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The Gatun Structure (N 09º 05’ 58.1”, W 79º 47’ 21.8”, situated in the triple-canopy rainforest 10 km to the WSW of the Gamboa and about 2 km south of the Isle of Barbacoas, Republic de Panama), is a partially inundated, quasi-concentric surface feature ~3km in diameter, which appears in aerial photographs and in radar imagery as an arcuate chain of islands with a raised center. Although the structure has been heavily weathered and altered, it has retained morphology consistent with complex craters: an elevated circular central uplift 500-600 m in diameter and approximately 70 m high, and arcuate boundary ridges (a rim structure?) ranging from ~50-110 meters high. Within the central peak, highly altered and fractured siltstone of the Gatuncillo Formation (?) (Eocene) ± older rocks are uplifted and exposed through surrounding calcareous units of the Caimito Formation (Oligocene) and the Las Cascadas Formation (Miocene), the major target rocks in the region. Lithologies in the structure include highly fractured siliciclastic rocks (siltstone, sandstones and greywackes), limestones with anomalous spherical glass inclusions, both black and white hypocrystalline glasses (possible melt rocks), lithic fragmental breccias, and melt-bearing breccias (possible impact melt breccias and suevites) containing flow banding and evidence for selective melting of minerals. Three types of spherules (glass, fluid-drop and lithic), a pyroxenequartz “necklace” disequilibrium structure (coronas), plagioclase feldspars exhibiting mosaicism and partially amorphization and zeolitization, possible liquid immiscibility between melts of calcite and felpspathic glass, as well as decomposition of titano-magnetite, are all petrographic criteria that suggest a hypervelocity impact event. The structure is crosscut by numerous dikes of unshocked basalt and basaltic andesite related to volcanism along the Panamanian segment of the Central American arc to the south. However, the lithologies of the Gatun Structure are chemically inconsistent with the regional volcanic rocks and the unshocked volcanic rocks that crosscut the structure. An impact origin is our preferred interpretation for the Gatun structure due to the lack of an igneous relationship between the Gatun structure and the explosive volcanism of Panamanian arc, the presence of classical impactite lithologies within the site, the occurrence of spherules, maskelynite (as suggested by Raman Spectroscopy) and other disequilibrium shock features in the Gatun suite of rocks.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 558 pages. / Original thesis submitted in HTML and can be accessed at http://www.lib.usf.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-10122001-142859/unrestricted/frame.html / td.pdf / Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The Gatun Structure, (Latitude N 09° 05&softsign; 58.1", Longitude W 79° 47&softsign; 21.8", situated in the triple-canopy rainforest 10 km to the WSW of the Gamboa and about 2 km south of the Isle of Barbacoas, Republic de Panama), is a partially inundated, quasi-concentric surface feature 2.2 - 3km in diameter, which appears in aerial photographs and in radar imagery as an arcuate chain of islands with a raised center. Although the structure has been heavily weathered and altered, it has retained morphology consistent with complex craters: an elevated circular central uplift 500-600 m in diameter and 50m high, and arcuate boundary ridges (a rim structure?) ranging from 50-100 meters high. Within the central peak, highly altered and fractured siltstone of the Gatuncillo (?) formation (Eocene) (+-) older rocks are uplifted and exposed through surrounding calcareous units of the Caimito formation (Oligocene) and the Las Cascadas formation (Miocene), the major target rocks in the region. / ABSTRACT: Lithologies in the structure include highly fractured siliciclastic rocks (siltstone, sandstones and greywackes), limestones with anomalous spherical glass inclusions, both black and white hypocrystalline glasses (possible melt rocks), lithic fragmental breccias, and melt-bearing breccias (possible impact melt breccias and suevites), some of which contain flow banding and evidence for selective melting of minerals. Three types of spherules (glass, fluid-drop and lithic), a pyroxene-quartz "necklace" disequilibrium structure (coronas), plagioclase feldspars exhibiting mosaicism and partially amorphization, possible liquid immiscibility between melts of calcite and felpspathic glass, as well as decomposition of titanomagnite or ulvospinel, are all petrographic indicators of a hypervelocity impact event. / ABSTRACT: The structure is crosscut by numerous dikes of unshocked basalt and basaltic andesite related to volcanism along the Panamanian segment of the Central American arc to the south. However, the lithologies of the Gatun Structure are chemically inconsistent with the regional volcanic rocks and the unshocked volcanic rocks that crosscut the structure. The lack of an igneous relationship between the Gatun structure and the explosive volcanism of Panamanian arc the presence of classical shock lithologies within the site, and the occurrence of spherules, maskelynite and other disequilibrium shock features in the rocks, an impact origin is our preferred interpretation for the Gatun structure. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

As brechas vulcanoclásticas massivas correspondem a maciços rochosos de fragmentos vulcânicos geralmente imersos numa matriz mais fina que estão caraterizadas por apresentar baixo fraturamento ou ausência de descontinuidades. Embora as brechas vulcânicas massivas sejam de baixa resistência, possuem condições mecânicas que permitem escavar taludes altos ou túneis moderadamente profundos mostrando comportamentos estáveis. Neste trabalho foi estudado um afloramento de brechas vulcânicas da zona Pacífica Central da Costa Rica, com o objetivo de caracterizar mecanicamente a rocha. Avaliou-se a influência dos clastos nas propriedades globais de resistência e deformação. Estudou-se também o fraturamento progressivo e o efeito escala sobre as propriedades mecânicas da rocha sob carregamentos de compressão uniaxial e diametral. Caracterizaram-se os constituintes da brecha vulcanoclástica e a relação da proporção e a distribuição dos tamanhos de blocos para as escalas de afloramento e de laboratório. Mostram-se as propriedades mecânicas dos blocos e da matriz, avaliando-se o contraste mecânico existente e a influência na resistência e deformabilidade da brecha. A resistência à compressão e o módulo de deformação da brecha obtidos nos ensaios de laboratório não apresentaram influência significativa com a variação da porcentagem de blocos entre 10% até 65%. A coesão mostra um decréscimo entre o 7%-19%, e o ângulo de atrito aumentou 1.1° e diminuiu 2.6° com o acréscimo da porcentagem volumétrico de clastos de 25% para 50%. Em termos comparativos com outras rochas similares, a brecha analisada apresenta pouca influência mecânica significativa dos blocos. Quanto ao processo de fraturamento no ensaio de compressão axial e diametral, mostram-se os tipos curva completas dos ensaios e sua relação com a emissão acústica (EA) e inspeções visuais. Realizaram-se observações do microfissuramento preexistente e do obtido ao longo do ensaio de compressão diametral, mediante ensaios de microtomografia de rádio X (μCT). De acordo com as observações nos ensaios de microtomografia, a propagação das fissuras é tortuosa e preferencial nos contornos dos clastos. Ocasionalmente, as fissuras podem cortar alguns blocos de densidade superior à matriz sem se perceberem mudanças na curva de força deslocamento ou acréscimos de resistência. Na inspeção macro dos testemunhos carregados, as trajetórias do fraturamento percorrem a matriz da rocha, a interface blocos-matriz, ou o interior dos blocos. O efeito escala sobre o comportamento mecânico foi estudado para amostras de diâmetro de 31 até 145 mm. A brecha vulcânica estudada se considera como uma rocha pouco fissurada e não apresenta efeito escala na resistência à compressão e tração, no comportamento da curva completa de compressão uniaxial, no módulo de deformação, no coeficiente de Poisson ou no fator de intensidade de tensão crítico. As curvas de força versus deslocamento horizontal no ensaio de compressão diametral apresentam comportamentos mais dúcteis para as amostras pequenas e tendências mais frágeis em tamanho maior. Finalmente o trabalho apresenta o caso de estudo de brechas vulcânicas massivas escavadas no túnel de condução da usina hidroelétrica Cachí na Costa Rica. Mostram-se a caracterização do maciço, a comparação comportamento teórico esperado da escavação comparado com o real percebido e as experiências da produtividade de escavação com métodos com explosivos e fresadora. / Massive volcanoclastic breccias are rock masses of volcanic fragments generally immerse in a fine matrix, and they are characterized by little or no presence of jointing. Despite massive volcanoclastic breccias being soft rock, they have mechanic conditions that allow them to be excavated in high slopes and moderately deep tunnels that present stable behavior. Volcanoclastic breccias of the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were studied for this dissertation aiming at mechanically characterizing this type of rock. The influence of the proportion of clasts was evaluated on the global properties of resistance and deformation. In addition, the progressive fracture process and the scale effect were studied focusing on the mechanical properties under uniaxial and diametrical compression loading. The constituents, the proportion and size distribution of clasts were characterized for outcrop and laboratory scales. The mechanical properties of blocks and the matrix are presented evaluating the mechanical contrast and the influence on the strength and deformability of the breccia. The compressive strength and the deformation modulus obtained in the laboratory testing do not present significance influence when the block proportion measured in the breccia rock cores changed varying from 10% to 60%. The cohesion decreased between a 7% and a 19% and the friction angle increased with the increment of the volumetric proportion blocks from 25% to 50%. The volcanoclastic breccias analyzed exhibit little influence of the mechanical properties of the blocks when compared to other similar rocks. When discussing the fracturing process in uniaxial and diametral compression test, the dissertation presents the types of complete curves and their relationship to acoustic emissions (AE) and visual observations. There are remarks of preexistent micro-fissuring and the fracturing status obtained in the diametral compression test by the ray-X micro tomography technique (μCT). In line with the observations in the micro tomography tests, the crack propagation path is tortuous preferably going through the surface of the clasts. Occasionally, the fracture can split some blocks denser than the matrix without changes in the force-horizontal displacement curve nor in the resistance. The fracture path goes through the matrix of the rock, the interface between the rock and the matrix and even the blocks. The scale effect in the mechanical behavior was studied in cores ranging from 31 mm to 145 mm of diameter. The volcanoclastic breccias are considered as a lightly fissured rock, and they do not present scale effect in the compressive and tensile strength, the deformation modulus, the complete curve behavior over the uniaxial compressional test, the Poisson´s ratio, and the critical fracture toughness. The complete force-horizontal displacement curves in the diametral compression test display ductile behaviors in the smaller diameters, and a trend of fragile behavior in bigger samples. Finally, this dissertation presents the study case of massive volcanic breccias excavated in the pressure tunnel of the Cachí hydroelectric project in Costa Rica. The characterization of the rock mass, a comparison of the excavation expected theoretical behavior with the real behavior and the experience of the excavation performance with the conventional methods and the roadheader mechanical methods are presented.

Orientador: Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:29:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baia_FernandoHenrique_M.pdf: 13847109 bytes, checksum: d0d4cca53e831f4ba4895b161cf16b8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: No maior distrito zincífero brasileiro, situado no noroeste do estado de Minas Gerais, os depósitos de zinco estão hospedados em rochas dolomíticas do Grupo Vazante. Ocorrências zincíferas são conhecidas em um raio de 15 km no entorno da Mina da Vazante, considerada o maior depósito de willemita do mundo. As ocorrências Mata II e Olho D'Água são estruturalmente controladas e localizadas no contato entre as rochas dolomíticas da Formação Morro do Calcáreo e metapelíticas da Formação Serra da Lapa. Nessas ocorrências, foram reconhecidas diferentes tipologias de brechas dolomíticas hidrotermais. Os tipos I e II resultam de baixa a média interação fluido-rocha, além de cimentação e vênulas hidrotermais, sem hidrofraturamento. Os tipos III e IV representam estágios de hidrofraturamento com quebra dos clastos do dolomito, enquanto o Tipo V revela, além de brechação hidráulica, completa dissolução dos clastos dolomíticos. Na ocorrência Pamplona e na Mina do Cercado, as brechas dolomíticas são mineralizadas, controladas por falhas normais e transcorrentes e evidenciam deformação rúptil-dúctil (estiramento mineral, planos S-C, indicadores cinemáticos tipo Sigma, estrias e degraus de falha). A associação hidrotermal nas quatro ocorrências inclui hematita, quartzo, dolomita, óxido/hidróxido de ferro, apatita e, subordinadamente, pirita, Zn-clorita, sericita, feldspato e barita. Os principais minerais de minério identificados são a willemita, franklinita e, secundariamente, esfalerita e galena. Outros minerais reconhecidos incluem monazita, xenotima, covellita, zircão e, pontualmente, piromorfita, coronadita, pirolusita, zincita e cerussita. A evolução das brechas foi acompanhada nas quatro áreas por enriquecimentos relativos de Fe2O3, V, Sb, As e Pb e localizados de SiO2, SrO, Na2O, Cr2O3, P2O5, ETR, Bi, Ba, Cd, Zn, Hg, Ag, Se, U e Cu. Elementos farejadores para zinco foram definidos com base na assinatura química de cada área, como: Zn-Pb-As-Sb-ETR-Co-Se-V-Cd-Ag (Olho D'Agua); Zn-Pb-Se-Na2O-As-Ag-Cu (Cercado) e Zn-Pb-Se-Na2O-As-Ag-Cu-Hg (Pamplona), não sendo observada forte correlação entre zinco e os demais elementos na área de Mata II. As rochas dolomíticas preservadas possuem valores de ?13C entre -0,51¿ e +2,72¿ PDB e de ?18O entre +22,09¿ e +28,13¿ V-SMOW condizentes com rochas carbonáticas marinhas. Contudo, rochas xiv alteradas hidrotermalmente apresentam decréscimo dos valores de ?13C (até -4,07¿, no Cercado) e de ?18O (até 15,46¿, no Olho D'Água) que apontam para interação fluido-rocha. Temperaturas foram estimadas para pares minerais (dolomita-hematita) das brechas em 155° a 290°C (Olho D'água) e 62° e 260°C (Pamplona). A composição isotópica estimada para os fluidos hidrotermais indica mistura de um fluido formacional ou metamórfico, ascendente, metalífero, quente, moderadamente salino e com baixo conteúdo de enxofre e um fluido descendente ou residente, meteórico, diluído, pobre em metais. O sistema hidrotermal envolveu fontes comuns de fluidos que migraram em larga escala controlados pela atividade tectônica, principalmente relacionada à fase final compressiva da Faixa Brasília (Mata II e Olho D'Água) e com o desenvolvimento de zonas de falhas rúpteis-dúcteis (Pamplona e Cercado). No entanto, a formação de willemita foi limitada ou dificultada na presença de fluidos hidrotermais ácidos, possivelmente derivados da oxidação do material carbonoso proveniente das unidades redutoras superiores da Formação Serra da Lapa / Abstract: In the major Brazilian zinc district, located in the northwest of the Minas Gerais State, the deposits are hosted in dolomitic rocks of the Vazante Group. Zinc occurrences are known within a radius of 15 km surrounding the Vazante Mine, considered the largest deposit of willemite in the world. Mata II and Olho D'Água occurrences are structurally controlled and located in the contact between the dolomitic rocks of the Morro do Calcáreo Formation and the metapelites of the Serra da Lapa Formation. In these occurrences different types of hydrothermal breccias were recognized. The type I and II resulted from a low to medium fluid-rock interaction, in addition to cementation and hydrothermal veinlets, without hydrofracturing. The type III and IV represent stages of hydrofracturing of the host dolomite, while type V shows, in addition to hydraulic brecciation, the complete dissolution of the dolomite clasts. In the Pamplona occurrence and the Cercado Mine, the dolomite breccias are mineralized, structurally controlled by normal and transcurrent faults and evidences brittle-ductile deformation (stretched minerals, S-C foliation, Sigma-type kinematic indicators, striations on fault planes and step-like offsets on fault surface). The hydrothermal mineral association in the four occurrences comprises hematite, quartz, dolomite, iron oxide/hydroxide, apatite and minor pyrite, Zn-rich chlorite, sericite, K feldspar, and barite. The main ore minerals recognized are willemite, franklinite and subordinate, sphalerite and galena. Other minor minerals include monazite, xenotime, covellite, zircon, and locally, pyromorphite, coronadite, pyrolusite, zincite, and cerussite. The evolution of the breccias was accompanied by relative enrichment of Fe2O3, V, Sb, As and Pb and specific enrichments of SiO2, SrO, Na2O, Cr2O3, P2O5, ETR, Bi, Ba, Cd, Zn, Hg, Ag, Se, U, and Cu. Pathfinder elements for zinc were defined based on the chemical signature of each area, as: Zn-Pb-As-Sb-ETR-Co-Se-V-Cd-Ag (Olho D'Agua); Zn-Pb-Se-Na2O-As-Ag-Cu (Cercado) and Zn-Pb-Se-Na2O-As-Ag-Cu-Hg (Pamplona). Correlation among zinc and other elements was not observed at Mata II. Preserved dolomitic rocks have ?13C (-0.51¿ and +2.72¿ PDB) and ?18O (+22.09¿ and +28.13¿ V-SMOW) values comparable to those of marine carbonate rocks. However, hydrothermally altered dolostones reveal gradual decrease of ?13C (up to -4.07¿, in Cercado) and ?18O (up to 15.46¿, in Olho D'Água) values, which indicate the fluid-rock interaction. Temperatures have been estimated based on mineral pairs (dolomite-hematite) from breccias of the Olho D'água (155° to 290 °C) and Pamplona (62° to 260 °C). The isotopic composition estimated for the xvi hydrothermal fluids indicate fluid mixing involving an ascendant formational or metamorphic, metalliferous, hot, moderately saline fluid with low reduced sulphur content and a descendant or resident metal-poor meteoric fluid, more diluted. The hydrothermal system evolution reflects common fluid sources that migrated in large scale controlled by tectonic activity, mainly related to the final compressive phase of the Brasília Belt (Mata II - Olho D'Água) and with the development of brittle-ductile normal and transcurrent faults (Pamplona - Cercado). The willemite formation was limited or prevented by the presence of the acid hydrothermal fluids, possibly derived from oxidation of carbonaceous material from the upper Serra da Lapa Formation / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

The Lower Ordovician El Paso Group is a >400-m-thick carbonate succession exposed in the Franklin Mountains, El Paso, Texas. The El Paso Group contains multiple breccias related to collapsed-paleocave systems. These breccias have been documented as having formed during the top-Lower Ordovician Sauk depositional supersequence lowstand. Evidence presented in this study suggests that cave formation may have been as much as 350 million years younger and related to Laramide oblique right lateral compression. Regardless of the timing of formation, the breccias mapped in this study are of collapsed paleocave origin based on breccia clast organization and matrix content. Speleogenetic models are compared against observations of breccia distribution by direct field observations and mapping on sub-meter airborne light detection and ranging or lidar data. Point vectors were defined for every point within study area to highlight subtle changes in outcrop erosional profile for mapping geological features directly on the lidar point cloud. In addition, spectral data from airborne photography and hyperspectral image analysis were used assist in geological contact definition. A digital outcrop model was constructed from 3D geologic mapping results from which spatial statistic were extracted and used to reconstruct collapsed paleocave breccia bodies. The resultant breccia geometries were compared against laser-scanned modern cave dimensions, from Devil's Sinkhole, Rocksprings, Texas, and used in analysis of conceptual models for cave formation. The breccias of the southern Franklin Mountains follow linear trends that closely match Riedel shear fracture patterns predicted from right-lateral oblique compression. Stress orientations that match right-lateral oblique compression in the Phanerozoic of the El Paso region are related to the Laramide orogeny. The relationship of observed structures and the orientation of collapse breccias may indicate that southern Franklin Mountain breccia bodies are the result of a solution-enhanced tectonic karst system. / text

Die Sedimente des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes gaben schon immer Raum für Spekulationen. Aufgrund ihrer Dominanz an rhyolithischen Geröllen wurden sie über einen langen Zeitraum einheitlich als Postporphyrschutt ausgehalten. Vielfältig wechselnde Faziesbedingungen machten es jedoch notwendig, die Sedimente aufzugliedern. Neuere Erkenntnisse in der Erforschung des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes erfordern eine Überprüfung v. a. der nach KUNERT (1995) aufgestellten allgemeinen stratigraphischen Gliederung der Unterrotliegendsedimente in Halle,- Hornburg,- Sennewitz- und Brachwitz-Formation anhand einiger ausgewählter Beispiele. Der ursprüngliche Gedanke der Diplomarbeit bestand darin, eine Fazies- und eine Geröllanalyse der unterpermischen Abtragungsprodukte des Halle-Vulkanitkomplexes anzufertigen. Zur Verfügung standen zwei Kernbohrungen und zwei Aufschlüsse, sowie diverse Unterlagen zu angrenzenden Bohrungen in der Saale-Senke. Die beiden Oberflächenaufschlüsse Riveufer und Teichgrund sollten stratigraphisch aufgenommen werden, so dass eine Fazieszuordnung möglich ist. Die Bohrung Brachwitz 2/62 wurde mit dem Ziel aufgenommen, neuere Theorien über den Ablagerungszeitraum der Rotliegend-Sedimente in Bezug auf den permokarbonen Vulkanismus zu widerlegen oder zu bekräftigen. Die zweite Bohrung (Kb Lochau 7/65) wurde am Rande mit in die Diplomarbeit einbezogen, da sie das immense Spektrum der spätvulkanischen Aktivitäten im Halle Permokarbonkomplex erweitert. Ergebnis ist eine Neugliederung des Rotliegend im Halleschen Permokarbonkomplex, in der nur noch die Halle-Formation mit ihrem ausgeprägten Vulkanismus und die Hornburg-Formation, stellvertretend für alle jüngeren Abtragungsprodukte des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes, unterschieden werden. Mit einem großen Hiatus folgt anschließend die Eisleben-Formation.

Die Sedimente des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes gaben schon immer Raum für Spekulationen. Aufgrund ihrer Dominanz an rhyolithischen Geröllen wurden sie über einen langen Zeitraum einheitlich als Postporphyrschutt ausgehalten. Vielfältig wechselnde Faziesbedingungen machten es jedoch notwendig, die Sedimente aufzugliedern. Neuere Erkenntnisse in der Erforschung des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes erfordern eine Überprüfung v. a. der nach KUNERT (1995) aufgestellten allgemeinen stratigraphischen Gliederung der Unterrotliegendsedimente in Halle,- Hornburg,- Sennewitz- und Brachwitz-Formation anhand einiger ausgewählter Beispiele. Der ursprüngliche Gedanke der Diplomarbeit bestand darin, eine Fazies- und eine Geröllanalyse der unterpermischen Abtragungsprodukte des Halle-Vulkanitkomplexes anzufertigen. Zur Verfügung standen zwei Kernbohrungen und zwei Aufschlüsse, sowie diverse Unterlagen zu angrenzenden Bohrungen in der Saale-Senke. Die beiden Oberflächenaufschlüsse Riveufer und Teichgrund sollten stratigraphisch aufgenommen werden, so dass eine Fazieszuordnung möglich ist. Die Bohrung Brachwitz 2/62 wurde mit dem Ziel aufgenommen, neuere Theorien über den Ablagerungszeitraum der Rotliegend-Sedimente in Bezug auf den permokarbonen Vulkanismus zu widerlegen oder zu bekräftigen. Die zweite Bohrung (Kb Lochau 7/65) wurde am Rande mit in die Diplomarbeit einbezogen, da sie das immense Spektrum der spätvulkanischen Aktivitäten im Halle Permokarbonkomplex erweitert. Ergebnis ist eine Neugliederung des Rotliegend im Halleschen Permokarbonkomplex, in der nur noch die Halle-Formation mit ihrem ausgeprägten Vulkanismus und die Hornburg-Formation, stellvertretend für alle jüngeren Abtragungsprodukte des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes, unterschieden werden. Mit einem großen Hiatus folgt anschließend die Eisleben-Formation.:Inhalt Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitender Teil 1 1.1 Einleitung 1 1.2 Aufgabenstellung und Problematik 1 1.3 Geographischer Überblick über die Bohrungen und Aufschlüsse 2 2. Regionalgeologischer Teil 4 2.1 Aufbau des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes 4 2.2 Beckenentwicklung des Permokarbons im Bereich des Halle- Vulkanitkomplexes 5 2.3 Historischer Rückblick über die Einstufung der Rotliegend-Formationen im Halle Vulkanitkomplex 10 2.4 Neueste Entwicklungen in der Erforschung des Saale-Beckens 15 2.4.1 Die Ablagerungen der Halle-Formation 15 2.4.2 Die Ablagerungen der Sennewitz-Formation 16 2.4.3 Die Ablagerungen der Hornburg-Formation 17 2.4.4 Die Ablagerungen der Brachwitz-Formation 19 2.4.5 Die Ablagerungen der Eisleben-Formation 20 2.4.6 Aktuelle Stratigraphische Gliederung 22 2.5 Die späte Phase des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes und ihr Bezug zur Diplomarbeit 23 3 Arbeitsmethodik 24 3.1 Aufnahme der Bohrungen Brachwitz 2/62 und Lochau 7/65 24 3.2 Aufnahme des Aufschlusses am Teichgrund bei Döblitz 26 3.3 Aufnahme des Aufschlusses am Riveufer im Stadtgebiet von Halle 26 4. Vulkanische und sedimentäre grobklastische Transport- und Ablagerungssysteme 27 4.1 Vulkanische Massentransporte 27 4.1.1 Pyroklastische Ablagerungen 27 4.1.1.1 Pyroklastische Fallablagerungen 28 (1) Aschefallablagerungen 28 (2) Bimsführende Fallablagerungen 29 (3) Scoriaführende Fallablagerungen 29 4.1.1.2 Pyroklastische Stromablagerungen 29 (1) Bimsführende pyroklastische Stromablagerungen oder Ignimbrite 29 (2) Block- und Aschestromablagerungen 31 (3) Scoriaführende pyroklastische Stromablagerungen 32 4.1.1.3 Pyroklastische Surge-Ablagerungen 32 (1) Surgeablagerungen durch Aschewolken 32 (2) Ablagerungen am Boden der pyroklastischen Surge 33 (3) Ablagerungen an der Basis der pyroklastischen Surge 33 4.1.2 Explosive vulkanische Eruptionen 33 (1) Hawaiianische Eruptionen 34 (2) Plinianische Eruptionen 34 (3) Strombolianische Eruptionen 35 (4) Vulkanianische und Surtseyanische Eruptionen 35 4.1.3 Produkte phreatomagmatischer Eruptionen 36 (1) Maare 37 (2) Tuffkegel und Tuffringe 37 4.1.4 Tephraablagerungen 38 4.2 Sedimentäre Massentransporte 39 4.2.1 Alluviale Fächer 40 4.2.2 Schichtfluten 42 4.2.3 Flußsyteme 42 4.2.4 Überflutungsebenen 43 4.2.5 Deltas und Ästuare 44 5. Lithologien und Faziestypen 45 6. Aufschlüsse und Bohrungen 45 6.1 Aufschlußkomplex am Riveufer im Stadtteil Giebichenstein in Halle 48 6.1.1 Allgemeine Aussagen 48 6.1.2 Das Faziesmodell eines verflochtenen Flußsystems 48 (1) Ausbildung von Rinnen 48 (2) Einfallen der Rinnen 50 (3) Prallhänge 50 (4) Seitenanschnitte an beiden Enden des Aufschlusses 51 6.1.3 Ein tuffgefülltes Spaltensystem als syn- bis postsedimentäres Ereignis 52 6.1.4 Interpretation 53 6.2 Aufschluß am Teichgrund bei Döblitz 55 6.2.1 Allgemeine Aussagen 55 6.2.2 Sedimentäre Lithofaziestypen und -assoziationen 56 6.2.3 Dokumentation der einzelnen Aufschlüsse 56 6.2.3.1 Aufschluß T1 56 (1) Detaildarstellung Aufschluß am Teichgrund T1-1 56 6.2.3.2 Aufschluß T2 59 6.2.3.3 Aufschluß T3 59 6.2.4 Fazielle Diskussion 59 6.3 Kernbohrung Brachwitz BrwSk 2/62 südöstlich der Ortschaft Friedrichsschwerz 61 6.3.1 Allgemeine Informationen 61 6.3.2 Erläuterungen zu den Lithofaziestypen 61 (1) SFT-B1 Konglomerat der Eislebenformation 61 (2) SFT-T1 Sedimentäre Brekzie 61 (3) SFT-T4 Mittel- bis Grobsandstein 62 (4) SFT-B2 Schluffstein 62 (5) VFT-T0 Rhyolith, brekziös/ VFT-T1 Porphyrbrekzie, monomikt 63 (6) VFT-B12 Porphyrbrekzie mit Obsidianmatrix 64 (7) VFT-B2 Porphyrbrekzien, oligomikt und polymikt 64 (8) VFT-B3 Mittelsand, vulkanogen 65 (9) VFT-B5 Schluffstein, brekziiert 66 6.3.3 Auswertung 66 6.4 Kernbohrung Lochau 7/65 südöstlich Halle 68 6.4.1 Allgemeines 68 6.4.2 Erläuterungen zu den Vulkanischen Faziestypen 68 (1) VFT-L1 Aschentuff 68 (2) VFT-L2 Surges 69 (3) VFT-L3 Surge oder Explosionsbrekzie 70 (4) VFT-L4 Explosionsbrekzie mit Tuffzwickelfüllung 71 (5) Tuff mit einzelnen Ballistischen Bomben 72 6.4.4 Beispiel Ha-Lo7/17 73 6.4.5 Diskussion 74 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 76 8. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 78 9. Anhang Anlage 1: Allgemeines Anlage 2: Teichgrund bei Döblitz Anlage 3: Riveufer im Stadtzentrum von Halle (Saale) Anlage 4: Kb Brachwitz 2/62 Anlage 5: Kb Lochau 7/65