be used in the future to provide an accurate prediction of brake system performance at the design stage thereby saving time and cost.