It is very important to protect buildings against fire. Especially older wooden buildings and areas with a historically important heritage, i.e. areas that cannot be restored to their original condition upon loss. In Eskilstuna one such area is located - Rademachersmedjorna. On behalf of Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB a documentation of Rademachersmedjorna’s constructional fire protection has been conducted in this report in order to have the area's fire protection level documented. The purpose of this study has been, via systematic field studies, to provide an overview of Rademachersmedjorna and document the area’s current fire protection level. Based on this information, a visualization of the area's constructional fire protection and risk zones has been developed to give a simple overview for users, managers and owners. The inventory can be used by Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB for a quick and easy visualization of Rademachersmedjorna’s fire protection level and risk zones. Furthermore, this information could be used as a basis for planning future safety prevention efforts. The documentation over the area is based on the assessment method Bedömning av brandskydd i kulturbebyggelse (hereafter referred to as BSV-k) and the parts this method includes. There are a total of 16 buildings at the Rademacher area and only one building achieved an acceptable fire protection level according to BSV-k. There are several zones in the area that pose a higher risk for the occurrence of fire and fire spread. These higher vulnerable fire hazard zones are spread out over Rademachersmedjorna which means that the whole area quickly can get involved in case of fire. In this context it is important to avoid fire what so ever may arise. Removing combustible material in escape routes, in attics and combustible materials nearby the buildings are some fire prevention measures which can be applied. It is also important to note objects such as bins and wooden planks that exist between the buildings being potential fire carriers. In cases where the buildings distance to a nearby located building is very short, the potential fire carriers pose little threat as the fire can spread directly from building to building. To achieve an acceptable level of fire protection for Rademachersmedjorna - according to this study's assessment method - is sufficient in many cases to apply fire prevention.

Sedan forskning inom ämnet brandskydd för byggnader inleddes på 1900-talets andra hälfthar intresset för att bygga allt högre och mer komplexa byggnader ökat. I och med detta harhögre krav på brandskydd samt lagar och regler som beskriver de olika krav som ställsutvecklats.Äldre kulturhistoriskt viktiga bebyggelser i Sverige har svårt att uppfylla dessa krav.Samtidigt som det ställs höga krav på såväl organisatoriskt som byggnadsteknisktbrandskydd spelar byggnadernas kulturhistoriska värde en avgörande roll i hur brandskyddettillåts implementeras och i vilken omfattning. Det blir därför en avvägning mellan vad som ärmöjligt att göra ur brandskyddssynpunkt och ur en kulturhistorisk aspekt. I både Sverige ochNorge har man vid brandskyddsinventeringar kommit fram till ett flertalbrandskyddslösningar som varit möjliga att tillämpa.Ett exempel på dessa kulturhistoriska trähusbebyggelser är Rademachersmedjorna iEskilstuna. På mitten av 1600-talet beordrade den dåvarande konungen Karl X Gustaf att ettflertal stensmedjor skulle uppföras i Eskilstuna. I samband med konungens död 1660 föllplanerna och endast ett 20-tal smedjebyggnader uppfördes och då istället i trä. Endast sex avdessa smedjebyggnader finns bevarade och utgör de Rademachersmedjor som området ärkänt för idag.Syftet med denna studie är att genom systematiska fältstudier skapa en översikt över ochdokumentera Rademachersmedjornas nuvarande brandskydd. Utifrån detta materialvisualiseras områdets byggnadstekniska brandskydd samt riskzoner på ett översiktligt sättför brukare, förvaltare och ägare. Vidare fokuseras arbetet på brandspridningsaspekten samtrespektive byggnads nuvarande brandskydd. Detta innebär att den kulturmässiga aspektenendast kommer att beröras översiktligt.Denna studie baseras på bedömningsmodellen Bedömning av brandskydd ikulturbebyggelse (härefter kallat BSV-k) och de delar denna omfattar. Detta innebär att detbefintliga brandskydd som inte omfattas av bedömningsmetoden inte kommer att bedömas,däremot kommer detta brandskydd översiktligt beröras i samband medbyggnadsbeskrivningarna.Av Rademacherområdets totalt 16 byggnader uppnår endast en byggnad brandskyddsnivånacceptabelt brandskydd. Detta medför att områdets totala brandskydd är bristfälligt sett urdagens brandskyddsperspektiv. På Rademacherområdet har uppmärksammats ett flertalzoner som utgör en högre risk för uppkomst av brand. Dessa högre utsatta riskzoner ärspridda över hela Rademacherområdet vilket innebär att en uppkommen brand i områdetsena del kan komma att spridas vidare till andra delar av området. I och med detta kan storadelar av området snabbt bli involverat. I dessa sammanhang är det viktigt att försöka undvikaatt brand över huvud taget kan uppstå. Sådana åtgärder är oftast av enklare karaktär och imånga fall de mest ekonomiskt fördelaktiga. Att ta bort brännbart material i anslutning tillbyggnaden, ta bort löst brännbart material på vindsutrymmen och i utrymningsvägar ärnågra brandförebyggande åtgärder som kan tillämpas på Rademacherområdet. Sådanabrandförebyggande åtgärder utgör delvis ett skydd mot brandspridning. I de fall därbyggnadernas avstånd till angränsande byggnader är mycket kort utgör potentiellabrandbärare, såsom papperskorgar och träplank, ett större hot till vidare brandspridning dåbranden har ett kortare avstånd till brandbäraren jämfört med den närliggande byggnaden.Det redan korta skyddsavståndet mellan två byggnader blir ännu mindre när en potentiellbrandbärare är placerad mellan byggnaderna. Detta innebär att branden kan spridassnabbare till närliggande byggnader och omfatta ett större område.För att nå en acceptabel brandskyddsnivå enligt BSV-k för Rademacherområdet i Eskilstunaräcker det i många fall att tillämpa brandförebyggande åtgärder, såsom att ta bort brännbartmaterial i vindsutrymmen och flytta undan papperskorgar från fasaderna. / It is very important to protect buildings against fire. Especially older wooden buildings andareas with a historically important heritage, i.e. areas that cannot be restored to their originalcondition upon loss. In Eskilstuna one such area is located - Rademachersmedjorna. Onbehalf of Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB a documentation of Rademachersmedjorna’sconstructional fire protection has been conducted in this report in order to have the area'sfire protection level documented. The purpose of this study has been, via systematic fieldstudies, to provide an overview of Rademachersmedjorna and document the area’s currentfire protection level. Based on this information, a visualization of the area's constructionalfire protection and risk zones has been developed to give a simple overview for users,managers and owners. The inventory can be used by Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB for aquick and easy visualization of Rademachersmedjorna’s fire protection level and risk zones.Furthermore, this information could be used as a basis for planning future safety preventionefforts. The documentation over the area is based on the assessment method Bedömning avbrandskydd i kulturbebyggelse (hereafter referred to as BSV-k) and the parts this methodincludes. There are a total of 16 buildings at the Rademacher area and only one buildingachieved an acceptable fire protection level according to BSV-k. There are several zones inthe area that pose a higher risk for the occurrence of fire and fire spread. These highervulnerable fire hazard zones are spread out over Rademachersmedjorna which means thatthe whole area quickly can get involved in case of fire. In this context it is important to avoidfire what so ever may arise. Removing combustible material in escape routes, in attics andcombustible materials nearby the buildings are some fire prevention measures which can beapplied. It is also important to note objects such as bins and wooden planks that existbetween the buildings being potential fire carriers. In cases where the buildings distance to anearby located building is very short, the potential fire carriers pose little threat as the firecan spread directly from building to building. To achieve an acceptable level of fire protectionfor Rademachersmedjorna - according to this study's assessment method - is sufficient inmany cases to apply fire prevention.

The invention of Hardware Description Languages has given hardware designers access to powerful methods of abstraction and organization, previously only available to software developers. A high-powered means of examining properties such as reliability, correctness and safety is the creation of formal, mathematical proofs of correctness. One approach to this is the modelling of the artifact in the logic of some deductive system, such as the higher order logic of the Prototype Verification System (PVS). The ambition of this work is to demonstrate a mechanism by which a class of hardware descriptions may be used to generate such models automatically. We further demonstrate the utility of said models, using them to demonstrate non-trivial correctness properties. We also present a method of generating hardware descriptions, logical models, and proofs from a class of tabular specifications. The language on which this method operates is Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV), a high-level hardware description language notable for its elegant semantics. The target platform of our translation is the Prototype Verification System (PVS), which features a highly automatic theorem-proving system. The translation algorithm is discussed at length, including the reconciliation of BSV's action-oriented semantic and the Kripke semantics employed by our chosen model in PVS. Five case studies demonstrate our methodology. In studies one and two, function blocks of the IEC 61131-3 Annex F library are verified against tabular specifications, or generated from the same. The remaining case studies are based on the Shakti RISC-V implementation of the RapidIO subsystem. Our final case study demonstrates progress towards the verification of highly abstract and complex properties over the entire translatable subset of the RapidIO library. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The invention of Hardware Description Languages has given hardware designers access to powerful methods of abstraction and organization, previously only available to software developers. A high-powered means of examining properties such as reliability, correctness and safety is the creation of formal, mathematical proofs of correctness. One approach to this is the modelling of the artifact in the logic of some deductive system, such as the higher order logic of the Prototype Verification System (PVS). The ambition of this work is to demonstrate a mechanism by which a class of hardware descriptions may be used to generate such models automatically. We further demonstrate the utility of said models, using them to demonstrate non-trivial correctness properties. We also present a method of generating hardware descriptions, logical models, and proofs from a class of tabular specifications. The language on which this method operates is Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV), a high-level hardware description language notable for its elegant semantics. The target platform of our translation is the Prototype Verification System (PVS), which features a highly automatic theorem-proving system. The translation algorithm is discussed at length, including the reconciliation of BSV's action-oriented semantic and the Kripke semantics employed by our chosen model in PVS. Five case studies demonstrate our methodology. In studies one and two, function blocks of the IEC 61131-3 Annex F library are verified against tabular specifications, or generated from the same. The remaining case studies are based on the Shakti RISC-V implementation of the RapidIO subsystem. Our final case study demonstrates progress towards the verification of highly abstract and complex properties over the entire translatable subset of the RapidIO library.

Thesis (PhD (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / The South African wine industry is constantly facing several challenges which affect the quality of wine, the local/global demand and consequently the revenue generated. These challenges include the ongoing drought, bush fires, climate change and several liquor amendment bills aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol outlets in South Africa. It is therefore critical for the wine industry to expand and find alternative ways in which sub-standard or surplus wine grapes can be used to prevent income losses and increase employment opportunities. Traditional Balsamic Vinegar (TBV) is a geographically and legislative protected product produced only in a small region in Italy. However, the methodology can be used to produce similar vinegars in other regions. Balsamic-styled vinegar (BSV), as defined in this thesis, is a vinegar produced by partially following the methods of TBV while applying process augmentation techniques. Balsamic-styled vinegar is proposed to be a suitable product of sub-standard quality or surplus wine grapes in South Africa. However, the production of BSV necessitates the use of cooked (high sugar) grape must which is a less favourable environment to the microorganisms used during fermentation. Factors that negatively affect the survival of the microorganisms include low water activity due to the cooking, high osmotic pressure and high acidity. To counteract these effects, methods to improve the survival of the non-Saccharomyces yeasts and acetic acid bacteria used are essential. The primary aim of this study was to investigate several BSV process augmentation techniques such as, aeration, agitation, cell immobilization, immobilized cell reusability and oxygen mass transfer kinetics in order to improve the performance of the microbial consortium used during BSV production. The work for this study was divided into four (4) phases. For all the phases a microbial consortium consisting of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (n=5) and acetic acid bacteria (n=5) was used. Inoculation of the yeast and bacteria occurred simultaneously. The 1st phase of the study entailed evaluating the effect of cells immobilized by gel entrapment in Ca-alginate beads alongside with free-floating cells (FFC) during the production of BSV. Two Ca-alginate bead sizes were tested i.e. small (4.5 mm) and large (8.5 mm) beads to evaluate the effects of surface area or bead size on the overall acetification rates. Ca-alginate beads and FFC fermentations were also evaluated under static and agitated (135 rpm) conditions. The 2nd phase of the study involved studying the cell adsorption technique for cell immobilization which was carried-out using corncobs (CC) and oak wood chips (OWC), while comparing to FFC fermentations. At this phase of the study, other vinegar bioreactor parameters such as agitation and aeration were studied in contrast to static fermentations. One agitation setting (135 rpm) and two aeration settings were tested i.e. high (0.3 vvm min−1) and low (0.15 vvm min−1) aeration conditions. Furthermore, to assess the variations in cell adsorption capabilities among individual yeast and AAB cells, the quantification of cells adsorbed on CC and OWC prior- and post-fermentation was conducted using the dry cell weight method. The 3rd phase of the study entailed evaluating the reusability abilities of all the matrices (small Ca-alginate beads, CC and OWC) for successive fermentations. The immobilized cells were evaluated for reusability on two cycles of fermentation under static conditions. Furthermore, the matrices used for cell immobilization were further analysed for structure integrity by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the 1st cycle of fermentations. The 3rd phase of the study also involved the sensorial (aroma and taste) evaluations of the BSV’s obtained from the 1st cycle of fermentation in order to understand the sensorial effects of the Ca-alginate beads, CC and OWC on the final BSV. The 4th phase of the study investigated oxygen mass transfer kinetics during non-aerated and aerated BSV fermentation. The dynamic method was used to generate several dissolved oxygen profiles at different stages of the fermentation. Consequently, the data obtained from the dynamic method was used to compute several oxygen mass transfer parameters, these include oxygen uptake rate ( 𝑟𝑟𝑂𝑂2 ), the stoichiometric coefficient of oxygen consumption vs acid yield (𝑌𝑌𝑂𝑂/𝐴𝐴), the oxygen transfer rate (𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂2 ), and the volumetric mass transfer coefficients (𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎). During all the phases of the study samples were extracted on weekly intervals to evaluate pH, sugar, salinity, alcohol and total acidity using several analytical instruments. The 4th phase of the study involved additional analytical tools, i.e. an oxygen µsensor to evaluate dissolved oxygen and the ‘Speedy breedy’ to measure the respiratory activity of the microbial consortium used during fermentation. The data obtained from the 1st phase of the study demonstrated that smaller Ca-alginate beads resulted in higher (4.0 g L-1 day−1) acetification rates compared to larger (3.0 g L-1 day−1) beads, while freely suspended cells resulted in the lowest (0.6 g L-1 day−1) acetification rates. The results showed that the surface area of the beads had a substantial impact on the acetification rates when gel entrapped cells were used for BSV fermentation. The 2nd phase results showed high acetification rates (2.7 g L-1 day−1) for cells immobilized on CC in contrast to cells immobilized on OWC and FFC, which resulted in similar and lower acetification rates. Agitated fermentations were unsuccessful for all the treatments (CC, OWC and FFC) studied. Agitation was therefore assumed to have promoted cell shear stress causing insufficient acetification during fermentations. Low aerated fermentations resulted in better acetification rates between 1.45–1.56 g L-1 day−1 for CC, OWC and FFC. At a higher aeration setting, only free-floating cells were able to complete fermentations with an acetification rate of 1.2 g L-1 day−1. Furthermore, the adsorption competence data showed successful adsorption on CC and OWC for both yeasts and AAB with variations in adsorption efficiencies, whereby OWC displayed a lower cell adsorption capability compared to CC. On the other hand, OWC were less efficient adsorbents due to their smooth surface, while the rough surface and porosity of CC led to improved adsorption and, therefore, enhanced acetification rates. The 3rd phase results showed a substantial decline in acetification rates on the 2nd cycle of fermentations when cells immobilized on CC and OWC were reused. While cells entrapped in Ca-alginate beads were able to complete the 2nd cycle of fermentations at reduced acetification rates compared to the 1st cycle of fermentations. The sensory results showed positive ratings for BSV’s produced using cells immobilized in Ca-alginate beads and CC. However, BSV’s produced using OWC treatments were neither ‘liked nor disliked’ by the judges. The SEM imaging results further showed a substantial loss of structural integrity for Ca-alginate beads after the 1st cycle fermentations, with minor changes in structural integrity of CC being observed after the 1st cycle fermentations. OWC displayed the same morphological structure before and after the 1st cycle fermentations which was attributed to their robustness. Although Ca-alginate beads showed a loss in structural integrity, it was still assumed that Ca-alginate beads provided better protection against the harsh environmental conditions in contrast to CC and OWC adsorbents due to the acetification rates obtained on both cycles. The 4th phase data obtained from the computations showed that non-aerated fermentations had a higher 𝑌𝑌𝑂𝑂/𝐴𝐴, 𝑟𝑟𝑂𝑂2 , 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂2 and a higher 𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 . It was clear that aerated fermentations had a lower aeration capacity due to an inappropriate aeration system design and an inappropriate fermentor. Consequently, aeration led to several detrimental biochemical changes in the fermentation medium thus affecting 𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 and several oxygen mass transfer parameters which serve as a driving force. Overall, it was concluded that the best method for BSV production is the use of cells entrapped in small alginate beads or cells adsorbed on CC under static and non-aerated fermentations. This conclusion was based on several factors such as cell affinity/cell protection, acetification rates, fermentation period and sensorial contributions. However, cells entrapped in Ca-alginate beads had the highest acetification rates. The oxygen mass transfer computations demonstrated a high 𝐾𝐾𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 when Ca-alginate beads were used under static-non-aerated conditions compared to fermentations treated with CC. Therefore, a fermentor with a high aeration capacity needs to be designed to best suit the two BSV production systems (Ca-alginate beads and CC). It is also crucial to develop methods which can increase the robustness of Ca-alginate beads in order to improve cell retention and reduce the loss of structural integrity for subsequent cycles of fermentation. Studies to define parameters used for upscaling the BSV production process for large scale productions are also crucial.

The aim of this qualitative study is to investigate the behavioral changes of family travel during a pandemic. Travels which are in focus of this study are international tourism for the purpose of leisure and VFR- travels. This study is based on the Swedish national vaccination plan from Sweden's public health authority. The study’s data is collected from ten unstructured interviews with families that have children that are younger than 17 years old. The theoretical framework of the study is Roger’s 1975 (cited in Norman, Boer and Seydel 2005) protection motivation theory, Strong’s (1990) tourists’ fear of pandemic diseases and Zheng’s et al. (2021) post-pandemic travel behavior which are used as a tool to analyze the results. The empirical data is transcribed, coded, and evaluated with the help of thematic analysis, it shows how the families behavioral changes with a pandemica. The result of this study makes it clear that the vaccination process is an important factor in the families’ travel decision-making, but it’s not a crucial factor of determination. Other aspects such as economy and legal impacts are additional side effects of the pandemic crisis which are meaningful within the families’ post-pandemic travel behavior. / Denna kvalitativa studie ämnar till att undersöka barnfamiljernas resebeteende beträffande internationella nöjesresor och BSV-resor utifrån den nationella vaccinationsplanen från Folkhälsomyndigheten. Det empiriska materialet i denna studie har insamlats genom tio ostrukturerade intervjuer där olika barnfamiljer har reflekterat över sina tankar kring resplaner, inställning till vaccin och riskbedömning gentemot COVID-19. Studiens teorier är valda på ett induktivt sätt och består av Protection Motivation Theory (Roger 1975 se Norman, Boer och Seydel 2005), Strongs (1990) tourists’ fear of pandemic diseases och Zhengs et al. (2021) post-pandemic travel behaviour. En tematisk analysmetod har applicerats för att kunna analysera de transkriberade och kodade intervjuerna. Studiens resultat påvisar att vaccination mot COVID-19 har en stor betydelse för familjern internationella och BSV- resebeslut, men erhåller inte en avgörande roll i respondenternas slutbeslut. Studien visar även ett förändrat resebeteende hos barnfamiljerna som en konsekvens av pandemins sidoeffekter på turistbranschen, exempelvis ekonomi och juridiska svårigheter och nya regler att förhålla sig till.

Hållbar utveckling är ett aktuellt ämne i dagens samhälle och det ställs allt högre krav på att företag ska ta sitt ansvar för att bidra till en hållbar utveckling. Bankerna är de aktörer som kan styra hur kapital ska investeras och har därmed stor makt och mycket att vinna på att främja en hållbar utveckling i samhället. De globala affärsmöjligheterna som marknaden för hållbar utveckling utgör uppskattas att år 2050 uppgå till omkring tre biljoner dollar per år. Banking on shared value (BSV), som är en vidareutveckling av creating shared value, innebär att banker kan generera ekonomiskt värde på ett sätt som samtidigt skapar socialt och miljömässigt värde. Av en granskning som har utförts av Fair Finance Guide framgår det att de sju största bankerna i Sverige får relativt låga hållbarhetsbetyg. Många forskare menar att sustainability management control systems (SMCS), vilket är en en utvecklad modell av Malmi och Browns teori om MCS kan vara nyckeln till att lyckas integrera hållbar utveckling i verksamheten. Det efterfrågas dock fler praktikfall inom området. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till en ökad förståelse för hur företagsledningen inom banksektorn kan använda SMCS för att integrera hållbar utveckling i sin verksamhet En fallstudie har genomförts av Ekobanken som är den enda svenska bank som är medlem i Global Alliance for Banking on Values och som har fått högst betyg av samtliga banker i Fair Finance Guides granskning. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer med två personer inom Ekobankens ledning samt från dokumentstudier. Studien har en abduktiv ansats. Vi har identifierat Ekobankens mest framträdande styrningsverktyg som kulturell styrning som har ett starkt fokus på hållbar utveckling, administrativ styrning och cybernetiska styrningsverktyg. Ekobanken har enligt oss ett väl fungerande SMCS som lyckas med att integrera hållbar utveckling i verksamheten. Vi anser dock inte att Ekobankens arbete med hållbar utveckling kan definieras som BSV fullt ut men att de är den bank i Sverige som i nuläget kommer närmast att uppfylla kraven för BSV. Vi menar därmed att studiens resultat med fördel kan verka inspirerande för andra banker. Det är framförallt Ekobankens transparens, öppna klimat, ledningens engagemang samt deras hållbarhetsredovisning och utlåningspolicy som andra banker, som jobbar mot hållbar utveckling, enligt vår mening bör ta fasta på. / Sustainable development is a topical subject in today's society and there is an increasing demand for companies to take responsibility by contributing to sustainable development. The banks control how capital is invested, thus giving them great power to and a lot to gain from promoting sustainable development in society. The business opportunities from the market for sustainable development is estimated to provide a value of three trillion dollars annually by 2050. Banking on shared value ​​(BSV), which is a further development of creating shared value, means that banks can generate economic value and at the same time create social and environmental value. A review conducted by Fair Finance Guide shows that the seven largest banks in Sweden are performing relatively low results in terms of sustainability. Many researchers argue that sustainability management control systems (SMCS), which is a developed model of Malmi and Brown's theory about MCS, can be the key to successfully integrating sustainable development into the business. However, more practical cases are required in the area. This study aims at contributing to an increased understanding of how corporate governance in the banking sector can use SMCS to integrate sustainable development into the business. A case study has been carried out on Ekobanken, which is the only Swedish bank that is a member of Global Alliance for Banking on Values and has been awarded the highest rating in the Fair Finance Guide´s review. The empirical material has been collected by means of semi-structured interviews with two persons within Ekobanken´s management team as well as documentary studies. The study has an abductive approach. We have identified Ekobanken's most prominent management tools as cultural governance with a strong focus on sustainable development, administrative governance and cybernetic management tools. In our opinion Ekobanken has a successful SMCS that manage to integrating sustainable development into the business. However, Ekobanken's work with sustainable development can, in our opinion, not be fully defined as BSV, but we believe that they are the bank in Sweden that is currently closest to meeting the requirements for BSV. Therefore we mean that the results of this study can be of inspiration for other banks. It is primarily Ekobanken's transparency, open climate, management's commitment, and their sustainability report and lending policy that other banks working towards sustainable development should strive to apply.