Ultrasound is a valuable tool to monitor wound healing. In this report, ultrasound is used to determine the features in the B-scans that correspond to a bruise. High frequency ultrasound scans show clear and distinct features that correspond to a laceration or a late stage pressure ulcer. This is because of the extensive damage and the rupture of the epidermis in both the cases. This study assumes significance because it is an effort to find such artifacts in the ultrasound scans of bruises caused by blunt forces where the epidermis remains intact. In this study, the structure of the skin was visualized using a 20 MHz ultrasound scanner. Skin thickness and echogenicity changes may result due to blood extravasations or edema. The thickness and the echogenicity values are plotted against time to determine the trend in the variation of these parameters. We see an intraday and a daily fluctuation of skin thickness and echogenicity albeit with no distinct trend on a day to day basis or between subjects. The results also give us a good estimation of the variation observable in these parameters in the event of an injury. A snapshot analysis is also performed, which describes qualitatively the structural changes in the B-scan of the bruise site compared to the control site. There are six different types of qualitative changes which can appear in the B-scan of a bruised site compared to the control. In the event of an injury, usually, more than one of these changes is manifested in the scan of a bruise. Skin thickness and echogenicity vary considerably due to a number of physiological factors which can seldom be controlled. Therefore, these parameters can give conclusive evidence of a bruise only if the change between a bruised region and a control region is much greater than the daily, normal variations. Snapshot analysis can help detect a bruise or a deep tissue injury. Further work involves the application of pattern recognition or face recognition algorithms to automate the detection.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-200).

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Human studies on the response of muscle to contusion injury are limited, probably due to the large variability in injury severity and the non-specificity of clinical symptoms reported. To circumvent this problem, several experimental animal models have been designed to study muscle damage and regeneration after contusion injuries. However, the majority of techniques currently used to induce contusion injury are very invasive and therefore not optimal. Furthermore, published studies regarding clinical treatment of such injuries are limited. The main aims of this study were therefore: a) to establish and characterise an in vivo model of non-invasive contusion injury, and b) to assess the effect of pre-injury chronic administration of the antioxidant supplement Oxiprovin™ - a natural grape seed extract (GSE) - on skeletal muscle recovery after experimentallyinduced injury. Two groups of male Wistar rats were subjected to 14 days of oral administration of isovolaemic placebo (sterile isotonic saline) or GSE (20 mg/kg/day) prior to induced contusion. Contusion injury was induced with the mass-drop technique, and recovery parameters assessed for up to 14 days post-injury. Placebotreated rats on average exhibited a 56 % higher creatine kinase (CK) activity when compared to the GSE-treated rats when area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for 14 days post-injury (p < 0.001). In the placebo group, plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was unchanged over time, but muscle ORAC was significantly increased by day 7 post-injury (p < 0.001). In the GSE group, a significant decrease in both plasma (p < 0.01) and muscle ORAC (p < 0.001) was evident 4 hr after injury, followed by a significant increase by day 3 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively). CD34+ satellite cell (SC) numbers (quiescent and activated) peaked earlier in GSE-treated rats when compared to placebo-treated rats (4 hours vs. day 7 post-injury). Total satellite cell number (CD56+) also peaked earlier in GSE-treated rats than in placebo-treated rats (4 hours vs. 3 days post-injury), while M-cadherin+ SC numbers (quiescent, activated or proliferating) in both treatment groups were significantly increased 4 hours post-injury (p < 0.001), but more so in the placebo group. In GSE-treated rats when compared to placebo-treated rats, newly generated muscle fibres (displaying central nuclei and MHCf +) both appeared (day 3 vs. day 7 post-injury) and peaked in number (day 3 vs. day 7 post-injury; increase from baseline p < 0.001 for both) earlier. The results of this study demonstrate that we have successfully established an in vivo model for non-invasive contusion injury in rats. Furthermore, we have shown that Oxiprovin™: a) increased the ability to scavenge reactive species generated after injury and b) resulted in the activation of satellite cells and formation of newly generated muscle fibres at an earlier time point, thus accelerating the recovery of skeletal muscle after a standardised contusion injury. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eksperimente aangaande die reaksie van spier op kneusings in mense is beperk, waarskynlik as gevolg van die groot verskeidenheid simptome wat mag voorkom en die verskille in die ernstigheid van beserings. Ten einde hierdie problem te oorbrug, is verskeie eksperimentele diermodelle opgestel om kneusings en die herstel van spier daarna te ondersoek. Die tegnieke wat grootendeels vandag gebruik word om kneusings te veroorsaak, maak inbraak op die spier deur die spier te ontbloot voor besering, en is dus nie ideaal nie. Daar is ook nie baie bewyse aangaande die mees geskikte manier om so ‘n besering klinies te behandel nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om: a) ‘n in vivo model van kneusings op te stel en te omskryf, en b) die effek van chroniese toediening van die antioksidant Oxiprovin™ - ‘n natuurlike druifsaad ekstrak (DSE) – op die herstel van skeletspier na ‘n kneusing te ondersoek. Twee groepe manlike Wistar rotte is onderwerp aan mondelikse toediening van isovolemiese plasebo (steriele isotoniese soutoplossing) of DSE (20 mg/kg/dag) vir ‘n tydperk van 14 dae voor kneusing. Kneusing is geïnduseer met die “massdrop” tegniek, en parameters van herstel is ondersoek tot en met 14 dae na besering. Plasebo-behandelde rotte het gemiddeld 56 % hoër kreatien kinase (KK) aktiwiteit in vergelyking met DSE-behandelde rotte (p < 0.001), toe die oppervlak onder die kurwe (OOK) tot en met 14 dae na besering bereken is. Geen verskil oor tyd is in die plasebo groep opgemerk toe plasma suurstof radikaal absorpsie kapasiteit (SRAK) bepaal is nie, maar ‘n betekenisvolle toename in spier SRAK teen dag 7 (p < 0.001) is waargeneem. ‘n Betekenisvolle afname in beide plasma (p < 0.01) en spier (p < 0.001) SRAK van die DSE is teen 4 hr waargeneem, gevolg deur ‘n betekenisvolle toename teen dag 3 na besering (p < 0.05 en p < 0.001 onderskeidelik). Die aantal CD34+ satelliet selle (SS – rustend en geaktiveerd) het beduidend vroeër in die DSE groep gestyg in vergelyking met die plasebo groep (4 uur vs. 7 dae na besering). Die totale aantal SS (CD56+) het ook vroeër in die DSE-behandelde rotte as die plasebobehandelde rotte gestyg (4 uur vs. 3 dae na besering), terwyl die aantal Mcadherin+ SS (rustend, geaktiveerd of prolifererend) betenisvol gestyg het in beide groepe teen 4 uur (p < 0.001) na besering, maar hoër in die plasebo groep was. Die aantal nuutgevormde spiervesels (met sentraal geleë nukleï en MHCf +) het beide vroeër verskyn en gepiek in die DSE-behandelde rotte in vergelyking met die plasebo-behandelde rotte (dag 3 vs. dag 7 na besering). Die resultate van hierdie studie dui aan dat ons instaat was om ‘n in vivo model van nie-indringende kneusing in rotte op te stel. Verder, het ons ook bewys dat Oxiprovin™ toediening die vermoë verleen het om: a) reaktiewe spesies wat na beserings gevorm word, meer doeltreffend te verwyder en b) satelliet selle vroeër te aktiveer en die vorming van nuwe skeletspiervesels te vervroeg, om sodoende die herstel van skeletspier na ‘n gestandardiseerde kneusing vinniger te bewerkstellig.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge_ps_dr_jabo.pdf: 424825 bytes, checksum: 7845c567c638af1ed6c619c35282359a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho foi realizado entre janeiro e dezembro de 2006, em um frigorífico localizado na cidade de Rancharia, Estado de São Paulo, cuja capacidade de abate era de 70 mil aves/dia, dos três segmentos (postura, matrizes e frango), mas com 70% de prioridade para descarte de postura, com Serviço de Inspeção Federal e habilitado como exportador pelo MAPA (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento). Foram avaliados os procedimentos pré-abate relacionados à distância de transporte, tempo de transporte, tempo de espera, tempo de engradamento, densidade relativa de cada caminhão, incidência de mortalidade (DOA), incidência de contusões, perfil e freqüência da ocorrência de alterações sanitárias durante o abate e aspectos da qualidade da carne e fígado de aves abatidas e mortas (peito, sobrecoxa e fígado). Para os diferentes propósitos, foram monitoradas 992.036 aves. Para a avaliação de mortalidade no transporte foram avaliados 87 veículos, sendo 64 caminhões para postura, 7 para matrizes e 16 para frango. Cada um carregava três fileiras com 18 engradados na horizontal, com um espaço entre essas para ventilação, e 8 a 9 engradados na vertical, totalizando de 432 a 486 caixas plásticas. A carga perfazia, em média, 6.804 aves para postura¬com 12 a 16 por caixa (média 13,7 :t 1,3), 2.916 para matrizes - com 6 a 7 aves por caixa (média de 6,9 :t 0,4), e 4.860 para frango - com 10 a 14 por caixa (média de 12 :t 2). O peso médio de cada ave, respectivamente para cada segmento, foi de 1,58 :t O,15kg com mínimo de 1,15 e máximo de 1,96kg; de 3,84 :I: O,33kg, com mínimo de 3,18 e máximo de 4,24kg; e de 1,74 :I: O,35kg, com mínimo de 1,47 e máximo de 2,40kg. Exceção feita ao segmento de frangos procedentes de perto, cuja mortalidade foi de 0,40%, todas as demais se mostraram elevadas, denunciando problemas de inadequação de pré-abate... / This work was carried through between January and December of 2006, in one poultry slaughterhouse located in the county of Rancharia, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, whose capacity was of a 70,000 birds/day, for the three segments (egg poultry, matrices and broilers), but with 70% of priority for position discarding chickens, with Federal Service Inspection and qualified as exporting for the MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture, Cattle and Supplying). The procedures had been evaluated daily pre-slaughter at a distance related of transport, time of transport, open assembly time, total time in birdcages, relative density of each truck, incidence of mortality (DOA), incidence of bruises, profile and frequency of the occurrence of sanitary alterations during its post-mortem inspection and aspects of the quality of the meat and liver of abated birds and deceased (chest, leg and liver). For the different intentions, 992,036 birds had been monitored. For the evaluation of mortality in the transport 87 vehicles had been evaluated, being 64 trucks for position, 7 for matrices and 16 for chicken. Each one loaded three rows with 18 crates in the horizontal line, with a space it enters these for ventilation, and 8 to 9 crates in the vertical line, totalizing 432 to 486 plastic boxes. The load was, in average, 6,804 birds for position - with 12 to 16 for box (average 13.7:t 1.3), 2,916 for matrices - with 6 to 7 birds for box (average of 6.9 :t 0.4), and 4,860 for broilers - with 10 to 14 for box (average of 12 :t 2). The average weight of each bird, respectively for each segment, was of 1.58 :t 0,15kg with minimum of 1,15 and maximum one of 1,96kg; of 3,84 :t 0.33kg, with minimum of 3.18 and maximum of 4.24kg; and 1.74 :t 0.35kg, with maximum minimum of 1.47 and of 2.40kg. Exception to the segment of broilers originating Glose, whose mortality was of 0.40%, ali others revealed excessively high... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Francisco Prata / Banca: Rodolfo Cláudio Spers / Banca: Marie Oshiiwa / Banca: Maria da Gloria Buzinaro / Banca: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho / Resumo: O trabalho foi realizado entre janeiro e dezembro de 2006, em um frigorífico localizado na cidade de Rancharia, Estado de São Paulo, cuja capacidade de abate era de 70 mil aves/dia, dos três segmentos (postura, matrizes e frango), mas com 70% de prioridade para descarte de postura, com Serviço de Inspeção Federal e habilitado como exportador pelo MAPA (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento). Foram avaliados os procedimentos pré-abate relacionados à distância de transporte, tempo de transporte, tempo de espera, tempo de engradamento, densidade relativa de cada caminhão, incidência de mortalidade (DOA), incidência de contusões, perfil e freqüência da ocorrência de alterações sanitárias durante o abate e aspectos da qualidade da carne e fígado de aves abatidas e mortas (peito, sobrecoxa e fígado). Para os diferentes propósitos, foram monitoradas 992.036 aves. Para a avaliação de mortalidade no transporte foram avaliados 87 veículos, sendo 64 caminhões para postura, 7 para matrizes e 16 para frango. Cada um carregava três fileiras com 18 engradados na horizontal, com um espaço entre essas para ventilação, e 8 a 9 engradados na vertical, totalizando de 432 a 486 caixas plásticas. A carga perfazia, em média, 6.804 aves para postura¬com 12 a 16 por caixa (média 13,7 :t 1,3), 2.916 para matrizes - com 6 a 7 aves por caixa (média de 6,9 :t 0,4), e 4.860 para frango - com 10 a 14 por caixa (média de 12 :t 2). O peso médio de cada ave, respectivamente para cada segmento, foi de 1,58 :t O,15kg com mínimo de 1,15 e máximo de 1,96kg; de 3,84 :I: O,33kg, com mínimo de 3,18 e máximo de 4,24kg; e de 1,74 :I: O,35kg, com mínimo de 1,47 e máximo de 2,40kg. Exceção feita ao segmento de frangos procedentes de perto, cuja mortalidade foi de 0,40%, todas as demais se mostraram elevadas, denunciando problemas de inadequação de pré-abate... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work was carried through between January and December of 2006, in one poultry slaughterhouse located in the county of Rancharia, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, whose capacity was of a 70,000 birds/day, for the three segments (egg poultry, matrices and broilers), but with 70% of priority for position discarding chickens, with Federal Service Inspection and qualified as exporting for the MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture, Cattle and Supplying). The procedures had been evaluated daily pre-slaughter at a distance related of transport, time of transport, open assembly time, total time in birdcages, relative density of each truck, incidence of mortality (DOA), incidence of bruises, profile and frequency of the occurrence of sanitary alterations during its post-mortem inspection and aspects of the quality of the meat and liver of abated birds and deceased (chest, leg and liver). For the different intentions, 992,036 birds had been monitored. For the evaluation of mortality in the transport 87 vehicles had been evaluated, being 64 trucks for position, 7 for matrices and 16 for chicken. Each one loaded three rows with 18 crates in the horizontal line, with a space it enters these for ventilation, and 8 to 9 crates in the vertical line, totalizing 432 to 486 plastic boxes. The load was, in average, 6,804 birds for position - with 12 to 16 for box (average 13.7:t 1.3), 2,916 for matrices - with 6 to 7 birds for box (average of 6.9 :t 0.4), and 4,860 for broilers - with 10 to 14 for box (average of 12 :t 2). The average weight of each bird, respectively for each segment, was of 1.58 :t 0,15kg with minimum of 1,15 and maximum one of 1,96kg; of 3,84 :t 0.33kg, with minimum of 3.18 and maximum of 4.24kg; and 1.74 :t 0.35kg, with maximum minimum of 1.47 and of 2.40kg. Exception to the segment of broilers originating Glose, whose mortality was of 0.40%, ali others revealed excessively high... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor