A busca pelo aumento da força muscular, em paralelo à diminuição da gordura corporal e melhora do rendimento esportivo, tem levado muitas pessoas ao uso de suplementos de proteínas e/ou aminoácidos, associados com a prática de exercícios físicos. Dentre os inúmeros suplementos de proteínas ou aminoácidos disponíveis no mercado, têm merecido destaque nas últimas décadas os aminoácidos essenciais de cadeia ramificada, também chamados de branched chain amino acids (BCAA\'s). O suplemento chamado de BCAA é uma combinação de três aminoácidos essenciais - L-Leucina, L-Valina e L-Isoleucina. As alegações feitas a esses aminoácidos giram em torno de seus efeitos sobre a síntese proteica no músculo esquelético, diminuição dos danos musculares, redução da gordura corporal e melhora do desempenho físico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática de estudos clínicos na utilização desses aminoácidos no intuito de aumentar a massa muscular, reduzir a gordura corporal e aumentar o rendimento esportivo, avaliando os resultados obtidos e que comprovem seu uso e segurança. A busca dos artigos nas bases de dados resultou em 7502 artigos. Seguindo todos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 11 artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão sistemática. A performance foi avaliada em 6 artigos. A massa muscular foi avaliada em 5. Não foram encontrados artigos visando a redução de gordura corporal. A dose de BCAA utilizada foi de 1,2 g até 10g e os estudos ministraram os suplementos na forma de pó, cápsulas e infusão. A melhor relação entre leucina, valina e isoleucina foi de 2:1:1, respectivamente. Considerando que o número de estudos com resultados benéficos praticamente se iguala ao de resultados negativos, mais estudos são necessários para que se comprove os reais benefícios do uso de BCAA como suplemento estratégico para aumentar a massa muscular, reduzir a gordura corporal e aumentar o rendimento esportivo. / The search for increased muscle strength, in parallel to decreased in body fat and improved sports performance has led many people to use protein and/or amino acid supplements associated with the practice of physical exercises. Among the numerous supplements of proteins or amino acids available in the market, the branched chain amino acids (BCAA\'s) have deserved prominence in the last decades. The supplement called BCAA is a combination of three essential amino acids - L-Leucine, L-Valine and L-Isoleucine. The claims made to these amino acids revolve around their effects on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, decreased muscle damage, reduced body fat and improved physical performance. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review of clinical studies in the use of these amino acids in order to increase muscle mass, reduce body fat and increase sports performance, evaluating the results obtained and proving its use and safety. Search for articles in databases resulted in 7502 articles. Following all the exclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected for the present systematic review. The performance was evaluated in 7 articles. The muscle mass was evaluated in 4. The used dose of BCAA ranged from 1.2 g to 10 g and studies have given supplements in the form of powder, capsules and infusion. The best ratio of leucine, valine and isoleucine was 2:1:1, respectively. Considering that the number of studies with beneficial results almost equals that of negative results, more studies are needed to prove the real benefits of using BCAAs as a strategic supplement to increase muscle mass, reduce body fat and increase sports performance.

Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfán / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_CarolinaSoaresde_M.pdf: 1533232 bytes, checksum: 1141b4840c5a0f9342072967abfece65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As heat shock proteins (HSPs), ou proteínas do estresse, correspondem a um importante sistema de defesa celular que é capaz de proteger e reparar danos causados ao organismo, conferindo à célula maior tolerância e resistência contra situações de alteração na homeostase, sendo também consideradas como um sistema antioxidante complementar. A glutamina é conhecida pelo seu potencial em promover o aumento na HSP70 contra diversas situações agressoras. As proteínas do soro do leite (PSL) contêm concentrações elevadas de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAAs), sendo estes substratos para a síntese de glutamina, por meio da enzima glutamina sintetase. Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi observar a influência do consumo das proteínas do soro do leite (PSL), na forma concentrada (PSLC) e hidrolisada (PSLH), na concentração da HSP70 em ratos exercitados em esteira rolante. Metodologia: foram utilizados 48 ratos Wistar machos (290g ± 8g) divididos primeiramente pelo regime de atividade física em sedentários (S) e exercitados (E), e cada um desses, subdividido em outros três grupos, segundo a dieta. As dietas foram baseadas na AIN93-G, com substituição da fonte protéica da seguinte forma: PSLC, PSLH e caseína (CAS), como controle. O período em dieta experimental foi de 3 semanas, e os animais exercitados foram submetidos a 5 sessões de exercício a 22m/min durante 30 minutos como fonte de estresse térmico, na última semana de vida. Resultados: os resultados revelaram que o consumo da PSLH no grupo exercitado promoveu o aumento da HSP70 em pulmão, e nos músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio. O consumo da PSLH aumentou os níveis de glutamato, isoleucina e leucina livres no plasma dos animais sedentários. Quando exercitado, o grupo PLSH teve redução no glutamato, leucina e valina (substratos envolvidos na síntese de glutamina) plasmáticos e aumento da enzima glutamina sintetase (GS) no sóleo, sugerindo o provável uso desses aminoácidos para proporcionar o aumento na HSP70. Em adição à elevação da GS, houve também aumento concomitante da concentração de corticosterona no grupo PSLH exercitado, sugerindo a influência do hormônio na enzima. Em relação ao possível dano oxidativo, avaliado pela geração de proteínas carboniladas, os grupos que consumiram PSLC e PSLH reduziram seus valores no plasma e, somente a PSLH, no gastrocnêmio. Houve preservação das proteínas totais e albumina nos grupos PSLC, PSLH exercitados. O ácido úrico aumentou no grupo PSLH exercitado, enquanto que a creatinina aumentou na PSLC, independente do exercício. A glicose foi reduzida nos animais sedentários que consumiram PSLH, porém as variações dos parâmetros sempre permaneceram dentro da normalidade. Nenhum efeito adverso ao consumo das diferentes fontes protéicas foi observado no rim ou no fígado, oriundo da mensuração das enzimas AST, ALT e o metabólito ureia respectivamente. Conclusão: os resultados indicam que o consumo da PSLH pode potencializar a resposta da HSP70, sugerindo aumento na proteção endógena e antioxidante, e que a PSLH possa ser mais estresse-responsiva em ratos submetidos ao exercício / Abstract: The heat shock proteins (HSPs), or stress proteins, correspond to an important cell defense system, whose function is to protect and repair injuries caused to the body, conferring the cell greater tolerance and resistance against altered homeostasis states, and for this reason they have been considered as a complementary antioxidant system. Glutamine in turn has been found to promote the increase of HSPs associated to various situations of stress. The milk whey proteins contain elevated concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which can participate in the synthesis of glutamine via glutamine synthetase. Objective: the objective of this work was to assess the influence of the intake of the whey proteins either in the form of a concentrate (WPC) or a hydrolyzate (WPH) in enhancing the concentration of HSP70 in rats exercised in the treadmill. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats (290 ± 8g) were divided, first, into two categories according to the level of physical activity: sedentary (S) and exercised (E), and each one subdivided into three groups according to the source of protein in the diet. The diets were based on the standard AIN93-G, formulated containing either WPC, WPH or casein (CAS), as the sole source of protein. The animals consumed the experimental diets for three weeks and those belonging to the exercised group were submitted to training 5 sessions on the last week of life. Results: the results showed that consumption of the WPH promoted the increase of HSP70 in lung, soleus and gastrocnemius in the exercised animals. Increases in plasma free glutamate, isoleucine and leucine of the sedentary rats were also observed. When exercised, the WPH group exhibited a reduction in the plasma levels of glutamate, leucine and valine (all involved in the synthesis of glutamine), plus an increase in the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) in the soleus muscle, thus suggesting a probable utilization of this amino acids, as a substrate, in the increase of HSP70. Considering that there was also an elevation of the corticosterone levels in the exercised cohorts that consumed the WPH, the concomitant increase of GS, suggested that the hormone exerted an influence on the enzyme. With regard to a possible oxidative damage, as assessed by the presence of carbonyls proteins, the group that consumed both of the whey proteins (WPC, WPH) exhibited lower plasma levels, but only the WPH reduced the levels in the gastrocnemius. Both total plasma proteins and albumin were preserved in the exercised animals. Uric acid was found to increase in the WPH exercised group, while creatinine increased in the WPC group, regardless of the exercise. Plasma glucose levels were also lowered in the sedentary animals that consumed the WPH diet, but at no time, did the increased or decreased levels of these parameters extrapolated normality. Additionally, from the AST, ALT and urea data, no adverse effects on either liver or kidney could be detected with the intake of the different proteins sources. Conclusion: from these results, it can be concluded that consumption of the WPH, in contrast to WPC or CAS, can enhance the HSP70 response suggesting a magnified endogenous and antioxidant protection, and that the hydrolyzed whey protein can be more stress-responsive / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive, progressive muscle-wasting disease characterized by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and most severe form of inherited muscle diseases, with an incidence of 1 in 3,500 male births1,2. Mutations in the dystrophin gene result in non-functional dystrophin or the complete absence of the protein dystrophin, resulting in necrosis and fibrosis in the muscle, loss of ambulation, cardiomyopathies, inadequate or failure of respiratory function, and decreased lifespan. Although there has been little research for effective nutritional strategies, dietary intervention may be effective as an adjuvant treatment. In this study, wild type (WT) and mdx animals were provided either a control or elevated branched chain amino acid (BCAA) diet nocturnally for 25 weeks to determine if the elevated BCAAs would attenuate muscle torque loss. Twenty-five weeks of chronic, elevated BCAA supplementation had no impact on muscle function measures. Interestingly, mdx and WT animals had the same torque responses in the low stimulation frequencies (1 Hz – 30 Hz) compared to higher stimulation frequencies. Tetanus was reached at a much lower stimulation frequency in mdx animals compared to WT animals (100 Hz vs +150 Hz). The mdx mouse consistently had more cage activity in the light cycle X- and Y-planes. Interestingly, animals on the BCAA diet increased X-, Y-, and Z-plane activity in the dark cycles at four weeks while animals on the control diet more Z-plane activity at 25 weeks, although not significant. All three BCAAs were elevated in the plasma at 25 weeks, although only Leu was significantly elevated. The BCAAs had no effect on. The diaphragm and skeletal muscle masses were larger in mdx animals, and WT animals had a significantly larger epididymal fat pad. The active state of BCKDC determined by phosphorylation of the E1α enzyme was greater in WT animals in white skeletal muscle, but not red skeletal muscle. Protein synthesis effectors of the mTORC1 signaling pathway and autophagy markers were similar among groups. Wild type animals had increased mTORC1 effectors and animals on the BCAA diet had decreased autophagy markers, although not significant. Although BCAAs did not affect muscle function, fibrosis, or protein synthesis effectors, this study illustrates the functionality of mdx muscles over time. It would be interesting to see how the different muscle fiber types are affected by DMD, noting the differences between the diaphragm, heart, red muscle, and white muscle fibrosis markers. Although there was no increase in mTORC1 effectors with an elevated BCAA diet, it would be interesting to determine muscle protein synthesis, myofibrillar protein synthesis, and total protein turnover in the mdx mouse with an elevated BCAA diet, although the dietary intervention started when mice arrived at 4 weeks of age, earlier intervention may be beneficial early in the disease process. / Doctor of Philosophy / Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive, progressive muscle-wasting disease characterized by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and most severe form of inherited muscle diseases, with an incidence of 1 in 3,500 male births1,2. Mutations in the dystrophin gene result in non-functional dystrophin or the complete absence of the protein dystrophin, resulting in necrosis and fibrosis in the muscle, loss of movement and walking ability, cardiomyopathies, inadequate or failure of respiratory function, and decreased lifespan. Although there has been little research for effective nutritional strategies, dietary intervention may be effective as an adjuvant treatment and palliative care. The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are known to directly stimulate muscle protein synthesis by direct activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This study aimed to illustrate the differences between diseased and healthy mice and determine if BCAAs can reduce muscle torque loss. Twenty-five weeks of chronic, elevated BCAA supplementation had no impact on muscle function measures. Interestingly, mdx and WT animals had the same torque responses in the low stimulation frequencies (1 Hz – 30 Hz) compared to higher stimulation frequencies. Tetanus was reached at a much lower stimulation frequency in mdx animals compared to WT animals (100 Hz vs +150 Hz). The mdx mouse consistently had more cage activity in the light cycle X- and Y-planes. Interestingly, animals on the BCAA diet increased X-, Y-, and Z-plane activity in the dark cycles at four weeks while animals on the control diet more Z-plane activity at 25 weeks, although not significant. All three BCAAs were elevated in the plasma at 25 weeks, although only Leu was significantly elevated. The BCAAs had no effect on. The diaphragm and skeletal muscle masses were larger in mdx animals, and WT animals had a significantly larger epididymal fat pad. The active state of BCKDC determined by phosphorylation of the E1α enzyme was greater in WT animals in white skeletal muscle, but not red skeletal muscle. Protein synthesis effectors of the mTORC1 signaling pathway and autophagy markers were similar among groups. Wild type animals had increased mTORC1 effectors and animals on the BCAA diet had decreased autophagy markers, although not significant. Although BCAAs did not affect muscle function, fibrosis, or protein synthesis effectors, this study illustrates the functionality of mdx muscles over time. It would be interesting to see how the different muscle fiber types are affected by DMD, noting the differences between the diaphragm, heart, red muscle, and white muscle fibrosis markers. Although there was no increase in mTORC1 effectors with an elevated BCAA diet, it would be interesting to determine muscle protein synthesis, myofibrillar protein synthesis, and total protein turnover in the mdx mouse with an elevated BCAA diet, although the dietary intervention started when mice arrived at 4 weeks of age, earlier intervention may be beneficial early in the disease process.

No description available.

Les triacylglycérols d'algues (TAG) représentent une source prometteuse de biocarburants. Les principales étapes de la synthèse des acides gras et du métabolisme du TAG des algues ont été déduites de celles des plantes terrestres, mais on en sait peu sur les sources de carbones et d’énergie intervenant dans la synthèse de lipides de réserve. Nous avons donc étudié la synthèse des acides gras chez l’algue modèle Chlamydomonas reinhardtii en utilisant une combinaison d'approches génétiques, biochimiques et microscopiques. Plus précisément, j'ai d'abord examiné la localisation subcellulaire de gouttelettes de lipides dans des cellules d'algues exposées à une forte lumière, conditions où une plus grande quantité de pouvoir réducteur est produite. J'ai ensuite contribué à mettre en évidence que la bêta-oxydation des acides gras est un processus peroxysomal, et que pendant une carence en azote réalisée en conditions photoautotrophe, des mutants dépourvus de la malate déshydrogénase 2 peroxysomale (mdh2) accumulent 50% plus TAG que les souches parentales. Ces résultats nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l'importance du contexte redox cellulaire sur la synthèse lipidique. Cette étude a également permis de révéler l’existence d'un échange d’énergie entre le peroxysome et le chloroplaste. Enfin, en caractérisant des mutants déficients dans la dégradation des acides aminés à chaîne ramifiée (BCAA), j'ai montré que le catabolisme des BCAAs joue un double rôle dans la synthèse de TAG en fournissant des précurseurs carbonés et de l'ATP. L'ensemble de ces travaux ouvert de nouvelles pistes pour l'amélioration génétique future de souches d'algues pour la production de biocarburants. / Algal triacylglycerols (TAG) represent a promising source for biofuel. The major steps for fatty acid synthesis and TAG metabolism have been deduced based on that of land plants, but little is known about carbon and energy sources. To address this question, we investigated fatty acid synthesis in algal cells using a combination of genetic, biochemical and microscopic approaches in the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Specifically, I first examined subcellular localization of lipid droplets in algal cells exposed to high light, a condition favoring production of reducing power. Secondly, I contributed to put on evidence that the beta-oxidation of fatty acids is a peroxisomal process, and that during photoautotrophic nitrogen starvation, knock-out mutants of the peroxisomal malate dehydrogenase 2 (mdh2) made 50% more TAG than parental strains, highlighting the importance of cellular redox context on lipid synthesis. This study also revealed for the first time the occurrence of an energy trafficking pathway from peroxisome to chloroplast. And finally, by characterizing mutants defected in degradation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), I showed that BCAA catabolism plays a dual role in TAG synthesis via providing carbon precursors and ATP. Taken together, this work highlighted the complex interplay between carbon and energy metabolism in green photosynthetic cells, and pointed future directions for genetic improvement of algal strains for biofuel productions.

Das Konzept des Idealproteins (IAAR) bietet einen Ansatzpunkt zur umweltschonenden Tierproduktion. Das IAAR definiert genau die Relationen an AA, die der Körper für eine gewünschte Leistung, z.B. Wachstum, Reproduktion, etc., benötigt. Im Idealfall liegt keine AA im Überschuss oder im Mangel vor. In der Folge wirken alle AA gleichermaßen limitierend. Das Protein kann unter diesen Bedingungen mit der höchsten Effizienz genutzt werden. Stickstoff (N)-Exkretionen und Belastungen des Stoffwechsels werden minimiert. Bei der Umsetzung des IAAR-Konzepts wird die zu untersuchende AA in Relation zu einer Referenz-Aminosäure (AA), meistens Lysin (Lys), gesetzt. Eine umfassende Literaturrecherche zeigte, dass fundierte Angaben über die idealen Verhältnisse der verzweigtkettigen AA (engl.: branched-chain amino acids, BCAA) Leucin (Leu), Isoleucin (Ile) und Valin (Val) zu Lys beim Masthähnchen rar sind, insbesondere Angaben zum idealen Leu:Lys-Verhältnis. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Ermittlung der idealen BCAA:Lys- Verhältnisse in Futtermischungen für männliche Masthähnchen der Genetik Ross 308 und eine anschließende Validierung der gefundenen Ergebnisse. Dabei erfolgte die Auswertung von aus Stoffwechselversuchen gewonnen NAnsatz- Daten mit Hilfe eines nicht-linearen N-Verwertungsmodells für wachsende Monogastride. Des Weiteren sollte der optimale Zeitpunkt für die Blutabnahme zur Analyse der verzweigtkettigen Ketosäuren, die wichtige Informationen zum Stoffwechsel der BCAA vermitteln können, definiert werden, da in der Literatur keine Hinweise auf einen optimalen Zeitpunkt gegeben sind. Drei aufeinander aufbauende Versuchskomplexe wurden durchgeführt, die neben N-Bilanz-Studien parallel Wachstumsversuche umfassten. Diese waren in eine Starter- und Growerperiode unterteilt. In den Bilanzversuchen schlossen sich an eine fünf-tägige Adaptationsperiode die zweimal fünftägigen Sammelperioden an (je 36 Tiere in der Starter- (10.-20. Lebenstag (LT)) und Growerperiode (25.-35.LT)). Im Wachstumsversuch gliederten sich die Versuchsabschnitte vom 1.-12. 13.-24. und 25.-36. Lebenstag in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 und 3 umfasste die Starterperiode den 1.-21. LT bzw. 10.-20. LT und die Growerperiode den 21.-35. LT bzw. 25.-35. LT. Für jeden Abschnitt wurden jeweils 240 Tiere verwendet. Zu Beginn und zum Ende jedes Wachstumsabschnittes wurden repräsentative Tiere für eine Ganzkörperanalyse ausgewählt, 24h genüchtert, eingeschläfert, autoklaviert, homogenisiert und im Hinblick auf XP, TS und XA analysiert. Dies ermöglichte die Berechnung des N-Ansatzes der Versuchstiere für den jeweiligen Wachstumsabschnitt. Hauptkomponenten der Diäten in allen Versuchen waren Weizen, Weizenkleber, Sojaproteinkonzentrat und Fischmehl. Das zunächst als Referenz angenommene IAAR basierte auf Literaturdaten. Die Diätgestaltung erfolgte nach dem Prinzip der Verdünnungsmethode. Zur Bestimmung des optimalen Blutabnahmezeitpunktes wurden 40 Tiere verwendet. Nur Tiere, die eine AA-balancierte Kontrollmischung erhalten hatten, kamen zur Anwendung. Über einen gestaffelten Zeitraum wurde den Masthähnchen Blut am 36. LT abgenommen. Die Bestimmung des Gehalts an verzweigtkettigen α-Ketosäuren erfolgte mittels Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC). Nachfolgend sind die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Versuchskomplexe dargestellt: Experiment 1 diente der Ermittlung der Modellparameter des täglichen NErhaltungsbedarfs (NMR) sowie des täglichen maximalen N-Retentionsvermögens (NRmaxT) für die Ergebnisevaluierung nach dem exponentiellen N-Verwertungsmodell. Auf Grundlage der N-Bilanz-Daten ergaben sich ein NMR und NRmaxT von 113 mg N/LMkg0,67/d und 4705 mg N/LMkg0,67/d für die Starter-, sowie von 215 mg N/LMkg0,67/d und 4516 mg N/LMkg0,67/d für die Growerperiode. Weiterhin konnte basierend auf der ermittelten Lys-Effizienz der Lys-Bedarf für unterschiedliche Leistungsziele (g XP-Ansatz/d), verschieden unterstellte Futteraufnahmen sowie für eine definierte Lebendmasse quantifiziert werden. In Experiment 2 erfolgte die Ermittlung des IAAR für die BCAA in Relation zu Lys (IAARBCAA). Es ergab sich für die Starter- bzw. Growerperiode ein IAARBCAA von Lys:Leu:Ile:Val = 100:94:55:65 bzw. 100:106:56:72. Die Ergebnisse deuteten an, dass für die Growerperiode ein erhöhter relativer Bedarf an Leu und Val vorlag. Die ermittelten Werte des IAARBCAA lagen deutlich unterhalb des Referenz IAARBCAA (100:110:68:79). Die Analyse der verzweigtkettigen α-Ketosäuren zeigte, dass 3 – 12h nach Futterentzug keine signifikanten Konzentrationsänderungen im Blutplasma für alle drei α-Ketosäuren vorlag (p<0,05). Es wurde geschlussfolgert, dass dieser Zeitraum für weitere Untersuchungen zu präferieren ist. Experiment 3 diente der Validierung eines im Vergleich zum Referenz IAARBCAA (Lys:Leu:Ile:Val = 100:110:68:79) deutlich reduzierten BCAA-Anteils im Broilerfutter (Lys:Leu:Ile:Val = 100:89:53:63 in der Starter- und 100:97:56:70 in der Growerperiode). Es konnte festgehalten werden, dass sich die Einstellung eines im Vergleich zur Literatur niedrigeren IAARBCAA nicht negativ auf die Leistung von Masthähnchen auswirkte. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht einerseits in der Methodik. Neben einer weiteren Optimierung von Stoffwechsel- und Wachstumsversuchen wäre auch ein Vergleich unterschiedlicher Modelle (z.B. N-Verwertungsmodell und Supplementationsmethode) zur Ableitung des AA-Bedarfs/des IAAR innerhalb eines Versuchskomplexes wünschenswert. Andererseits könnten nachfolgende Untersuchungen neben den Gehalt an verzweigtkettigen α- Ketosäuren im Blutplasma von Masthähnchen weitere Parameter, wie den AA- oder Harnsäure-Gehalt mit einbeziehen. Somit könnte ein Beitrag zu einem noch besseren Verständnis für den BCAA-Metabolismus und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Tierleistung und –gesundheit geleistet werden.