The first aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of IBV in broilers within the Canterbury province, New Zealand, in late winter and to search for associations with management or environmental factors. The second aim was to study how ambient stressors affect the immune system in birds, their adaptive capacity to respond, and the price that they have to pay in order to return to homeostasis. In a case control study, binary logistic regression analyses were used to seek associations between the presence of IBV in broilers and various risk factors that had been linked in other studies to the presence of different avian pathogens: ambient ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity and litter humidity. Pairs of sheds were selected from ten large broiler farms in Canterbury. One shed (case) from each pair contained poultry that had a production or health alteration that suggested the presence of IBV and the other was a control shed. Overall, IBV was detected by RT-PCR in 50% of the farms. In 2 of the 5 positive farms (but none of the control sheds) where IBV was detected there were accompanying clinical signs that suggested infectious bronchitis (IB). Ambient humidity was the only risk factor that showed an association (inverse) with the prevalence of IBV (p = 0.05; OR = 0.92). It was concluded within the constraints of the totally enclosed management systems described, that humidity had an influence on the presence of IBV, but temperature, ammonia, carbon dioxide, oxygen or litter humidity had no effect. In another study environmental temperatures were changed in order to affect the biological function and adaptive capacity of chickens following infection with IBV. The 'affective states' of the animal were assessed by measuring levels of corticosterone (CORT) in plasma and tonic immobility (TI). It was found that low (10 +/- 2°C) and high (30 +/- 2°C) temperatures exacerbated the respiratory signs and lesions in birds infected with IBV as compared to those housed at moderate (20 +/- 2°C) temperatures. The chickens housed at high temperatures showed significantly decreased growth, a higher proportion of hepatic lesions (principally haemorrhages) and a longer tonic immobility period, but there was no significant alteration in the plasma levels of CORT. The birds housed at low temperatures developed a higher proportion of heart lesions (hydropericardium, ventricular hypertrophy) and had significantly higher levels of plasma CORT than birds housed under moderate and/or high temperatures. The specific antibody response to IBV decreased in birds housed under high temperatures. Interestingly the birds housed at high temperatures developed significantly higher levels of haemagglutinin antibodies to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) than those birds housed under low or moderated temperatures. Cell mediated immunity was not significantly affected by heat or cold stress in the first 13 days of treatment but at 20 days the levels of interferon gamma in the birds subjected to low temperatures were lower than in the high temperature group. In other trials, the exogenous administration of low physiological doses of oral CORT (as compared to high pharmacological doses typically used in such experiments) to birds resulted in suppression or enhancement of the immune response depending on duration of treatment and/or dose and nature of the antigen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that exogenous CORT can produce an enhancement in the immune response in chickens. iv In conclusion, environmental stressors such as high or low temperatures do affect the physiology of the fast-growing broiler. The adjustments the birds have to make to maintain homeostasis impacts on the course of common infectious diseases, such as IB, that normally is mild in the New Zealand poultry industry. The administration of exogenous CORT showed that this hormone may be part of the physiological stress response and acts as a messenger to prepare the immune system for potential challenges (e.g., infection).

Recently rapeseed products have become more important for animals nutrition and poultry feeding. Such nutrition matters like glucosinolates, tannins, nonstarch polysacharides limit its bigger interposition. The quality of rapeseed products and seeds is changeable, because it depends on genotype of the rapeseed, fertilization conditions and their technological processing during the time of feed preparation. The aim of this work is to investigate the nutritional value of rapeseed products, estimate the influence of rapeseeds to the intensity of broiler chickens growth, consumption and digestibility of nutrients. To determine the effect of phytates ferment preparation supplement to calcium and phosphorus utilization in the organism of broiler chickens and the effect of possible rapeseed supplement in feed for broiler chickens femorals’ sensory quality.

Des études précédentes ont montré qu’une carence en vitamine E prédispose à la myopathie du poulet de chair. L’effet d’un ajout de vitamine E dans la diète commerciale sur la dégénérescence des fibres musculaires de la poitrine et de la cuisse a été étudié chez les poulets de chair. Des poulets mâles ROSS 308 (n = 1100) ont été assignés de façon aléatoire à deux traitements alimentaires (aliment commercial + 25 à 50 mg de vitamine E surajouté par kg vs aliment commercial + 0 mg de vitamine E supplémentaire). Les poulets ont été répartis sur 10 parquets (cinq répétitions par traitement). Le poids corporel et la consommation d’aliment ont été mesurés hebdomadairement. Aux jours j28, j35, j42 et j49, du sang a été prélevé pour mesurer le niveau de vitamine E et l’activité de la créatine kinase (CK). Les muscles Pectoralis superficialis et Adductor magnus ont été prélevés pour des analyses histologiques aux jours j28, j42 et j49; les fibres dégénérées ont été dénombrées sur chaque muscle prélevé. La concentration plasmatique de vitamine E était plus élevée dans le groupe supplémenté (P = 0.001). L’activité de la CK n’était pas différente dans les deux groupes (P = 0.20) mais très élevée, et n’était pas toujours en relation avec les dommages musculaires, à cause de grandes fluctuations de la CK entre les individus du même groupe. Le nombre de fibres endommagées était plus élevé dans le muscle Pectoralis superficialis (poitrine) que dans le muscle Adductor magnus (cuisse) dans les deux groupes; il y avait aussi moins de fibres dégénérées à j28 dans la poitrine des poulets qui ont reçus la diète supplémentée. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’ajout de vitamine E à la diète conventionnelle augmente le niveau de vitamine E dans le plasma et dans les tissus, diminue le nombre de fibres dégénérées dans la poitrine des jeunes poulets sans pour autant modifier la conversion alimentaire. La mesure de l’activité plasmatique de la CK ne saurait suffire à elle seule pour détecter précocement la myopathie nutritionnelle dans les élevages de poulets de chair. / Previous studies have shown that vitamin E deficiency could lead to nutritional myopathy in broiler chickens. Vitamin E was added to a conventional commercial diet to evaluate its effect on breast and thigh muscle fibers degeneration in broiler chickens. Male chickens ROSS 308 (n = 1100) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (a commercial diet with 25 to 50 mg of extra vitamin E per kg of commercial diet and a commercial diet without extra vitamin E). Chickens were randomly divided into 10 pens (five replicates per treatment). Body weight and feed intake were monitored weekly. At d28, d35, d42 and d49 blood from chickens were sampled and assayed for level of vitamin E and creatine kinase (CK) activity. Both Pectoralis superficialis and Adductor magnus muscles from chickens were sampled for histological examination at d28, d42 and d49, and degenerated fibers were numbered. Plasma levels of vitamin E were higher in the supplemented group (P = 0.001), whereas activity of CK was high in both groups, but not significantly different (P = 0.20) due to strong fluctuations in CK activities within groups of these fast growing chickens. Pectoralis superficialis muscle had more damaged fibers than adductor’s in both groups. There were less degenerated fibers in pectoral muscle from d28 chickens receiving the supplemented diet. These results suggested that adding vitamin E into conventional diet increases plasma vitamin E and decreases the number of degenerated muscle fibers within pectoral muscle of young chickens. Measuring the CK activity in plasma is not sufficient for early detection of nutritional myopathy in broiler chicken’s farms.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

The work deals with the influence of the Milk thistle (used substance Silymarin) on the carcass yield of hybrid combinations rabbits Hyla. Hybrid combination Hyla was purposefully bred for meat performance, showing excellent results in breeding. Rabbits behave primarily on meat, because nutritional properties correspond to the current requirements of rational nutrition. Therefore, it is appropriate to increase the carcass yield. The average slaughter yield is indicated from 40 to 53% according to the breed. It was found that the addition of milk thistle in the form of a powder in the complete feedingstuff at a concentration of 0.2% increased the carcass yield, relative to the control group (which was fed only KKS), on average by 0.4%. The group with the addition of 1% showed an average value of 1.2% higher than the group control. The average slaughter yield of all the groups ranged from 54,68 into 63,02%. In both farms also decreased the incidence of diarrheal disease. Silymarin has a favorable effect on the operation and growth of the liver. In the group with the addition of 0.2% increased the average liver weight of 8.1 g, in the group with a concentration of 1% weight on average picked up about 10g. The average weight of the liver varied from 111,19 to 121,20 g. The control group in the case of carcass yield and liver weight showed better results than the authors of their articles.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o tempo necessário para que carcaças de frango de diferentes pesos (1.200 g e 2.100g), que ao sair do tanque de resfriamento se encontravam com a temperatura acima de 7ºC, alcançassem 4°C e traçar o perfil microbiológico destas, realizado através do estudo de presença e multiplicação dos indicadores: microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. a fim de auxiliar as medidas e os limites críticos de um plano APPCC para a indústria de carne de ave. A pesquisa foi realizada em um matadouro localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. No total foram coletadas aleatoriamente 100 carcaças de frangos, 50 amostras para cada peso, com temperatura acima de 7°C, na esteira na saída dos tanques de resfriamento. Todas as carcaças foram colocadas em caixa plásticas e encaminhadas à câmara de resfriamento (tempo zero). De hora em hora foi realizada a aferição de temperatura no músculo peitoral profundo de 15 unidades amostrais de cada peso. As carcaças com peso de 1.200 g levaram de 2 a 4 horas para alcançarem a temperatura de 4ºC na musculatura profunda e as carcaças com peso médio de 2.100 g, chegaram a temperatura de 4ºC entre 5 e 8 horas de resfriamento. No momento da coleta das amostras e a cada hora, foram coletadas 5 unidades amostrais, de cada grupo, para análise microbiológica, totalizando 25 amostras para carcaças de frango de 1.200 g e 43 amostras para carcaças de frango de 2.100 g. A contagem de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias não apresentou declínio significativo (P> 0,05) ao longo do tempo de resfriamento, tanto em carcaças de 1.200 g quanto nas carcaças com peso de 2.100 g. A contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo manteve-se, durante todo o experimento, para os dois tipos de amostras (1.200 e 2.100 g) dentro do limite estipulado pela legislação, todos os frangos analisados apresentaram resultados menores que 2,0 log10 UFC/g. Não houve o crescimento de Clostridium perfringens em nenhuma das análises realizadas, tanto em carcaças de frango com 1.200 g quanto naquelas com 2.100g. Para coliformes totais, a queda da temperatura foi significativa no declínio da contagem microbiana somente para carcaças de 2.100g. Já para coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli foi possível identificar declínio na contagem bacteriana ao longo do tempo de resfriamento para carcaças de 1.200g e para carcaças de 2.100g (P 0,05). Foi observada a presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. em temperaturas de refrigeração. Para carcaças de 1.200g, foi isolado Salmonella spp. em uma amostra que se encontrava na temperatura de 4,6°C e, em uma amostra, para carcaças de 2.100g, que se encontrava na temperatura de 7,2°C. Listeria spp. apenas foi detectada em carcaças de 2.100g, sendo uma amostra com temperatura de 6,2°C e em 04 amostras com temperatura de 4,6°. Verificou-se correlação inversa entre temperatura da carcaça e presença do microrganismo, isto é, a detecção de Listeria spp. ocorreu quando houve a queda da temperatura, isolando-a em temperaturas de refrigeração. / The present work aimed to evaluating the time necessary for broiler meat of different weights (1.200g e 2.100g, that after chiller had the temperature over 7°C), to be raised 4°C in temperature and to perform a microbiological profile through the study of the presence of indicators (mesophilic aerobes pathogens, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp.) and their multiplication, in order to help measuring critical limits in a HACCP plan to be applied to a broiler meat industry. The research was performed in a slaughterhouse located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. One hundred broiler carcasses were collected, being 50 samples of each weight (1.200g e 2.100g), which showed temperatures above 7°C, at the end of the chiller. All carcasses were put in plastic boxes and placed in a freezing chamber (time zero). The temperature was then measured every hour in the profound pectoral muscle of 15 samples of each weight. The carcasses weighting 1.200g took 2 to 4 hours to raise 4°C in the profound musculature while the carcasses weighting 2.100g raised 4°C in 5 to 8 hours of freezing. The counting of mesophilic microorganisms did not show any significant reduction (P>0,05) during the freezing period, for both carcasses with 1.200g and the ones with 2.100g. The counting of coagulase positive Staphylococcus maintained, during the whole experiment, within the legislation limits, with all samples showing results below 2,0 log10 UFC/g. The study did not show any growth of Clostridium perfringens in all the samples collected. Regarding total coliforms, the temperature reduction was significantly connected to the reduction of bacterial counting in carcasses with 2.100g. On the other hand, in terms of thermotolerant coliform and E. coli, it was possible to detect a reduction of bacterial counting during the freezing time in carcasses of 1.200g as well as 2.100g (P 0,05). The presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in refrigeration temperatures were also observed. In carcasses with 1.200g, Salmonella spp. was isolated in one sample in the temperature of 4,6°C and also in carcasses with 2.100g, in one sample that was in the temperature of 7,2°C. Listeria spp. was only detected in carcasses with 2.100g in one sample with the temperature 6,2°C and in four samples with temperature 4,6°C. A negative correlation between carcass temperature and microorganism presence was detected, that is, the detection of Listeria spp. occurred at refrigeration temperatures, when the temperature was reduced.

SILVA, Roberto Batista da. Valores de energia metabolizável de alguns subprodutos da agroindustria e sua utilização na alimentação de frangos de corte. 2007. x, 62 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T14:50:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_rbsilva.pdf: 154255 bytes, checksum: f956b8def84997100d4741ab9b995f56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T15:16:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_rbsilva.pdf: 154255 bytes, checksum: f956b8def84997100d4741ab9b995f56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T15:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_rbsilva.pdf: 154255 bytes, checksum: f956b8def84997100d4741ab9b995f56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Two different studies were conducted in order to develop the present work. In the first, the objective was to determine the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of coconut meal (CM), cashew nut meal (CNM) and two types of sugar cane yeast (SCY1 and SCY2) for chicks and roosters. Two metabolism trials were developed applying the total collection excreta methodology with chicks (12 days of age) and another with adult roosters (27 weeks of age). For both trials, birds were allotted in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates of eight chicks in the first trial and two roosters in the second. Treatments consisted of a reference-diet and four test-diets containing 40% of each by-product (CM, CNM, SCY1 and SCY2) and 60% of a reference-diet. Values of AME e AMEn (kcal/kg of dry matter) of all by-products studied were higher for roosters than those for chicks. The second experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of a partial substitution of soybean meal protein (SMP) by coconut meal protein (CMP) and sugar cane yeast 1 protein (SCY1P) in diets containing cashew nut meal (CNM) on broiler performance. For this study, 585 day-old male chicks from Ross line were allotted in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and five repetitions of 13 birds per treatment. Treatments consisted of a control diet and eight diets in which SMP was substituted by CMP and SCY1 at the levels of 5%; 10%; 15% and 20%. According to regression analysis, the substitution of SMP by CMP in levels higher than 5% reduced linearly feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC) for initial phase. Also, there was a quadratic effect for breast yield as SMP was substituted by CMP up to the level of 11.5%. However, Dunnett’s test showed that the substitution of SMP by CMP did not affect bird performance and carcass yield up to the level of 20% compared to control diet. The substitution of SMP by SCY1P in the initial phase increased FI and FC until the level of 12.5% and reduced WG linearly. Nevertheless, the substitution of SMP by SCY1P up to the level of 20% did not affect bird performance and carcass yield (Dunnett, 5%). According to the economic study, substitution of SMP by both by-products (CMP and SCY1P) in broiler diets is economically viable up to the level of 20%. It can be concluded that in broiler diets containing 20% of CNM, soybean meal protein can be substituted by CMP and SCY1P at the level of 20%. Key Words: metabolizable energy, cashew nut meal, coconut meal, broiler chick, sugar cane yeast / Para a realização desta pesquisa foram conduzidos dois experimentos. O primeiro teve como objetivo determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) do farelo de coco (FC), do farelo da amêndoa da castanha de caju (FACC) e de dois tipos de levedura da cana-de-açúcar (LEV1 e LEV2) para pintos e galos. Foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismos usando a metodologia da coleta total de excretas, sendo um com pintos de corte (12 dias de idade) e o outro com galos adultos (27 semanas de idade). Em ambos ensaios, as aves foram distribuídas ao acaso em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetições de oito aves no ensaio com pintos e de duas aves no ensaio com galos. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração-referência e quatro rações-teste contendo 40% dos subprodutos (FC, FACC, LEV1 E LEV2) e 60% da ração-referência. Os valores de EMA e EMAn (kcal/kg de MS) dos subprodutos determinados com galos foram maiores do que os obtidos com pintos. No segundo experimento, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial da proteína bruta (PB) do farelo de soja (FS) pela PB do FC e da PB da LEV1 em rações contendo FACC, sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 585 pintos machos da linhagem Ross, distribuídos ao acaso em nove tratamentos com cinco repetições de 13 aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração controle e os demais de rações em que a PB do FS foi substituída pela PB do FC ou da LEV1 nos níveis de 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20 %. De acordo com a análise de regressão, a substituição da PB do FS pela PB do FC em níveis superiores a 5% promoveu redução linear no consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP) e conversão alimentar (CA) apenas na fase inicial. Também, foi verificado efeito quadrático para o rendimento de peito, o qual aumentou com os níveis crescentes de substituição até o nível de 11,50%. Entretanto, de acordo com o teste de Dunnett (5%), em todas as fases de criação, a substituição em níveis de até 20% não prejudicou significativamente o desempenho das aves e não alterou as características de carcaça em relação ao controle. A substituição da PB do FS pela PB da LEV1 promoveu, na fase inicial, aumento no CR e piora na CA até o nível de 12,50% e redução linear no GP. Contudo, a substituição em níveis de até 20% não prejudicou significativamente o desempenho nas diferentes fases de criação e não alterou as características de carcaça (Dunnett, 5%). Segundo o estudo econômico realizado, a substituição da PB do FS pela PB do FC e da LEV1 é economicamente viável até o nível de 20%. Portanto, pode-se concluir que em rações para frangos de corte, contendo 20% de FACC, a PB do FS pode ser substituída pela PB do FC ou da LEV1 em níveis de até 20%.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o tempo necessário para que carcaças de frango de diferentes pesos (1.200 g e 2.100g), que ao sair do tanque de resfriamento se encontravam com a temperatura acima de 7ºC, alcançassem 4°C e traçar o perfil microbiológico destas, realizado através do estudo de presença e multiplicação dos indicadores: microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. a fim de auxiliar as medidas e os limites críticos de um plano APPCC para a indústria de carne de ave. A pesquisa foi realizada em um matadouro localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. No total foram coletadas aleatoriamente 100 carcaças de frangos, 50 amostras para cada peso, com temperatura acima de 7°C, na esteira na saída dos tanques de resfriamento. Todas as carcaças foram colocadas em caixa plásticas e encaminhadas à câmara de resfriamento (tempo zero). De hora em hora foi realizada a aferição de temperatura no músculo peitoral profundo de 15 unidades amostrais de cada peso. As carcaças com peso de 1.200 g levaram de 2 a 4 horas para alcançarem a temperatura de 4ºC na musculatura profunda e as carcaças com peso médio de 2.100 g, chegaram a temperatura de 4ºC entre 5 e 8 horas de resfriamento. No momento da coleta das amostras e a cada hora, foram coletadas 5 unidades amostrais, de cada grupo, para análise microbiológica, totalizando 25 amostras para carcaças de frango de 1.200 g e 43 amostras para carcaças de frango de 2.100 g. A contagem de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias não apresentou declínio significativo (P> 0,05) ao longo do tempo de resfriamento, tanto em carcaças de 1.200 g quanto nas carcaças com peso de 2.100 g. A contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo manteve-se, durante todo o experimento, para os dois tipos de amostras (1.200 e 2.100 g) dentro do limite estipulado pela legislação, todos os frangos analisados apresentaram resultados menores que 2,0 log10 UFC/g. Não houve o crescimento de Clostridium perfringens em nenhuma das análises realizadas, tanto em carcaças de frango com 1.200 g quanto naquelas com 2.100g. Para coliformes totais, a queda da temperatura foi significativa no declínio da contagem microbiana somente para carcaças de 2.100g. Já para coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli foi possível identificar declínio na contagem bacteriana ao longo do tempo de resfriamento para carcaças de 1.200g e para carcaças de 2.100g (P 0,05). Foi observada a presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. em temperaturas de refrigeração. Para carcaças de 1.200g, foi isolado Salmonella spp. em uma amostra que se encontrava na temperatura de 4,6°C e, em uma amostra, para carcaças de 2.100g, que se encontrava na temperatura de 7,2°C. Listeria spp. apenas foi detectada em carcaças de 2.100g, sendo uma amostra com temperatura de 6,2°C e em 04 amostras com temperatura de 4,6°. Verificou-se correlação inversa entre temperatura da carcaça e presença do microrganismo, isto é, a detecção de Listeria spp. ocorreu quando houve a queda da temperatura, isolando-a em temperaturas de refrigeração. / The present work aimed to evaluating the time necessary for broiler meat of different weights (1.200g e 2.100g, that after chiller had the temperature over 7°C), to be raised 4°C in temperature and to perform a microbiological profile through the study of the presence of indicators (mesophilic aerobes pathogens, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp.) and their multiplication, in order to help measuring critical limits in a HACCP plan to be applied to a broiler meat industry. The research was performed in a slaughterhouse located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. One hundred broiler carcasses were collected, being 50 samples of each weight (1.200g e 2.100g), which showed temperatures above 7°C, at the end of the chiller. All carcasses were put in plastic boxes and placed in a freezing chamber (time zero). The temperature was then measured every hour in the profound pectoral muscle of 15 samples of each weight. The carcasses weighting 1.200g took 2 to 4 hours to raise 4°C in the profound musculature while the carcasses weighting 2.100g raised 4°C in 5 to 8 hours of freezing. The counting of mesophilic microorganisms did not show any significant reduction (P>0,05) during the freezing period, for both carcasses with 1.200g and the ones with 2.100g. The counting of coagulase positive Staphylococcus maintained, during the whole experiment, within the legislation limits, with all samples showing results below 2,0 log10 UFC/g. The study did not show any growth of Clostridium perfringens in all the samples collected. Regarding total coliforms, the temperature reduction was significantly connected to the reduction of bacterial counting in carcasses with 2.100g. On the other hand, in terms of thermotolerant coliform and E. coli, it was possible to detect a reduction of bacterial counting during the freezing time in carcasses of 1.200g as well as 2.100g (P 0,05). The presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in refrigeration temperatures were also observed. In carcasses with 1.200g, Salmonella spp. was isolated in one sample in the temperature of 4,6°C and also in carcasses with 2.100g, in one sample that was in the temperature of 7,2°C. Listeria spp. was only detected in carcasses with 2.100g in one sample with the temperature 6,2°C and in four samples with temperature 4,6°C. A negative correlation between carcass temperature and microorganism presence was detected, that is, the detection of Listeria spp. occurred at refrigeration temperatures, when the temperature was reduced.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_lfa_me_jabo.pdf: 291371 bytes, checksum: 2921d3b2418a9b75c8fccd1974605cd7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da exposição ao calor crônico e cíclico sobre o desempenho, metabolização dos nutrientes, energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 450 frangos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 esquemas de temperatura/alimentação (TN/Ad libitum, Crônico/Ad libitum, TN/restrito a Crônico, Cíclico/Ad libitum e TN/restrito a Cíclico). Assim, TN representa a temperatura termoneutra e os grupos TN/restrito a Crônico e TN/restrito a Cíclico receberam a mesma quantidade de ração que Crônico/Ad libitum e Cíclico/Ad libitum, respectivamente. A exposição crônica ao calor afetou o desempenho de frangos de corte com maior intensidade que a exposição cíclica, havendo efeito direto do calor crônico e cíclico. Os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, gordura e a EMAn aumentaram com a idade. Os coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes foram diminuídos pela exposição crônica ao calor, havendo efeito direto da temperatura apenas para gordura. A restrição alimentar gerada pelo calor crônico causou aumento da atividade da amilase e redução na atividade da tripsina. A atividade da lipase aumentou devido ao efeito direto do calor crônico. A menor digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi associada à piora do desempenho das aves expostas ao calor crônico, porém não foi relacionada à piora dos índices zootécnicos dos frangos expostos ao calor cíclico. A redução da atividade da tripsina pode estar associada à menor digestibilidade da proteína causada pelo estresse por calor crônico. / This work evaluated the effect of the chronic and cyclical heat stress in performance, metabolization of nutrients, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (EMAn) and pancreatic enzymes activity in broiler chickens. 450 chickens, distributed in completely randomized design with 5 groups of temperature/feeding (TN/Ad libitum, Chronic/Ad libitum, TN/Chronic restrict, Cyclical/Ad libitum and TN/Cyclical restrict). Thus, TN represents the thermoneutral temperature and the TN/Chronic restrict and TN/Cyclical restrict had received the same amount from feed that Chronic/Ad libitum and Cyclical/Ad libitum, respectively. The chronic exposition to the heat affected the performance of chickens with bigger intensity that the cyclical exposition, having direct effect of the chronic and cyclical heat. The coefficients of metabolization of dry matter, fat and EMAn had increased with the age. The coefficients of metabolization of nutrients had been decreased by the chronic heat stress, having direct effect of the temperature only for fat. The feed restriction generated by the chronic heat caused increase of amylase activity and reduction in trypsin activity. The lipase activity increased due to direct effect of chronic heat exposure. The lesser metabolization of nutrients was associated with the worsening of the performance of the chronic heat exposed broilers, however it was not related to the worsening of performance of chickens exposed to cyclical heat stress. The reduction of the trypsin activity can be associated to the lesser digestibility of the protein caused for chronic heat stress.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alarcon_mff_me_jabo.pdf: 1406127 bytes, checksum: 842dbbaa540dbb4b860fec0374842606 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram avaliados parâmetros fisiológicos e imunológicos de matrizes de corte vacinadas ou não contra o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (VBIG), submetidas a diferentes períodos de jejum após a eclosão, seguido de alimentação até a terceira semana de vida. No Capítulo 2, encontram-se os resultados do desempenho zootécnico e o desenvolvimento de órgãos gastrintestinais. No Capítulo 3, estão descritos os resultados de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. O Capítulo 4 apresenta as cinéticas de decaimento dos anticorpos maternos e os perfis cinéticos da reposta imune humoral nos compartimentos local e sistêmico. A vacina contra a BIG influenciou parâmetros de desempenho, de morfometria intestinal, o hematócrito, parâmetros bioquímicos, percentuais de heterófilos e linfócitos e induziu a resposta imune humoral na secreção lacrimal. O jejum pós-eclosão prolongado seguido de alimentação influenciou negativamente o desempenho, o desenvolvimento das vísceras gastrintestinais, as variáveis bioquímicas, imunológicas e a maioria das variáveis hematológicas. Os dados indicam que períodos de jejum pós-eclosão superiores a 48 h devem ser evitados, pois ao afetar negativamente parâmetros hematológicos, intestinais e imunológicos, podem comprometer o crescimento das matrizes e inferir negativamente sobre sua resposta imune. No entanto, o jejum moderado pode favorecer a resposta imune vacinal / Immunological and physiological parameters were evaluated in broiler breeder vaccinated or not against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), submitted to different periods of fasting post-hatching, followed by feed until the third week of life. In Chapter 2, are the results of zootechnical performance and development of gastrointestinal organs. The Chapter 3 describes the results of hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. Chapter 4 presents the kinetics of decay of maternal antibodies and the kinetic profiles of humoral immune response in local and systemic compartments. The IBV vaccine influenced parameters of performance, intestinal morphology, hematocrit, biochemical parameters, percentage of heterophils and lymphocytes, and induced humoral immune response in tear secretion. Prolonged fasting post-hatching, followed by feeding, negatively affected the performance, the development of gastrointestinal organs, biochemical variables, immunological and the most of hematological variables. The data indicate that periods of fasting post-hatching over 48 h should be avoided as they adversely affect the hematological, gastrointestinal and immunologic, may compromise the growth of broiler breeder and infer a negative effect on their immune response. However, moderate fasting can promote the immune response vaccine