ABSTRACT This thesis investigates through theoretical analysis and imperative research, how Sepedi is represented on SABC, especially on SABC 2 in accordance to the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA). Looking back Sepedi programming before democracy and after democracy, SABC has gone through a major transition. This thesis visits the transitions that SABC went through and how SABC is transforming to serve public interests. This essay will composed of empirical observations to depict whether these aims are in fact pursued and achieved.

This work deals with the public data network covering of the locality of the noth-east part of Brno and neighbouring villages.

An association was tested between the presence of a television weather broadcaster on-screen and viewers’ likelihood to seek shelter, measured via risk perception and preventative behavior. Social networking websites were used to recruit respondents. Four clips of archived severe weather videos, one pair (on-screen and off-screen broadcaster) using the reflectivity product and another pair (on-screen and off-screen broadcaster) using velocity product, were presented to participants. Viewers’ trust and weather salience were also quantified for additional interactions. A relationship between viewers’ risk perception (preflectivity = 0.821, pvelocity = 0.625) and preventative behavior (preflectivity = 0.217, pvelocity = 0.236) and the presence of the broadcaster on-screen was not found. The reflectivity product was associated with higher risk perception and preventative behavior scores than the velocity product (prp = 0.000, ppb = 0.000).

Synopsis The aim of this diploma paper is to explain and demonstrate censorial practice of the communist regime in the Czechoslovak Radio. The paper demonstrates via narrators' memories the way the transmission in the Czechoslovak Radio was affected after its takeover by the Communist Party in 1948, namely on the part of both the operational technical staff members and editors. Historical experience of narrators is presented in the context of formerly known events amended by published articles or sources including those of radio archive.

This study examines some of the challenges that Maltese broadcasting is facing with respect to the news programming produced by the public service broadcaster and by the other two political stations. The thesis also investigates the concepts of balance and objectivity in news reporting and analyzes the extent to which Maltese TV news programmes succeed in providing balanced, impartial and accurate accounts. Special attention is paid to the role of the public service broadcaster, but consideration is also given to the part played by the two Maltese political stations competing with the public service broadcaster. A particular aim of this study is to measure how the requirement to preserve impartiality and balance impinges on the content of TV news bulletins and current affairs programmes produced by PSB and the other two political stations. The study will also consider the impact of current broadcasting regulations and will examine the degree to which such legislation is relevant in the attempt to achieve impartiality and balance in Maltese news broadcasting. As a basis for the study the thesis focuses on a sample of news programming material broadcast on the three television stations in Malta during a Local Council electoral campaign. The aim is to assess how various news messages are communicated to audiences and to consider whether such messages are perceived as impartial and balanced by the viewers. The study explores how news workers and news producers strive to achieve impartiality and balance in their day-to-day practices. Finally the thesis makes one or two tentative suggestions as to how current broadcasting legislation might be amended in order for the Broadcasting Authority can become a more effective watchdog and is able to intervene in cases where news programming is not deemed to be balanced and impartial.

When Sven Jerring passed away in 1979, he had been broadcasting for more than 55 years. He was the first true announcer; the first radio reporter. For decades, almost all important public events were broadcast to the Swedish public by Sven Jerring.The main object of this study has been to study Sven Jerring's broadcasting language over a period of some forty years in three different types of programme, thus to establish whether his use of language changed during that time, and whether differences exist with regard to the type of programme. Does his language progress from a more literary style to one of a more colloquial nature? The answer to this question was sought through the study of such aspects of usage that have traditionally been regarded as denoting a literary usage, and also through the study of usage in which a conflict exists between regional usage and Standard Swedish.The study of Jerring's language has been undertaken in the light of his own statements concerning language and the correctness of language. In an introductory chapter, his broadcasting language has been set against the general view of language in broadcasting circles.The study material consists of recordings taken from three types of programme that comprises elements of Jerring's repertoire over a long period: Barnens brevlåda (Bb) [Children's Letterbox], a programme in which Jerring reads from children's letters and in which children sing and perform; Vasaloppet (Vip) [The Vasa Race], a well-known cross-country skiing race held every year in Sweden; and football commentaries (Fo).The language used by the first radio announcers was correct and formally irreproachable. The announcer's pronunciation was regarded as being of great importance. Special haüäprov, voice tests, were employed as a means of ensuring that candidates for the job adhered to the accepted standard. New announcers seem not to have received any language councelling, whereas guest speakers did. The use of a script was the rule in all types of programme. Jerring was regarded highly by his colleagues for the painstaking preparatory work that he always did. The majority of his colleagues maintained that Jerring used key-words and occasional notes. His ability to improvise without losing the thread was stressed.In his statements concerning language, Jerring consistantly rejected vulgar forms, incorrect usage, and careless language usage.At first, Jerring used two pronunciation forms for the pronoun honom 'him': hânnâm (pronounced 3honom* with two short vowels) and honåm (pronounced 'huntom' with one long and one short vowel). The latter pronunciation does not appear in the material after 1944.The much-discussed subject pronouns de, di (pronounced 'dee*) and dom 'they' caused much trouble in broadcasting, the pronunciation dom being much questioned, despite the strong trend in colloquial usage to move from de to dom. Jerring was, during his entire career, a consistant di-user. The pronunciation of the object pronouns dem and dom 'them' both appear in his broadcasts from the 30's and 40's, whereupon dom becomes the only pronunciation.Jerring used to a surprisingly high degree the -es form of the present tense passive instead om the -s form. It is possible to discern a tendency in Jerring towards a gradual swing towards the -s form. Jerring often omitted the auxiliary verb ha 'have' in subordinate clauses. In the later material, the use of ha as auxiliary verb in subordinate clauses increases in the programme types Bb and Vip. Fo differs from Bb and Vip in the high frequency of incorrectly-constructed sentences (FelM). The incorrectness of these cases of FelM consists of the omission of the subject, which constitutes a natural economy with words in the style of commentary. Bb and Vip have a higher frequency of interjection macro-syntagms (IMS) and vocative macro-syntagms (TMS) than Fo.In conclusion, it may be stated that Sven J erring's broadcasting language did in some respects alter; the shift being towards a more informal and everyday usage. / digitalisering@umu

The correct use and distribution of correctives and fertilizers on growth areas, setting right the soil or returning the nutrients exported by the crops, is one of the most important techniques to increase and maintain the agricultural income. The centrifugal broadcasters of solid products are increasingly used because of its practicality, simplicity and high operational capacity. Its main use is on the application of corrective and fertilization products of agricultural soils, which can apply calcareous, agricultural gypsum, mineral fertilizer and, once these resources are finite, they demand a rationalization on the use and, as a consequence, the correct application becomes indispensable. The development of virtual prototypes has been a great successful and reliable tool in the last years, offering the opportunity to verify the viability of a prototype by simulation without the need to build it. In this context, the present study intent to evaluate the real behavior of projected prototypes in track conditions compared with a conventional disk. The prototypes used in search were developed in a master thesis of the Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering by the academic Mech. Eng. Elton Neves da Silva. Based on the graphics of distribution analyzes obtained from the simulations, it was chosen for the prototypes called Conic 6 Wings Middle and Plan 6 Wings Middle, which were the ones that presented the best results. The observations demonstrated that the width of work for a conventional disc, in the position 50% of wings course, was the one that presented a higher value, getting to 25 meters, in a right alternate system. The Conic prototype presented, for the CV of 15%, a width inferior to 10 meters, independent of the work method used, and the Plan prototype presented the smallest value of work width, getting, at maximum, 7,5 meters for the CV stipulated of 15%. At the evaluation of the longitudinal profile of distribution, as for the conventional disc in three positions as for the Conic and Plan prototypes, both presented a uniformity of distribution. In comparison between the conventional disc and the prototypes, the conventional disc revealed better results for all the work methods. / A correta utilização e distribuição de corretivos e fertilizantes nas áreas de cultivo, corrigindo o solo ou repondo os nutrientes exportados pelas culturas, é uma das mais importantes técnicas para incrementar ou manter o rendimento agrícola. Os distribuidores centrífugos de produtos sólidos são cada vez mais utilizados pela sua praticidade, simplicidade e alta capacidade operacional. Seu principal uso é na aplicação de produtos de correção e adubação de solos agrícolas, podendo distribuir calcário, gesso agrícola, adubo mineral e, como estes recursos são finitos, necessitam de uma racionalização no seu uso, sendo que, para isso, a aplicação correta torna-se indispensável. O desenvolvimento de protótipos virtuais tem sido uma ferramenta de grande sucesso e confiabilidade nos últimos anos, em função de oferecer a possibilidade de se verificar a viabilidade de um protótipo por meio de simulações, sem a necessidade de construí-lo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o real comportamento de protótipos projetados, em condições de pista, em comparação com um disco convencional. Os protótipos utilizados na pesquisa foram desenvolvidos em uma dissertação de mestrado do Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola (PPGEA) pelo acadêmico Engenheiro Mecânico Elton Neves da Silva. Com base na análise dos gráficos de distribuição obtidos nas simulações, optou-se pelos protótipos denominados Cônico 6 Aletas Meio e Plano 6 Aletas Meio, os quais apresentaram os melhores resultados. As observações mostram que a largura de trabalho para o disco convencional, na posição 50% do curso das aletas, foi a que apresentou maior valor, chegando aos 25 metros no sistema alternado direito. O protótipo cônico apresentou, para o CV de 15%, uma largura inferior aos 10 metros, independente do método de trabalho utilizado, e o protótipo plano apresentou o menor valor de largura de trabalho, chegando a, no máximo, 7,5 metros para o CV estipulado de 15%. Na avaliação do perfil de distribuição longitudinal, tanto o disco convencional, nas 3 posições, quanto os protótipos cônico e plano, mostraram uma distribuição uniforme. Na comparação entre o disco convencional e os protótipos, o disco convencional mostrou melhores resultados para todos os métodos de trabalho.

Centrifugal broadcaster spreaders are equipments that revolutionized the application technology application of solid material in agriculture, for presenting a great field capacity for operational field and being able to apply a large range of application rate. However, this equipment presents some inconveniences, such as the difficulty in applying the material evenly in the width used for a specific work, even when adjusting is a relatively simple task. Moreover, another problem is its behaviour variability according to the characteristics of the product that is used and the application conditions. The objective of this work was to compare treatments regarding operational adjustments in order to balance and uniform the transversal pattern of distribution, with a higher operational field capacity, for different solid products. The machine evaluated was a centrifugal broadcaster for solid material equipped with two spinning disks. The study proposal is to investigate the effect of the incomplete combination between the product type, the opening of the hopper metering system and the distribution disks impellers position. Results showed that the medium and high speeds of the conveying chain for lime distribution and the low speed for oat distribution gave a large and sufficient range of application rate by varying the opening of the metering device. According to the analysed conditions, a combination of opening position 15, impellers radial position, effective width of 10 meters and alternate application system, presented the best uniformity of lime distribution. For the oat, on the other hand, the best uniformity of distribution was reached when combining opening position 1, impellers in radial position, effective width of 10 meters and alternate application system. I increasing the flow and advancing the impellers position gave a higher field capacity. That was due to the possibility of a larger effective width as well as a higher travel speed for both lime and oat, thus preserving the transversal distribution uniformity. The maximum widths recommended are 13.5 meters for lime and for oat application. / Os distribuidores centrífugos são equipamentos que revolucionaram a tecnologia de aplicação de produtos sólidos na agricultura por apresentarem grande capacidade de campo operacional e pela grande amplitude de dosagens que conseguem aplicar. No entanto, este equipamento apresenta alguns inconvenientes como a dificuldade em aplicar homogeneamente o material na largura de trabalho utilizada, mesmo com uma aparente facilidade de regulagem. Soma-se a este problema, a variação de comportamento do equipamento com as características do produto utilizado e as condições de aplicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar tratamentos relacionados a regulagens operacionais buscando equilibrar e uniformizar o perfil transversal de distribuição, com a maior capacidade de campo operacional possível, para os diferentes produtos sólidos. A máquina avaliada foi um distribuidor centrífugo de produtos sólidos, equipada com esteira de alimentação de fundo de depósito, comporta vertical de controle de fluxo e dois discos distribuidores providos de aletas. A proposta do trabalho foi estudar o efeito da combinação incompleta entre o tipo de produto, a abertura da comporta dosadora de produto e a posição das aletas no disco de distribuição. Os resultados mostraram que as velocidades média e alta da esteira transportadora, para a distribuição de calcário, e a velocidade baixa, para a distribuição de aveia, fornecem uma ampla e suficiente faixa de dosagens com a variação de abertura da comporta dosadora. Nas condições analisadas, a combinação de abertura de comporta 15, posição radial das aletas, largura útil de 10 metros e sistema de aplicação alternado, apresentou a melhor uniformidade de distribuição de calcário. Para aveia, a combinação de abertura de comporta 1, posição radial das aletas, largura útil de 10 metros e sistema de aplicação alternado, apresentou a melhor uniformidade de distribuição. O aumento da vazão e do adiantamento da posição das aletas possibilita maior capacidade de campo operacional ao conjunto mecanizado, pela possibilidade de operar com maior largura útil de aplicação e maior velocidade de deslocamento, tanto para o calcário como para a aveia, preservando os padrões de uniformidade de distribuição transversal. A largura de aplicação máxima recomendada foi de 13,5 metros para o calcário e para a aveia.

This dissertation interrogates the representation of SiSwati programming (a minority language) on SABC 1 It critically analyses the statutory provisions in place for language parity and utilises hegemony as the theoretical framework for understanding the concept of language parity in the South African broadcasting landscape. To the researcher’s knowledge, there is limited information pertaining to this particular research topic however, most of the previous literature refers to all eleven official languages and not SiSwati specifically. Hegemony, a strand of critical theory as developed by Antonio Gramsci, will serve as the theoretical base of this study. This study falls within the framework of qualitative research. An extensive literature study of various sources and a content analysis of the relevant legislative documents form the basis of the research. SABC TV is positioned in a highly competitive, multi-channel market environment with powerful social, political and economic forces to contend with, this makes it difficult for SABC TV to fulfil its mandate of treating all eleven official languages equitably, hence languages such as SiSwati are underrepresented on national television. This study is seminal and relevant insofar as it offers a much needed insight into the plight of a marginalised language by the country’s public broadcaster. / MA (Communication Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

La diffusion sur les plateformes néomédiatiques d’œuvres audiovisuelles, comme les sites Internet des télédiffuseurs ou des webdiffuseurs, la vidéo sur demande, la télévision mobile ou la webdistribution, modifie les risques que les producteurs audiovisuels doivent gérer normalement sur les plateformes traditionnelles, comme la télévision. La mutation des risques découle de quatre sources en particulier, soit du marché, des pratiques d’affaires, des lois et règlements et des techniques elles-mêmes. Ces sources peuvent également induire des normes pouvant constituer un cadre juridique afin de moduler ou éliminer les risques. Le présent mémoire analyse les risques encourus lors de la diffusion sur les plateformes néomédiatiques d’œuvres audiovisuelles du point de vue des producteurs par l’entremise du processus de gestion de risques. Il identifie et recense ainsi les risques en mutation et les nouveaux risques auxquels les producteurs sont confrontés. Puis, les risques identifiés y sont définis et le cadre juridique est abordé dans le contexte de la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie de gestion de risques et des mesures afin d’atténuer ou d’éviter les risques encourus par les activités de production et d’exploitation des producteurs. / The broadcasting of audiovisual works over new media platforms (for example : broadcasters’ websites, video on demand, mobile television or the distribution over the Internet) alters the risks producers usually face when broadcasting over traditional platforms like television. The transformation of risks has four main sources: the market, the business practices, the laws and regulations and the technologies themselves. These sources may also engender standards to create a legal framework that can modulate or eliminate the risks. This thesis will analyze, from the point of view of audiovisual producers, the risks incurred by broadcasting audiovisual works over new media platforms. This analysis will be made under the theory of risk management. First, the modified risks will be identifying as well as the new risks the producers are confronted with. Then, these risks will be defining and the legal framework will be studied as well as the risk management strategy that could help producers limit or avoid risks incurred by their productions and their exploitation activities.