• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 141
  • 66
  • 19
  • 17
  • 17
  • 10
  • 6
  • 5
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 325
  • 45
  • 44
  • 41
  • 30
  • 28
  • 27
  • 26
  • 26
  • 26
  • 23
  • 21
  • 21
  • 17
  • 17
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
321

The influence of temporal rainfall distribution and storm movement on flood depth in urban pluvial cloud burst modeling / Inflytandet av regnets tidsfördelning och stormens rörelse på översvämningdjup inom modellering av urbana pluviala skyfall

Henrich, Michael January 2019 (has links)
Pluvial floods are the most difficult and to date least investigated phenomena in urban hydrology. While efforts are being made to increase the knowledge base concerning this type of flooding, a large part of the difficulty lies in the nature of the precipitation. Convective storms represent most of the larger intensity short term rainfall in urban areas and is also the raintype, that is expected to increase the most in the future. The rain cells of this type have a more distinct boundary, larger intensity, a smaller extent and a shorter life span, than frontal rains. Combined with the low availability of densely spaced rain gauge networks and also low temporal resolution of measurements in 15 minutes intervals at best, makes this rain type still very difficult to analyze and even harder to predict. The resolution of cloud radar images at 2x2km and taken every 15 minutes is too coarse and the error reduction algorithms for radar based precipitation (HIPRAD) images to analysera in patterns are not sufficient by them selves to analyze the characteristics of such rainfields and the processes occurring within these fields. The spatial variation of raincells, their development and decay, the distance between them, and the velocity and direction of their movement can however be investigated employing a combination of densely spaced rain gauges and radar images to reach a more realistic representation of short-term precipitation for the use of in hydraulic models. The movement of rain fields has been investigated with two main areas of focus: The influence of direction or directional bias, often with an interest in the most crucial case referred to as the resonance effect, and in context of areal reduction of point rainfall. Most of these studies have been carried out with statistical methods and in laboratory experiments. In this study a hydraulic model was built on the terrain model of a realcity, a 28 km area in the city of Falun, to test the recently gathered information about the temporal variation of five empirical hyetographs with different peak arrival times and peak intensities, which are representative of Swedish climate. The hyetographs were produced and provided by SMHI. The empirical rain types were derived from 20 years of rain gauge observations and confirmed by radar images. For reference purposes, a standard Chicago design storm (CDS) rain was modeled as well. The simulated scenarios were modeled as a MIKE 21 hydraulic model, as a stationary scenario and in four movement directions. It was foundthat the empirical rain types produced lower inundation depth than the CDS, in a range of 20 to 50 % lower. The effect of modeling rainfall in motion produced on average only about 4-20 % lower water depths than the corresponding non-moving scenario. In a few instances, in a single evaluation point, the moving scenarios resulted in a relative water depth of a maximum of just above 1%. It was concluded that the conceptual approach of areal reduction from movement seems to be accurate and could help improve modeling rainfall in general, and specifically for cloud burst scenarios of shorter durations in urban catchments. It was also found that further investigation of the physical processes in rainfields could serve to increase the accuracy in areal reduction of precipitation for more realistic hydraulic models and in turn reduce over design. / Pluviala översvämningar är den typen, som är både svårast att reda ut och samtidigt den minst utforskade fenomenen inom urban hydrologi. Medan ansträngningar görs för att förbättra kunskapsläget, ligger den största svårigheten i nederbördens skepnad. Det är konvektiva regn som utgör de flesta av de starkare korttids regntillfällen i urbana områden och är också regntypen som förväntas att öka mest i framtiden. Regncellerna har en tydligare avgränsning, en större intensitet, mindre utsträckning, och en kortare livscykel än frontala regn. I kombination med den låga tillgängligheten av regnmätarnätverk med hög täthet i positioneringen av mätare, samt den låga tidsupplösningen av mätningar i intervaller av 15 minuter gör att konvektiva regn fortfarande är svåra att analysera och ännu svårare att förutse. Upplösningen av molnradar bilder av 2x2 km som tas varje 15:de minut är för grova och algoritmer för felreducering av bilder från radarbaserad nederbördsdata (HIPRAD) för analys av regn mönster är inte tillräckligt noggranna, för sig, för att kunna analysera egenskaperna av sådana regnfält och de processerna som karakteriserar dessa. Den spatiala variationen inom regnceller, deras utveckling och förfall, avståndet mellan dem samt riktningen och hastigheten kan ändå undersökas med hjälp av kombinationen av regnmätarnätverk och radar bilder för att uppnå mer realistiska korttids nederbördsscenarier för användning i hydrauliska model. Studier, som har undersökt regn i rörelse har varit fokuserade på två huvudområden: Betydelsen av riktningen, i vilken regnet rör sig, där den största effekten som denna riktningsbias kan uppnå, har döpts resonans effekt och i samband med ytreducering (areal reduction) av punkt nederbörd. De flesta av dessa studier har genomförts med hjälp av statistiska metoder och laboratorieexperiment. I denna studie skapades en hydraulisk modell baserad på en realistisk terräng av ett existerade urbant område, en yta på 28 km i Falun, för att testa den nyligen utvärderade informationen om temporala intensitets fördelningen som representerar det svenska klimatet. Regndatat producerades och tillhandahölls av SMHI och representerar en mätserie från regnmätare över en period av 20 år. Som referens modellerades även ett Chicago regn (CDS). Med hjälp av en MIKE21 hydraulisk modell, simulerades ett stationärt scenario och fyra rörelseriktningar för varje empirisk hyetograf. Resultaten visade att de empiriska regntyperna skapade översvämningar med 20-50% lägre vattendjup än CDS regnet. Att modellera rörelsen resulterade i 4-20% lägre vattennivåer jämfört med respektive stationär scenario. I några enstaka tillfällen, i en av evalueringspunkterna, skapade de rörliga scenarierna större resultat, med lite över 1% i det största fallet. Det drogs slutsatsen att konceptet av areal reduction genom molnrörelse verkar vara korrekt och skulle kunna hjälpa att förbättra sättet att modellera regn generellt, men också specifikt för skyfalls scenarier med korta varaktigheter över urbana avrinningsområden. Man kom ytterligare till slutsatsen att framtida studier i samband med de fysiska processerna i regnceller skulle kunna användas för att höja noggrannheten av ytreducering av nederbörd för mer realistiska hydrauliska modeller, som i sin tur kunde minska överdesign.
322

Application de l’EEG-SPIRf aux soins intensifs neurologiques : une nouvelle approche multimodale d’enregistrements à long terme de l’activité épileptiforme

Kassab, Ali 11 1900 (has links)
La spectroscopie proche infrarouge fonctionnelle (SPIRf) est une technique de neuro-imagerie noninvasive permettant de mesurer les changements de concentration d’hémoglobine oxygéné (Δ[HbO]) et désoxygéné (Δ[HbR]). Au cours des deux dernières décennies, notre groupe (et d’autres) ont combiné la SPIRf avec l'électroencéphalographie (EEG) pour effectuer des enregistrements chez des patients avec épilepsie réfractaire afin d’évaluer son potentiel comme 1) technique de cartographie cérébrale noninvasive (par exemple, localisation des aires impliquées dans le langage et localisation du foyer épileptique) et 2) comme approche noninvasive pour étudier le couplage neurovasculaire pendant les pointes épileptiques interictales ainsi que lors des crises épileptiques. Malgré des résultats prometteurs, de nombreux enjeux demeurent avant que la EEG-SPIRf puisse être implantée en pratique clinique. En effet, l’installation de l’équipement prend encore trop de temps, l’obtention de signaux de qualité nécessite encore une surveillance serrée et un certain inconfort apparaît au fur et à mesure que les enregistrements progressent dans le temps. C’est d’ailleurs pourquoi les enregistrements EEG-SPIRf ont, jusqu’à maintenant, été généralement de courte durée (c. à d. rarement plus de deux heures) avec une couverture limitée du cortex cérébral (c. à d. généralement une ou deux aires corticales) et dans un milieu contrôlé de recherche (plutôt qu’au chevet dans un milieu clinique). Compte tenu de son potentiel clinique, il y a lieu de poursuivre les efforts pour développer la EEG-SPIRf pour usage clinique. Notamment, un grand potentiel est pressenti pour la EEG-SPIRf aux soins intensifs neurologiques. D’une part, les patients qui y sont admis étant souvent comateux et/ou sous sédation, l’inconfort relié au port d’électrodes et d’optodes n’est plus en enjeu. D’autre part, ces patients présentent généralement des pathologies graves souvent associées à des anomalies épileptiformes fréquentes à l’EEG (décharges périodiques, crises subcliniques, état de mal non convulsif) dont l’impact hémodynamique sur cerveau tout comme leur prise en charge demeurent controversés. Les techniques actuellement utilisées aux soins intensifs (moniteur de pression intracrânienne, sonde de saturation veineuse jugulaire en oxygène, doppler transcrânien, EEG seul sans SPIRf) présentant des limitations, l’ajout d’une composante de SPIRf à l’EEG permettrait possiblement d’élucider l’impact de certaines de ces anomalies épileptiformes, guider leur traitement et en améliorer leur surveillance. Ainsi, cette thèse visait à 1) développer et valider un système d’EEG-SPIRf compact, sans fil et couvrant toute la tête, destinée à une surveillance à long terme de patients souffrant de divers troubles neurologiques; 2) évaluer la faisabilité et le potentiel d’une surveillance vidéo-EEG-SPIRf (vEEG-SPIRf) à long terme auprès de patients comateux admis aux soins intensifs neurologiques présentant des décharges périodiques, des crises ou un patron électrophysiologique de bouffées-suppression; et 3) étudier la dynamique neurovasculaire associée à l'état de mal épileptique non convulsif chez des patients comateux. La première et la deuxième partie du projet décrivent le développement et la validation d'un système EEG-SPIRf hybride et de "casques" EEG-SPIRf personnalisés destinés à surveiller l'hémodynamique corticale entière chez les patients neurologiques. Nous avons d'abord démontré sa performance globale chez des participants sains effectuant deux tâches cognitives spécifiques (c.-à-d. des tâches linguistiques et visuelles) en position assise (pour la première) et en pédalant sur une bicyclette (pour la seconde). Les mesures électrophysiologiques et hémodynamiques ont été validées à l'aide de deux systèmes commerciaux et ont montré, chez tous les participants, une sensibilité et une spécificité spatiotemporelle élevées. Nous avons ensuite démontré le potentiel clinique de notre système chez quatre patients souffrant de divers troubles neurologiques (par exemple, épilepsie réfractaire et maladies vasculaires cérébrales). Nous avons ainsi réalisé avec succès des enregistrements prolongés vEEG-SPIRf au chevet de tous ces patients et observé des changements hémodynamiques cliniquement pertinents et en concordance avec d’autres modalités de neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle. Une originalité particulière de ce projet réside dans sa capacité à "personnaliser" une technique d’imagerie fonctionnelle prometteuse à un environnement clinique (c.-à-d., à l’étage de neurologie et à l’unité de soins intensifs dans notre cas). Cette étude est la première à rapporter avec succès des changements hémodynamiques sur l’ensemble du cortex chez des patients neurologiques à l'aide d’une surveillance vEEG-SPIRf prolongée au chevet. Par la suite, nous avons évalué la faisabilité de la surveillance vEEG-SPIRf à long terme dans un environnement plus ardu : les soins intensifs neurologiques. Nous avons réalisé avec succès de multiples sessions de surveillance vEEG-SPIRf de très longue durée auprès de 11 patients comateux présentant différentes anomalies épileptiformes. Une augmentation significative de [HbO] et une diminution de [HbR] était présentes lors des crises. De plus, ces changements étaient relativement proportionnels à la durée des crises. Bien qu’elles étaient de moins grande amplitude, de similaires Δ[HbO] et de Δ[HbR] était présents durant les bouffées lors de patrons de bouffées-suppression et lors de décharges périodiques de basses fréquences (i.e., < 2Hz). Finalement, dans une étude subséquente, nous avons exploré l'hémodynamique corticale chez 11 patients comateux en état de mal épileptique non convulsif. Nous avons observé dans la majorité des cas, une augmentation de [HbO], du volume sanguin cérébral et du débit sanguin cérébral, mais avec des changements variables de [HbR] lors de courtes crises (inférieure à 100s). Cependant, lors de longues crises (plus de 100s), une augmentation de [HbR] était observée. Ces résultats préliminaires suggèrent que les mécanismes de couplage neurovasculaire pendant l’état de mal épileptique peuvent être dysfonctionnels chez certains patients et induire un état hypoxique, notamment lors de crises prolongées. En conclusion, les observations rapportées dans cette thèse confirment le potentiel clinique de la vEEG-SPIRf chez l'adulte, notamment pour la surveillance des patients admis aux soins intensifs neurologiques à haut risque de décharges épileptiformes. La poursuite de son développement pourrait éventuellement fournir aux neurologues et intensivistes un autre outil de surveillance neurologique. / Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging technique that measures concentration changes in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin (Δ[HbO] and Δ[HbR]) associated with brain activity. Over the past two decades, our group (and others) have combined fNIRS with electroencephalography (EEG) to record patients with refractory epilepsy and evaluate its potential as 1) a noninvasive brain mapping technique (e.g., language area localization and localization of epileptic foci) and 2) as a noninvasive approach to study neurovascular coupling during interictal spikes as well as during seizures. Despite promising results, many challenges remain before the EEG-fNIRS can be implemented in clinical practice. Indeed, installing the equipment still takes too much time, obtaining and maintaining good signal quality still requires close monitoring, and the appearance of discomfort as the recordings progress in time. For those reasons, EEG-fNIRS recordings to date have generally been of short duration (i.e., rarely more than two hours) with limited coverage of the cerebral cortex (i.e., typically one or two cortical areas) and in a controlled research setting (rather than at the bedside in a clinical setting). Given its clinical potential, there is a need for continued efforts to develop fNIRS-EEG for clinical use. In particular, fNIRS-EEG has great potential in neurological intensive care. On the one hand, since patients admitted to the ICU are often comatose and/or sedated, the discomfort of wearing electrodes and optodes is no longer an issue. On the other hand, these patients generally present serious pathologies often associated with frequent epileptiform abnormalities on the EEG (periodic discharges, nonconvulsive seizures and status) whose hemodynamic impact on the brain, as well as their management remain controversial. The techniques currently used in intensive care units (intracranial pressure monitor, jugular venous oxygen saturation probe, transcranial Doppler, EEG alone without fNIRS) have limitations. Adding an fNIRS component to the EEG could perhaps elucidate the impact of some of these epileptiform abnormalities, guide their treatment and improve their monitoring. Thus, this thesis aimed to 1) develop and validate a compact, wireless, whole-head EEG-fNIRS system for long-term monitoring of patients with various neurological disorders; 2) to evaluate the feasibility and potential of long-term video EEG-fNIRS (vEEG-fNIRS) monitoring of comatose patients admitted to the neurological intensive care unit with periodic discharges, seizures or an electrophysiological pattern of burst-suppression; and 3) to study the neurovascular dynamics associated with nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients. The first and second parts of the project describe the development and validation of a hybrid EEG-fNIRS system and personalized EEG-fNIRS "caps" to monitor whole cortical hemodynamics in neurological patients. We first demonstrated its overall performance in healthy participants performing two specific cognitive tasks (i.e., language and visual tasks) while sitting (for the former) and pedalling a bicycle (for the latter). Electrophysiological and hemodynamic measurements were validated using two commercial systems and showed, in all participants, high sensitivity and spatiotemporal specificity. We then demonstrated the clinical potential of our system in four patients suffering from various neurological disorders (e.g., refractory epilepsy and cerebrovascular diseases). We successfully performed prolonged vEEG-fNIRS recordings at the bedside of all these patients and observed clinically relevant hemodynamic changes* in agreement with other functional neuroimaging modalities. A particular originality of this project is its ability to "customize" a promising functional imaging technique specific clinical settings (i.e., neurology ward, epilepsy monitoring unit, and intensive care unit in our case). This study is the first to successfully report hemodynamic changes across the cortex in neurological patients using extended bedside vEEG-fNIRS monitoring. Subsequently, we evaluated the feasibility of long-term vEEG-fNIRS monitoring in a more challenging environment: the neurological intensive care unit. We successfully performed multiple sessions of very long-term vEEG-fNIRS monitoring in 11 comatose patients with different epileptiform abnormalities. During seizures, a significant increase in [HbO] and a decrease in [HbR] were present. Moreover, these changes were relatively proportional to the duration of the seizures. Although they were of lesser magnitude, similar changes in [HbO] and [HbR] were present during bursts in burst-suppression patterns and with low-frequency (i.e., < 2Hz) periodic discharges. Finally, in a subsequent study, we explored cortical hemodynamics in 11 comatose patients in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. We observed in the majority of cases an increase in [HbO], CBV and CBF, but with variable changes in [HbR] during short seizures (less than 100s). However, during prolonged seizures (more than 100s), an increase in [HbR] was seen. These preliminary results suggest that neurovascular coupling mechanisms during status epilepticus may be dysfunctional in some patients and induce a hypoxic state, especially during protracted seizures. In conclusion, the observations reported in this thesis confirm the clinical potential of vEEG-fNIRS in adults, especially for monitoring patients admitted to neurological intensive care units at high risk of epileptiform discharges. Further development could eventually provide neurologists and intensivists with another tool for neurological monitoring.
323

Zobrazování voxelových scén pomocí ray tracingu v reálném čase / Rendering of Voxel-Based Scenes Using Real-Time Ray Tracing

Menšík, Jakub January 2021 (has links)
The aim of this work was to create a program to visualize voxel scenes in real time using ray tracing. It included the study of various methods of such a rendering with a focus on shadows. The solution was created using Unity engine and experimental packages Unity Jobs and Burst. The thesis presents multiple ray tracing passes and SVGF technique, that is used to turn a noisy input into full edge-preserving image. The final program is able to render hard shadows, soft shadows, and ambient occlusion at speed of fifty frames per second.
324

Reduced Burst Release of Bioactive rhBMP-2 from a Three-phase Composite Scaffold

Grant, David William 31 December 2010 (has links)
Recombinant human bone morphogenic proteins (rhBMPs) are extensively studied and employed clinically for treatment of various bone defects. Current clinical delivery vehicles suffer wasteful burst releases that mandate supra-physiological dosing driving concerns over safety and cost. It was therefore investigated whether a unique drug delivery vehicle sequestered within a composite scaffold could lower the burst release of rhBMP-2. PLGA-calcium phosphate tri-phasic composite scaffolds delivered model protein BSA with burst release of ~13% and sustained kinetics of 0.5-1.5% BSA/day up to 45 days. rhBMP-2 was delivered with zero burst release however at much lower levels, totaling 0.09% to 0.9 % release over 10 days, but had up to 6.3-fold greater bioactivity than fresh rhBMP-2 (p<0.05). In conclusion, the three-phase composite scaffold can deliver bioactive proteins with a reduced burst release and sustained secondary kinetics.
325

Reduced Burst Release of Bioactive rhBMP-2 from a Three-phase Composite Scaffold

Grant, David William 31 December 2010 (has links)
Recombinant human bone morphogenic proteins (rhBMPs) are extensively studied and employed clinically for treatment of various bone defects. Current clinical delivery vehicles suffer wasteful burst releases that mandate supra-physiological dosing driving concerns over safety and cost. It was therefore investigated whether a unique drug delivery vehicle sequestered within a composite scaffold could lower the burst release of rhBMP-2. PLGA-calcium phosphate tri-phasic composite scaffolds delivered model protein BSA with burst release of ~13% and sustained kinetics of 0.5-1.5% BSA/day up to 45 days. rhBMP-2 was delivered with zero burst release however at much lower levels, totaling 0.09% to 0.9 % release over 10 days, but had up to 6.3-fold greater bioactivity than fresh rhBMP-2 (p<0.05). In conclusion, the three-phase composite scaffold can deliver bioactive proteins with a reduced burst release and sustained secondary kinetics.

Page generated in 0.0265 seconds